DATA COMMUNICATIONS 1

Data communications are the exchange of data

between two devices via some form of transmission
medium such as a wire cable.

Data communications is the process of transferring

digital information (usually in binary form) between
two or more points.
DATA COMMUNICATIONS 2

Data generally are defined as information that is stored in digital

form.

Network is a set of devices (sometimes called nodes or stations)

interconnected by media links.
HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS 3

1753 - One of the earliest means of communicating electrically coded

information occurred when a proposal submitted to a Scottish magazine
suggested running a communications line between villages comprised of
26 parallel wires, each wire for one letter of the alphabet.
HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS 4

1832 - If we limit the scope of

data communications to
methods that use binary-
coded electrical signals to
transmit information, then
the first successful (and
practical) data
communications system was
invented by Samuel F. B.
Samuel F. B. Morse
Morse in and called the
telegraph.

telegraph
HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS 5

Morse also developed the first practical data

communications code, which he called the Morse code.
HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS 6

1833- Carl Friedrich Gauss

developed an unusual system based
on a five-by-five matrix representing
25 letters (I and J were combined).

Carl Friedrich Gauss

DATA COMMUNICATIONS 7

William Cooke Charles Wheatstone

HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS 8

1840 - Morse secured an American patent for the telegraph

1844 - the first telegraph line was established between
Baltimore and Washington, D.C., with the first message
conveyed over this system being “What hath God wrought!”
HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS 9

1849 - the first slow-speed telegraph printer was invented, but it

was not until 1860 that high-speed (15-bps) printers were
available.
1850 - Western Union Telegraph Company was formed in
Rochester, New York, for the purpose of carrying coded messages
from one person to another.
HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS 10

1874 - Emile Baudot invented

a telegraph multiplexer,
which allowed signals from
up to six different telegraph
machines to be transmitted
simultaneously over a single
wire.

Emile Baudot

telegraph multiplexer
HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS 11
HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS 12
1875 - The telephone was invented by
Alexander Graham Bell

Alexander Graham Bell

HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS 13

1899 - Guglielmo Marconi succeeded in sending

radio (wireless) telegraph messages. Telegraph
was the only means of sending information
across large spans of water until 1920, when the
first commercial radio stations carrying voice
information were installed.

Guglielmo Marconi
 14
HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Konrad Zuis, a German

engineer, demonstrated a
computing machine
sometime in the late
1930s

Konrad Zuis
 15
HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS
Bell Telephone Laboratories is
given credit for developing the
first special purpose computer
in 1940 using electromechanical
relays for performing logical
operations.

Bell Telephone Laboratories

 16
HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS
February 14, 1946 - However, J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchley at the
University of Pennsylvania are given credit by some for beginning modern-
day computing when they developed the ENIAC computer

ECKERT AND MAUCHLEY ENIAC

 17
HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS

1949 - The U.S. National Bureau of Standards developed the first

all-electronic diode-based computer capable of executing stored
programs. The U.S. Census Bureau installed the machine, which is
considered the first commercially produced American computer.
In the 1950s, computers used punch cards for inputting
information, printers for outputting information, and magnetic
tape reels for permanently storing information. These early
computers could process only one job at a time using a technique
called batch processing.
 18
HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The first general-purpose computer was an automatic sequence-controlled
calculator developed jointly by Harvard University and International Business
Machines (IBM) Corporation.
The UNIVAC computer, built in 1951 by Remington Rand Corporation, was the first
mass-produced electronic computer.
 19
HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The Internet is a public data communications network used by millions of
people all over the world to exchange business and personal
information. The Internet began to evolve in 1969 at the Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA). ARPANET was formed in the late 1970s
to connect sites around the United States.
 20
HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Intranets are private data

communications networks
used by many companies to
exchange information among
employees and resources.
HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS 21
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a server-based application that allows
subscribers to access the services offered by the Web
Fundamental Characteristics of 22

Data Communications

Timeliness
Delivery

Data Communications

Accuracy Jitter
A data communications system has 23

five components:
Data Representation 24

• Text - is represented as a bit pattern, a sequence of bits (0s or 1s)

• Numbers - are also represented by bit patterns.
• Images - is composed of a matrix of pixels (picture elements), where each
pixel is a small dot
• Audio - refers to the recording or broadcasting of sound or music.
• Video - refers to the recording or broadcasting of a picture or movie.
Data Flow 25
NETWORK TOPOLOGY 26

-describes the layout and appearance of a network (how the

computers, cables, and other components within a data
communications network are interconnected, both physically and
logically).

Physical Topology - it describes how the network is actually laid out.

Logical Topology - it describes how data actually flow through the

network.
BUS TOPOLOGY 27

It is also known as multidrop or linear bus topology that makes it

simple to control data flow between and among the computers
because this configuration allows all stations to receive every
transmission over the network.
• It is a network topology wherein all the remote stations are
physically or logically connected to a single transmission line known as
bus (main line or backbone).
• It is the simplest, most common, and fastest network topology.
BUS TOPOLOGY 28
BUS TOPOLOGY 29
RING TOPOLOGY 30

It is also known as a loop topology, where all stations are

interconnected in tandem (series) to form a closed loop or circle,
however, its physical connection is like star topology (i.e., the devices
are connected in a logically closed loop or ring).
It could be configured for traffic to flow in one direction (shown as. a
single ring) or both directions (shown as two rings), a bidirectional ring
network is more survivable than the other.
It usually uses bucket or token passing, and it is the least expensive
topology, but it is disabled if one station fails.
RING TOPOLOGY 31
RING TOPOLOGY 32
STAR TOPOLOGY 33

It is multipoint data communications network where remote stations

are connected by cable segments directly to a centrally located
computer or a central connectivity device known as a hub or a switch,
which acts as a multiport connector (remote stations cannot
communicate directly with one another and they must relay
information through the hub).
It is very economic when traffic relations are comparatively low, but
inefficient when traffic intensifies grow, also its survivability is poor.
It is commonly used to connect many terminals and PCs to a larger
mainframe or minicomputer
STAR TOPOLOGY 34
STAR TOPOLOGY 35
STAR TOPOLOGY 36
MESH TOPOLOGY 37

It is also known as a fully connected topology, wherein every station

has a direct two-point communications link to every other station on
the circuit (i.e., the devices are connected redundantly with each
other).
Its survivability is excellent, and it is the most reliable network
topology, but it is expensive if the rules of full mesh connectivity are
truly followed.
MESH TOPOLOGY 38
MESH TOPOLOGY 39
HYBRID TOPOLOGY 40
Number of Links Needed to Form 41

Mesh Topology

𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
𝐿=
2
Where
L = number of links
n=number of terminals
Number of I/O Ports Needed by 42

Each Terminal to Form Mesh

𝑃 =𝑛−1

Where:
P=number of input/output ports
n=number of terminals
Problem Solving 43

1. How many number of I/O ports needed by each terminals to form a

mesh topology if there are 20 workstations to connect?
2. How many links are needed in order to connect 20 workstations
using mesh topology?
Categories of Networks 44

Two Primary Categories

1.Local Area Network - A local area network (LAN) is
usually privately owned and links the devices in a
single office, building, or campus).
2.Wide Area Network - A wide area network (WAN)
provides long-distance transmission of data, image,
audio, and video information over large geographic
areas that may comprise a country, a continent, or
even the whole world.
Seatwork 45

1. How many workstations are present if there are 15

I/O ports in each terminals in a mesh topology?
2. How many workstations are needed if there are
210 links present in a mesh topology?
3. Design a hybrid topology with 5 stations
composed of bus topology, mesh topology, ring
topology, and star topology using a centralized
administrator.