ENGINEERING DRAWING I

BE I/I

Sheet 3
Basic Descriptive Geometry I
3.1 Meaning of Projection

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3.2 Planes of Projection
The plane used to obtain the
projection or view of an object is
called a plane of projection.
According to its orientation, the
projection plane shown in Figure
is called a vertical plane (VP).
The view of the object obtained
on the vertical plane is called a
front view or frontal elevation of
the object.
The front view of the object
cannot describe the object
completely because it shows only
to dimensions of the object, i.e.
length and height.
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If the top view of the object
is to be drawn
simultaneously, horizontal
projection plane (HP)
should be used, as shown
in Figure.

The intersection of
vertical projection lines
passing through the
corners of the object with
the horizontal plane gives
the top view or plan of the
object.

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Similarly, if the side view of the object is also to be drawn, the
projection plane perpendicular to both the vertical and horizontal
plane should also be used, as shown in Figure.

The plane of
projection used to
draw side view is
called an auxiliary
vertical plane or
profile plane (PP).

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The three projection planes used for drawing front view, top view
and side view are called principal planes of projection and the
corresponding views are called the principal views of the object.

Sometimes to get the real size of the inclined surfaces or to solve

different spatial descriptive problems inclined projection planes are
also used. Such projection planes are called auxiliary planes of
projection and the views of the object obtained on these planes are
called auxiliary views.

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3.3 Dihedral Angles or Quadrants
The two principal planes of projection most commonly used are
horizontal plane (HP) and vertical plane (VP). These planes
intersecting each other at right angle, divide the space into four
dihedral angles or quadrants, as shown in Figure.

The line of
intersection between
these planes OX is
called a reference
line.

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3.4 Projection of a Point on Two Planes of Projection
Projection of a Point on First Angle

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Projection of a Point on Second Angle

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Projection of a Point on Third Angle

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Projection of a Point on Fourth Angle

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3.5 Projection of a Point on Three Planes of Projection

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Example 3.1
Draw the projections of the following points.

a) Point A 20 mm above the HP and 30 mm in front of the VP.

b) Point B in the HP and 18 mm in front of the VP.
c) Point C 25 mm above the HP and in the VP.
d) Point D 30 mm above the HP and 10 mm behind the VP.
e) Point E in the HP and 20 mm behind the VP.
f) Point F 15 mm below the HP and 25 mm behind the VP.
g) Point G 20 mm below the HP and in the VP.
h) Point H 30 mm below the HP and 15 mm in front of the VP.

Hints: To draw orthographic projections of a point, use its distance

from the HP to locate its front view and its distance from the VP to
locate its top view respectively.
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Example 3.2
Orthographic projections of different points are shown in Figure
E.2. Determine, for each point
a) the angle in which the point lies.
b) the distance of the point from the two reference planes.

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3.6 Projection of Straight Lines
3.6.1 Straight Line Parallel to both the VP and HP

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3.6.2 Straight Line Perpendicular to the HP

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3.6.3 Straight Line Perpendicular to the VP

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3.6.4 Straight Line Parallel to the VP and Inclined to the HP

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3.6.5 Straight Line Parallel to the HP and Inclined to the VP

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3.6.6 Straight Line Inclined to both the VP and HP

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Projection of a Straight Line Inclined to both the VP and HP

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Example 3.3
Orthographic projections of different straight lines are shown in
Figure E3.3. Determine their orientations and positions with
respect to the VP and HP. Also mention which view(s) of the line
give(s) the true length.

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Example 3.4
Draw the projections of the following straight lines.
a) Line AB, 60 mm long, has its end B 20 mm above HP and 40
mm in front of VP. The line is parallel to HP and VP both.
b) Line CD, 75 mm long, parallel to and 30 mm above the HP
and in the VP.

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c) Line EF, 45 mm long, perpendicular to VP, and 20 mm
above the HP, when one of its extremities nearer to VP is 10
mm in front of the VP.
d) Line GH, 50 mm long, parallel to HP and inclined to VP at
450, when one of its ends is 15 mm from VP and 20 mm from
the HP.
e) Line IJ, 45 mm long, contained by VP and inclined to HP at
300, when one of its ends is 12 mm from the HP.

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Example 3.5
The front view of a 75 mm long line measures 55 mm. The line is
parallel to the HP and one of its ends is in the VP and 25 mm
above the HP. Draw the projections of the line and determine its
inclination with the VP.

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Example 3.6
A straight line EF 60 mm long is parallel to the VP and 20 mm
in front of it. Its end E is 10 mm above the HP while the other
end is 40 mm above the HP. Draw its projections and determine
its inclination with the HP.

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Example 3.7
Top view of a straight line 120 mm long measures 70 mm. The
straight line is inclined at 300 to the VP. One of the ends of the
line is 10 mm in front of the VP and 15 mm above the HP. Draw
the projections of the straight line and find the inclination of the
line to the HP.

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3.7 Projection of Planes
3.7.1 Plane Perpendicular to both the VP and HP

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3.7.2 Plane Parallel to the VP

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3.7.3 Plane Parallel to the HP

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3.7.4 Plane Perpendicular to the VP and inclined to the HP

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3.7.5 Plane Perpendicular to the HP and inclined to the VP

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3.7.6 Plane Inclined to both the VP and HP

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Example 3.8
Orthographic projections of different planes are shown in Figure
E3.8. Determine their orientations and positions with respect to
the VP and HP. Also mention which view(s) of the plane give(s)
the true shape.

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Example 3.9
An equilateral triangle of 25 mm side is parallel to the HP and 15
mm above it. It is placed in such a way that one of the corners of
the triangle is 10 mm in front of the VP and the edge containing
that corner is inclined at 450 to the VP. Draw its projections.

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Example 3.10
A regular hexagonal plane of 20 mm side has its one corner
resting on the HP. Its plane is perpendicular to the VP and
inclined to the HP at 450. Draw its projections when its edge
nearer to the VP is 15 mm in front of the VP.

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