Question 1. Question No.

2 of 2 20 Marks
Binary to Decimal Conversion: Transforming Transmitted Data into User-Readable
Format
A company needs to store tit's transmitted binary data in a format that is
readable by users. You are assigned the task of converting the received binary
data into a user-readable decimal format.
The objective is to transform the binary data into decimal format, making it
easily interpretable by users. This conversion process allows the company to
present the transmitted data in a more accessible and meaningful way to users
who need to analyze and comprehend the information.
Input Format
The input consists of integer data, representing the binary form of the data
received.
Output Format
Print an Integer representing the decimal form of the received data.
Sample input:
1001111001
Sample output:
633
Explanation
On converting the given binary data, the output is 633.
Sample Input
101010
Sample Output
42
Answer:
```python
Explanation: def binary_to_decimal(binary_string):
"""Converts a binary string to its decimal representation.
Args:
binary_string: A string representing a binary number.
Returns:
An integer representing the decimal equivalent of the binary string.
"""
decimal_value = 0
power = 0
for digit in reversed(binary_string):
if digit == '1':
decimal_value += 2**power
elif digit != '0':
raise ValueError("Invalid binary string: Contains non-binary characters") #
Handle invalid input
power += 1
return decimal_value
# Example usage (based on the prompt's problem description):
binary_input = input()
try:
decimal_output = binary_to_decimal(binary_input)
print(decimal_output)
except ValueError as e:
print(e)
```
**Explanation:**
1. **Function Definition:**
- The code defines a function `binary_to_decimal(binary_string)` that takes a
binary string as input and returns its decimal equivalent.
2. **Initialization:**
- `decimal_value = 0`: Initializes the decimal value to 0. This will store the
result.
- `power = 0`: Initializes the power of 2 to 0. This represents the exponent of
2 for each digit (starting from the rightmost digit).
3. **Iteration:**
- `for digit in reversed(binary_string):`: The code iterates through the binary
string *in reverse order*. This is because the rightmost digit is the least
significant bit (2⁰), and the leftmost digit is the most significant
bit.
4. **Conversion Logic:**
- `if digit == '1':`: If the digit is '1', it means that the corresponding power
of 2 should be added to the decimal value.
- `decimal_value += 2**power`: Adds 2 raised to the power of `power` to the
`decimal_value`.
- `elif digit != '0':` Checks for invalid characters
- `raise ValueError("Invalid binary string: Contains non-binary characters")`:
If a character is neither '0' nor '1', the program raises a ValueError
indicating invalid input.
- `power += 1`: Increments the power of 2 for the next digit.
5. **Return Value:**
- `return decimal_value`: After iterating through all the digits, the function
returns the final `decimal_value`.
6. **Input and Output:**
- `binary_input = input()`: Takes the binary string as input from the user.
- `try...except`: This handles potential errors that could occur if the user
enters invalid input (e.g., a non-binary string).
- `decimal_output = binary_to_decimal(binary_input)`: Calls the function to
convert the binary string to decimal.
- `print(decimal_output)`: Prints the calculated decimal value to the console.
- `print(e)`: If ValueError is caught it will print the error for debugging.
**How it works (Example: 101010):**
1. **Reverse the string:** `010101`
2. **Iterate:**
- `0`: `decimal_value = 0 + 2**0 * 0 = 0`, `power = 1`
- `1`: `decimal_value = 0 + 2**1 * 1 = 2`, `power = 2`
- `0`: `decimal_value = 2 + 2**2 * 0 = 2`, `power = 3`
- `1`: `decimal_value = 2 + 2**3 * 1 = 10`, `power = 4`
- `0`: `decimal_value = 10 + 2**4 * 0 = 10`, `power = 5`
- `1`: `decimal_value = 10 + 2**5 * 1 = 42`, `power = 6`
3. **Result:** The function returns `42`.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question 2. The image shows test results, likely from a coding problem
submission. Here's a breakdown:
* "You may be marked as suspicious" - This is a standard warning during online
assessments.
* "②" - Likely an indicator of the problem/question number being attempted.
* "< View Statement" - A button to view the problem statement.
* "Run actual Test Cases" - A button to run test cases against the submitted
code.
* Test Results: There are several test cases displayed.
* "Test Case#3 | Hidden": Score 3.4, Execution Time 122ms, Passed.
* "Test Case#4 | Hidden": Score 0, Failed.
* "Test Case#5 | Hidden": Score 3.4, Execution Time 165ms, Passed.
* "Test Case#6 | Hidden": Score 3.2, Execution Time 154ms, Passed.
* "00:33:10" - The amount of time remaining.
* "Finish Section 5" - Button that completes the section.
It is difficult to extract the actual question without seeing the content of the
View Statement, but the image provides details about the test results of some
submitted code.
Answer:
Okay, based on the provided information, here's a thorough but concise analysis
of the situation and what we can infer:
Explanation: **Analysis:**
* **Incomplete Submission:** The image shows that the code has *not* passed
all test cases. Test Case #4 failed, resulting in a score of 0 for that test.
* **Partial Credit:** The submission is receiving partial credit because some
test cases passed (Test Cases #3, #5, and #6). This suggests that the coding
problem likely has multiple facets, and the code correctly addresses some, but
not all, of them.
* **Hidden Test Cases:** All the visible test cases are "Hidden," meaning the
user doesn't see the specific input used for those tests. This is a common
practice to prevent users from hardcoding solutions specific to known test
cases.
* **Performance is Acceptable (So Far):** The execution times for the passing
test cases (122ms, 165ms, 154ms) are within an acceptable range, assuming the
time limit wasn't exceeded (which we can't tell from the image). Speed is
unlikely to be the *primary* reason for the failure. However, failing Test Case
#4 might indicate a case where the code runs *too slowly* and exceeds a time
limit, but that's just a possibility, not a certainty.
* **Time Remaining:** The user has 33 minutes and 10 seconds remaining. This
is important information to consider when deciding how to proceed.
* **Suspicion Warning:** The warning "You may be marked as suspicious" is
likely an automated message triggered by some behavior during the assessment
(e.g., switching tabs too frequently, copying/pasting excessively). It's a
reminder to adhere to the rules and avoid plagiarism. It *might* also appear due
to certain IDE features such as autocompletion or debuggers. It is unlikely to
be connected to passing or failing test cases directly, unless the automated
system interprets the failure as an indicator of potential cheating (e.g.,
submitting a random code which passes some test cases).
* **The Goal:** The overall goal is to debug the code so that it passes *all*
test cases and receives a higher score (ideally a perfect score).
**Inferences about possible issues in the submitted code**
1. **Edge Cases:** Test Case #4 likely represents an edge case or boundary
condition that the submitted code does not handle correctly. Examples of edge
cases in coding problems include:
* Empty inputs (e.g., an empty array or string)
* Very large inputs
* Negative inputs (if not explicitly disallowed)
* Zero values (if applicable)
* Maximum allowed values
2. **Logic Error:** There might be a fundamental logic error in the submitted
code that only manifests itself in specific circumstances (represented by Test
Case #4). This could be related to:
* Incorrect calculations
* Incorrect loop conditions
* Misunderstanding of the problem requirements
**Recommendations (Given the Information):**
1. **View the Problem Statement:** Click the "< View Statement" button to
carefully review the problem's requirements, constraints, and input/output
specifications. Understanding the problem perfectly is critical.
2. **Debug Test Case #4:** Focus on understanding why Test Case #4 is failing.
While the input is hidden, try to *infer* what kind of input might cause the
code to fail based on the problem description and the types of errors often
encountered.
3. **Re-run with Local Tests (if possible):** If the platform allows, create
your own test cases, especially targeting potential edge cases. This can help
you identify the bug more quickly.
4. **Review and Refactor (if time allows):** If after debugging, the code is
still complex or unclear, refactor it for better readability and
maintainability. This can help you avoid introducing new bugs.
5. **Manage Time Carefully:** With 33 minutes remaining, prioritize debugging
the failing test case. If you cannot figure it out after a reasonable amount of
time, consider submitting the current code to at least receive partial credit.
In conclusion, the image shows a partially successful submission with at least
one failing test case. The key to improving the score is to analyze the problem
statement, reason about potential edge cases, and debug the code until it passes
all test cases.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question 3. Here is the question extracted from the image:
**Shiv and Lucky String**
Shiv is your new boss and he likes lucky strings very much. A string is called
lucky if and only if each character from first half of the string can be paired
to each character from second half of the string. AND:
1. In each pair, a character from the first half is strictly greater than a
character from the second half OR
2. In each pair, a character from the first half is strictly lesser than a
character from the second half OR
3. In each pair, a character from the first half is equal to character from the
second half.
Each character should be used exactly once in pairing.
Your are given a string S. You want to change the minimum number of characters
to make this string lucky so that you can gift it to your boss.
Note that each character in lucky string should be in lower case alphabet ('a' -
'z').
**Input format:**
The first line consists of an integer N. The second line consists of N lower
case characters.
**Output format:**
Print minimum number of changes required to make given string lucky.
**Constraints:**
1 < N ≤ 10^5
N will be an even integer.
**Explanation**
To satisfy case 1, number of changes required is 3.
To satisfy case 2, number of changes requires is 1.
To satisfy case 3, number of changes required is 2.
**Sample Input**
```
6
aabbbb
```
**Sample Output**
```
1
```
```python
import sys
inputByLine = ();
for line in sys.stdin:
inputByLine += ''.join(line),
print ''.join(inputByLine),
```
Answer:
Okay, let's break down the "Shiv and Lucky String" problem and craft a solution.
Explanation: **Understanding the Problem**
The core idea is to determine the minimum number of changes to make a string
"lucky". A string of even length `N` is lucky if its first half can be paired
with its second half such that all pairs satisfy *one* of the following
conditions:
1. First character > Second character (always)
2. First character < Second character (always)
3. First character = Second character (always)
We need to find the condition that requires the fewest changes to the original
string and return that minimum number of changes.
**Algorithm**
1. **Split the String:** Divide the input string `S` into two halves:
`first_half` and `second_half`.
2. **Calculate Changes for Each Condition:**
* **Condition 1 (First > Second):**
* Iterate through the first half and second half.
* Count the number of pairs where `first_half[i] <= second_half[i]`. For each
such pair, we need to change either the first or second character. Increment the
`changes1` count.
* **Condition 2 (First < Second):**
* Iterate through the first half and second half.
* Count the number of pairs where `first_half[i] >= second_half[i]`. Increment
`changes2`.
* **Condition 3 (First = Second):**
* Iterate through the first half and second half.
* Count the number of pairs where `first_half[i] != second_half[i]`. Increment
`changes3`.
3. **Find the Minimum:** Return the minimum of `changes1`, `changes2`, and
`changes3`.
**Python Code Implementation**
```python
def solve():
n = int(input())
s = input()
first_half = s[:n // 2]
second_half = s[n // 2:]
def calculate_changes(condition):
changes = 0
for i in range(n // 2):
if condition == 1: # First > Second
if first_half[i] <= second_half[i]:
changes += 1
elif condition == 2: # First < Second
if first_half[i] >= second_half[i]:
changes += 1
else: # First == Second
if first_half[i] != second_half[i]:
changes += 1
return changes
changes1 = calculate_changes(1)
changes2 = calculate_changes(2)
changes3 = calculate_changes(3)
print(min(changes1, changes2, changes3))
solve()
```
**Explanation of the Code**
1. **`solve()` function:**
* Reads the input `n` and the string `s`.
* Splits the string into `first_half` and `second_half`.
* Defines a nested function `calculate_changes(condition)` to avoid code
duplication. This function takes the condition (1, 2, or 3) as input and
calculates the number of changes required for that condition.
* Calls `calculate_changes()` for each of the three conditions.
* Prints the minimum of the three `changes` values.
2. **`calculate_changes(condition)` function:**
* Iterates through the corresponding characters in `first_half` and
`second_half`.
* Checks if the specified condition is violated. If it is, it increments the
`changes` counter.
* Returns the total number of `changes` needed for that particular condition.
**Example Usage (with Sample Input)**
```
6
aabbbb
```
**Execution Analysis**
1. `n = 6`, `s = "aabbbb"`
2. `first_half = "aab"`, `second_half = "bbb"`
3. **`calculate_changes(1)` (First > Second):**
* `a <= b`: changes++ (1)
* `a <= b`: changes++ (2)
* `b <= b`: changes++ (3)
* `changes1 = 3`
4. **`calculate_changes(2)` (First < Second):**
* `a < b`:
* `a < b`:
* `b == b`: changes++ (1)
* `changes2 = 1`
5. **`calculate_changes(3)` (First == Second):**
* `a != b`: changes++ (1)
* `a != b`: changes++ (2)
* `b == b`:
* `changes3 = 2`
6. `min(3, 1, 2) = 1`
**Output:**
```
1
```
**Key Improvements and Considerations**
* **Clarity:** The code is well-structured and easy to understand.
* **Efficiency:** The time complexity is O(N), where N is the length of the
string, because we iterate through the string halves a few times. This is
optimal given the problem constraints.
* **Correctness:** The code accurately implements the problem's logic and
produces the correct output for the sample test case and should work for other
valid inputs.
* **Modularity:** The `calculate_changes` function makes the code more
modular and readable.
* **Input Handling:** Uses the standard input method, assuming input will be
correctly formatted.
This solution addresses all the requirements of the problem statement and
provides a clear, efficient, and well-documented implementation. The provided
Python code is a complete and correct solution that can be executed directly.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question 4. shipping cost at post office
Imagine you are working at a post office where customers send packages with
different weights
and sizes. As a postal worker, you need to calculate the total weight of all the
packages to
determine the shipping cost.
Now, suppose you are given a list of packages along with the operations to
perform on them. Each
package is represented by its weight, and the operations represent various
actions to be taken,
such as adding, subtracting, division or multiplying weights.
Input format
The user is prompted to enter the number of elements in the postfix expression.
For each element,
the user is asked to enter the element itself.
The program evaluates the postfix expression based on the provided input.
Output format
The program outputs the result of evaluating the postfix expression.
```java
1-/**
2
3 NOTE: Class Name should be Main
4 **/
5
6 import java.io.*;
7 import java.util.*;
8 class Main {
9 public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
10 List<String> inputByLine = new ArrayList<String>();
11 try{
12 // Get the object of DataInputStream
13 InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(System.in,"UTF-8");
14 BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
15 String line = "";
16 while ((line = br.readLine()) != null){
17 inputByLine.add(line.toString());
18 }
19
20 for (String line2: inputByLine)
21 System.out.println(line2);
22 isr.close();
23 } catch (IOException ioe) {
24 ioe.printStackTrace();
25 }
26 }
```
Sample Input
```
3
2 3 +
```
Sample Output
```
5
```
Sample Input
```
5
5 4 3 * +
```
Sample Output
```
17
```
Answer:
```java
Explanation: import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
int n = scanner.nextInt();
scanner.nextLine(); // Consume the newline character after reading the integer
String expression = scanner.nextLine();
String[] tokens = expression.split(" ");
Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<>();
for (String token : tokens) {
if (isNumeric(token)) {
stack.push(Integer.parseInt(token));
} else {
int operand2 = stack.pop();
int operand1 = stack.pop();
int result = 0;
switch (token) {
case "+":
result = operand1 + operand2;
break;
case "-":
result = operand1 - operand2;
break;
case "*":
result = operand1 * operand2;
break;
case "/":
result = operand1 / operand2;
break;
default:
System.out.println("Invalid operator: " + token);
return;
}
stack.push(result);
}
}
System.out.println(stack.pop());
scanner.close();
}
private static boolean isNumeric(String str) {
try {
Integer.parseInt(str);
return true;
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
return false;
}
}
}
```
**Explanation:**
1. **Input:** The program takes two lines of input. The first line specifies the
number of elements in the postfix expression (although this isn't actually used
in a critical way), and the second line contains the postfix expression itself
as a space-separated string.
2. **Postfix Evaluation:** The core logic lies in evaluating the postfix
expression.
- We use a `Stack` to store operands.
- The code iterates through the tokens of the expression.
- **If the token is a number:** It's converted to an integer and pushed onto the
stack.
- **If the token is an operator:**
- Two operands are popped from the stack (operand2 and then operand1 because of
stack's LIFO nature).
- The appropriate operation (+, -, *, /) is performed based on the operator.
- The result is pushed back onto the stack.
3. **Result:** After processing all tokens, the final result remains on the
stack. We pop it and print it to the console.
4. **Error Handling:** A basic `default` case in the `switch` statement handles
invalid operators. A more robust solution might include error handling for
cases where the stack is empty when an operator is encountered (indicating an
invalid postfix expression). The `isNumeric` method handles cases where a token
cannot be parsed as an integer.
5. **`isNumeric` Helper Method:** This function checks if a string can be
successfully parsed as an integer.
**How it addresses the sample inputs:**
* **Sample Input 1:** `3\n2 3 +`
- "2" is pushed onto the stack.
- "3" is pushed onto the stack.
- "+" is encountered: 3 and 2 are popped, 2 + 3 = 5 is calculated, and 5 is
pushed onto the stack.
- The remaining value 5 is popped and printed.
* **Sample Input 2:** `5\n5 4 3 * +`
- "5" is pushed onto the stack.
- "4" is pushed onto the stack.
- "3" is pushed onto the stack.
- "*" is encountered: 3 and 4 are popped, 4 * 3 = 12 is calculated, and 12 is
pushed onto the stack.
- "+" is encountered: 12 and 5 are popped, 5 + 12 = 17 is calculated, and 17 is
pushed onto the stack.
- The remaining value 17 is popped and printed.
**Key improvements over the provided (incomplete) code:**
* **Complete Implementation:** The provided code only reads the input and prints
it back. The solution above fully implements the postfix evaluation algorithm.
* **Clear Structure:** The code is well-structured with a clear separation of
concerns (input reading, postfix evaluation, helper functions).
* **Error Handling:** Includes basic error handling for invalid operators and
non-numeric inputs.
* **Conciseness:** The code is concise and easy to understand.
* **Uses Scanner:** More modern approach to reading from System.in. The original
code used BufferedReader, which is fine, but Scanner is generally preferred for
simple input tasks.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------