BIO

CELL
● Structural units of all living things
● Cells have different shapes and sizes
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CELL THEORY
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● A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
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● The activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells
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● The biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their shape or form and by the relative number, or their
specific subcellular structures
● Continuity of life has a cellular basis

TYPE OF CELLS
. Eukaryotic cells
● contains a nucleus and organelles
2. Prokaryotic cells
● does not include a nucleus or specialized
organelles

CELLULAR FUNCTIONS
● Cell metabolism and energy use- Chemical reactions that occur within cells
● Synthesis of molecules- Synthesize various types of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
● Communication- Cells produce and receive chemical and electrical signals that allow them to communicate
with one another
● Reproduction and inheritance- Each cell contains a copy of the genetic information of the individual.
● NUTRITION- cell obtain food molecules to support their other activities
● DIGESTION- food particles are broken down into smaller, soluble units suitable for cell use
● ABSORPTION- cell absorbs form their environment
● BIOSYNTHESIS- organize complex chemicals from building units or substances
● EXCRETION- by products of cell activities which are not needed for further cell functioning
● EGESTION- soluble, non-digested particles are eliminated
● SECRETION- substances that are synthesized by the cells are expelled from the membrane.
● MOVEMENT- locomotion of cells
● IRRITABILITY- react to external factors or conditions around them
● RESPIRATION- breaking down food molecules into chemical energy
● REPRODUCTION- cells give rise to new cell
● CELL MEMBRANE- Flexible and sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell
● CYTOPLASM- Consists all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
● NUCLEUS- Spherical or oval-shared structure that usuallv is the most prominent feature of a cell.

CELL MEMBRANE
● Described by using the fluid mosaic model
● Molecular arrangement of the plasma membrane resembles a continually moving sea of fiuid lipids that
contains a mosaic of many different proteins.
● Membrane lipids allow passage of some lipid soluble molecules but act as a barrier to the entry or exit of
polar substances
● Some proteins allow mcvement of polar molecules and ions into and out ot the cell
● Proteins act as signal receptors or as molecules that link the plasma membrane to intracellular or
extracellular proteins

FUNCTIONS
● Protects inside of the cell from external forces
● Limits territorial boundaries of the cell
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● Gives size and shape to the cell
● Determines what moves into and out of the cell
● Plays a role in communication between cells.

CELLULAR PARTS
. CELL MEMBRANE- Flexible and sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell.
. CYTOPLASM- Consists all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
. NUCLEUS- Spherical or oval-shaped structure that usually is the most prominent feature of a cell.
. LIPID BILAYER- Two back-to-back layers macle up of three types of lipid molecules: phospholipids,
cholesterol, and glycolipids.
● Amphipathic
● Cholesterol -OH group forms hydrogen bonds with poler heads of phospholipid.
 ● Steroid ring and hydrocarbon chain: fit with the FA tails of phospholipid and glycolipid.
● Glycolipid- Seen in the membrane layer that faces the ECF. Gives an asymmetric structure
. MEMBRANE PROTEINS- Float among the phosphol pid molecules and extend from the inner to the outer
surface of the cell membrane
● Integral- Extend into or through the lipid bilayer and are firmly embedded
● Peripheral proteins- Are not as firmly embedded in the membrane
. INTEGRAL PROTEINS
● Transmembrane proteins: they span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and
extracelicular fluid
● Glycoprotein: proteins with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that pretrude into the extra cellular
fluid
● Glycocalyx: sugary coat formed from the carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins
– Pattern of carsohydrates in a glycocatyx differs in every cell
– Enables cells to adhere to one another in some tissues
– Protects cells from being d gested by enzymes in the extracellular fluid.

MEMBRANE PROTEINS: FUNCTIONS

● Ion channels: integral prote ns form a pore through which a specific ion can flow to get across membrane
● Carrier: integral proteins transport a specific substance across membrane by undergoing a change in shape
● Receptor: integral proteins recognize specific ligand and alters cell's function in some way
● Integral and peripheral proteins catalyze reaction inside or outside cell
● Integral and peripheral proteins anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane, providing
structural stability and shape for the cell
● Distinguishes your cells from anyone else's.

FLUIDITY OF THE MEMBRANE

● Most of the membrane lipids and many of the membrane proteins easily rotate and move sideways in their
own half of the bilayer
● Depends both on the number of double bonds in the fatty acid tails of the lipids and on the amount of
cholesterol present
● Allows interactions to occur within the plasma membrane.

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
● Cell membranes permit some substances to pass more readily than others
● Lipid bilayer portion of the cell membrane is highly permeable to nonpolar mole lies like oxygen, carbon
dioxide and steroids
● Moderately permeable to small, unciarged polar molecules like water and urea
● Impermeable to ions and large, uncharged polar molecules like glucose.

TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
. PASSIVE TRANSPORT
● Substance moves down its concentration to cross the membrane using only its own kinetic energy
● Does not require energy
● Simple diffusion

. ACTIVE TRANSPORT
● Cellular energy is used to arive the substance against its concentration. “ In the form of adenosine
triphospitate"
● Requires specific carrier proteins
● Endocytosis, exocytosis

GRADIENT - solute concentration of 2 solutions separated by a semi-permeable membrane

Concentration - refers to the inequality in the solute conc. of 2 sclutions separated by à semi-permeable
membrane
● Electrical Charge - refers to the difference the NET CHARGE (+ or -) of the solutes

FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPORT

. Degree of lonization (non-ianized form, more diffusable)
. Lipid solubility
. Water solubility
. Size (MIA) of the particle

DIFFUSION (Factors affecting Diffusion)

● Size of molecules
 ● Difference In concentration gradient
● Temperature
● Presence of other molecules
● Distance/size of contalner
● Surface area

DIFFUSION
Importance: It saves the cell a great deal of energy
● Glucose and oxygen centin Jously move into the cell where they are in lower fo concentration)
● Carbon dioxide continually moves out of the cell into the blood (where it is in lower concentration)

TRANSPORT MECHANISM
. FACILITATED DIFFUSION
● No need for ATP (follow the concentration gradient)
● Needs specific carrier proteins
● "Integral membrane proteins
● Difficulty in moving substances against gradient.

. CHANNEL MEDIATED FACILITATED DIFFUSION

● Use of membrane channels
● Most are ion channels
● Allow passage of small, inorganic tons that are too hydrophilic

. CARRIER MEDIATED FACILIATED DIFFUSION KIT

● Carrier or transporter
● Solute binds to a specific currier on one side of the membrane arid is released on the other side after the
carrier undergoes a change in shape.

OSMOSIS
● Movement of solvent or water from a region óf lesser concentrated solution to a higher solute concentration

Effects of varying solutions to the cell

A. ISOTONIC SOLUTION
v Same tonicity & osmolarity as blood
v Comparable to 0.85% - 0.30% NaCi solution v Do NOT affect the amount of water in cells
v No change in cell morphology

B. HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
v Lesser tonicity compared to blood
v Comparable to <0.90%% NaCi solution
v Drives water into the cell
v Causes swelling and eventuat lysis of cells

C. HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
v Greater osmolarity compared to blood
v Comparable to >0.90% NaCi solution
v Drives water out of the cell
v Causes crenation of cells

ACTIVE TRANSPORT MECHANISM

. TRANSPORT BY PUMPS
● Move ions and other particles to specific
areas
● Sodium-potassium pump
. TRANSPORT BY VESICLES
● Cell membrane creates a vesicle to iranspor the matter either into the cell or out of the cell

TRANSPORT IN VESICLES
● Vesicle - a small spherical sac formed by budding off from a membrane
● Endocytosis - materials move into a cell in vesicle formed from the plasma meratane"
● Exocytosis - vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents into the extracellular fluid
● Transcytosis
PHAGOCYTOSIS