BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

College of Engineering
Signals, Spectra and Signal Processing [ECEN117]

APPLICATION AND DISCUSSION OF MODULATION THROUGH

MATHLAB’S CODE AND SIMULINK

Introduction

Modulation plays a crucial role in various fields like communications

and signal processing by allowing the efficient transmission of information
over different mediums. In telecommunications, for example, modulation
enables the embedding of data onto a carrier wave, making it possible to
transmit signals over long distances without significant loss or interference. It
helps in overcoming limitations such as bandwidth constraints, noise, and
distortion, ensuring that signals remain intact and understandable at the
receiver’s end. Modulation techniques are essential for optimizing the use of
available resources, improving signal quality, and enhancing data
throughput in modern communication systems.

Content

In this paper, we will explore the practical applications of modulation

and filtering techniques, demonstrating how these concepts can be
effectively implemented and analyzed using MATLAB and Simulink. Through
the use of code and simulation models, the paper aims to provide a
comprehensive understanding of the underlying principles, purpose, and
function of these techniques in various fields such as communications and
signal processing. By presenting detailed examples and simulations, we will
illustrate how modulation allows for the efficient transmission of signals and
how filters—both low-pass and high-pass—can be used to modify or
enhance signal characteristics. This hands-on approach will allow readers to
gain a deeper insight into the significance of these tools, as well as their real-
world applications in designing and optimizing communication systems.
 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
Signals, Spectra and Signal Processing [ECEN117]

FREQUENCY MODULATION

Frequency Modulation (FM) is a type of modulation technique

where the frequency of a carrier signal is varied in accordance with the
amplitude of the input (or message) signal, while the amplitude and phase of
the carrier remain constant. In simpler terms, the information in the message
signal is encoded by changing the frequency of the carrier wave.

MathLab Simulink Block Diagram

Figure 1

The block diagram of Frequency Modulation (FM) in MATLAB Simulink

consists of several key blocks that work together to modulate the carrier
signal based on the message signal. Here's how the blocks are typically
arranged:

1. Message Signal Block:

This block generates the message signal (e.g., audio, voice, or any low-
frequency signal) that contains the information to be transmitted. It can be a
sine wave or more complex waveform representing the modulating signal.
2. Carrier Signal Block:
A sine wave block generates the carrier signal, which is a high-frequency sine
wave with a frequency much higher than the message signal. This carrier
signal is the basis for modulation.
3. FM Modulator Block:
This block performs the frequency modulation. It takes both the message
signal and the carrier signal as inputs and produces an FM signal. The
 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
Signals, Spectra and Signal Processing [ECEN117]

frequency of the carrier is modulated in proportion to the amplitude of the

message signal.
4. Scope Block:
A scope block is used to visualize the FM signal. This block shows the
modulated signal in time-domain, helping to observe the changes in
frequency as the message signal varies.

In relation with the equation, V (t )= Acos(2 π f c t +k f ∫ m(t)dt) , the block

diagram shows how the equation is derived. The Sine wave is the modulating
signal that is multiplied by the frequency deviation constant k f that is
represented as the gain block. The constant block represents the carrier
wave frequency f c that is then added using the sum block to the modulating
signal k f m(t). In the equation, f c is in terms of radians that is why the frequency
is multiplied by 2 π . The integration block will integrate the summed expression
of the signal 2 π f c +k f m(t). Since 2 π f c is not time dependent, this part will be a
constant for the integral:

∫ 2 π f c dt

2 π f c ∫ dt

2 π f ct .

On the other part of the expression, k f m(t), the integration will be shown as:

∫ k f m(t) dt

k f ∫ m(t)dt

This then results to 2 π f c t +k f ∫ m(t) dt .

The next block, cosine, will put the equation within a cosine function:
cos (2 π f c t +k f ∫ m(t)dt). Finally, the gain block at the end represents the
amplitude of the modulation A that will modify the amplitude of the
modulated signal.
 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
Signals, Spectra and Signal Processing [ECEN117]

Frequency Modulation Oscilloscope Results

Figure 2

In Frequency Modulation (FM), the resultant frequency of the

modulated signal varies continuously around the carrier frequency, with the
frequency deviation being proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of
the message signal. As the Carrier Amplitude rises the Frequency Modulation
results in a compressed frequency or simply the frequency becomes higher
as the Carrier Amplitude rises.
 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
Signals, Spectra and Signal Processing [ECEN117]

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Amplitude Modulation (AM) is a modulation technique where the

amplitude of a carrier signal is varied in proportion to the instantaneous
amplitude of the message signal, while the frequency and phase of the
carrier remain constant. In simpler terms, the information in the message
signal (such as voice, music, or data) is encoded by changing the strength
(amplitude) of the carrier wave.

MathLab Simulink Block Diagram

Figure 3

The block diagram of Amplitude Modulation (AM) in MATLAB

Simulink typically involves the following components, each represented by
specific blocks to simulate the modulation process:

1. Message Signal:
This block generates the message signal (e.g., an audio signal) that contains
the information to be transmitted. It can be a sine wave or a more complex
signal.
 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
Signals, Spectra and Signal Processing [ECEN117]

2. Carrier Signal:
A sine wave block represents the high-frequency carrier signal. This is typically
generated with a fixed frequency much higher than the message signal.
3. Multiplier (AM Modulator):
A multiplier block is used to multiply the message signal with the carrier signal.
The output of this block represents the AM signal, where the amplitude of the
carrier is modulated by the message signal.
4. AM Signal (Output):
The output block represents the amplitude-modulated signal, which has the
same carrier frequency but with its amplitude varying according to the
message signal.
5. Scope:
A scope block is used to display the generated AM signal, showing the
variation in amplitude over time as a result of the modulation process.

Amplitude Modulation Oscilloscope Results

Figure 4

On the oscilloscope, in Amplitude Modulation (AM), you will see a high-

frequency carrier wave whose amplitude varies over time in accordance
with the message signal, creating an envelope that follows the shape of the
message, along with sidebands above and below the carrier frequency that
represent the modulated information.
 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
Signals, Spectra and Signal Processing [ECEN117]

AM Modulation is represented by the equation: V (t )=( A c + km(t))cos (2 π f c t )

. The message signal (function generator) is multiplied by the the modulation
index (k) programmed within the function generator is summed to the
amplitude of the carrier frequency ( Ac , the constant block): Ac +km(t ). This
equation is then multiplied using the product block to the carrier frequency (
f c, the Sine wave). The equation is in terms of radians that is why the carrier
frequency is multiplied by 2 π at a given time t.

FILTERS
 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
Signals, Spectra and Signal Processing [ECEN117]

In AM (Amplitude Modulation) and FM (Frequency Modulation)

modulation, the purpose of filters is to selectively pass the desired modulated
signal while attenuating unwanted components, such as noise or
interference, and limiting bandwidth to optimize signal transmission and
reception quality. In AM, filters help to isolate the carrier and sidebands, while
in FM, they ensure that the modulated frequency spectrum is properly
received without distortion.

Different Filters

RC (Resistor-Capacitor) and RL (Resistor-Inductor) filters are commonly

used in both low-pass and high-pass filter configurations to filter signals
based on frequency. Here's a breakdown of their uses:

1. RC Low-Pass Filter:

Figure 5

An RC low-pass filter allows low-frequency signals to pass while attenuating

high-frequency signals. It is typically used in:

● Signal Smoothing: To smooth out fluctuating signals, such as in power

supplies or data acquisition systems, where high-frequency noise or
ripple is removed from a DC signal.
 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
Signals, Spectra and Signal Processing [ECEN117]

● Audio Processing: To eliminate high-frequency noise from audio signals,

ensuring only the lower frequency components (such as bass) pass
through.
● Anti-Aliasing: To reduce high-frequency noise before digitizing signals in
analog-to-digital conversion systems.
● Noise Filtering: Used to remove high-frequency interference in
communication systems and audio equipment.

RC low-pass Filter Result in the Oscilloscope

Figure 6

2. RC High-Pass Filter:

An RC high-pass filter allows high-frequency signals to pass while

attenuating low-frequency signals. It is commonly used in:
 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
Signals, Spectra and Signal Processing [ECEN117]

Figure 7

RC high-pass Filter Result in the Oscilloscope

● Coupling and Decoupling: To block DC components and allow AC

signals to pass, such as in audio or radio frequency circuits.
 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
Signals, Spectra and Signal Processing [ECEN117]

● Audio Signal Enhancement: To remove unwanted low-frequency hum

or rumble in audio systems, particularly in microphone or recording
equipment.
● High-Frequency Signal Detection: Used in systems that require
detection of high-frequency events, such as in radio communications
or high-speed data processing.

3. RL Low-Pass Filter:

An RL low-pass filter is used to pass low-frequency signals and attenuate

high-frequency signals, similar to the RC low-pass filter. Its applications
include:

● Power Supply Filtering: Used in power supplies to smooth out the output
signal, removing high-frequency noise or ripple.
● Audio and RF Systems: In audio or radio frequency systems where lower
frequencies are desired, and higher frequencies need to be
attenuated.
● Inductive Noise Filtering: To filter out high-frequency noise in systems
involving inductive loads (e.g., electric motors, transformers).

Figure 9
 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
Signals, Spectra and Signal Processing [ECEN117]

RL low-pass Filter Result in the Oscilloscope

Figure

4. RL High-Pass Filter:

An RL high-pass filter passes high frequencies and attenuates low

frequencies. It has applications such as:

Figure
 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
Signals, Spectra and Signal Processing [ECEN117]

RL high-pass Filter Result in the Oscilloscope

Figure

● Re
mov
ing
Low-Frequency Noise: It is used in audio systems to block unwanted
low-frequency hums (e.g., from power lines or vibrations) while allowing
higher frequencies to pass through.
● Signal Detection: In applications like communications and sensor
systems, where high-frequency components need to be isolated from
lower-frequency noise or drift.
 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
Signals, Spectra and Signal Processing [ECEN117]

Coding using MATLAB

Filters

It is usually a lot more complex to code a simulation than to use Simulink

to represent signal processing in Matlab. In this part, we will discuss the
coded representation of the RC High-pass filter and Low-pass filter, and RL
High-pass and Low-pass filter.
In the Simulink simulation, the required parameters are only the input
reference frequency which is 1000Hz (3283.185 rad), and the Transfer Function
of the circuit. Moreover, any given function directly creates a graph
representation of the filters. Coding in matlab requires specification of
parameters and values that will accurately or approximately show the
simulation. Although the parameters should be the same, the output of the
code should also represent the given parameters in a graph simultaneously.
This results in a more complex and longer process of representing signal
processing in Matlab.
To accurately represent the simulation by coding, the required
parameters to be coded are:
● the reference signal (1000Hz);
● values of Capacitor (C), Inductor (L), and Resistor (R); and
● the formula of transfer function representation of each filter
○ H (s)RC− LP =1/(1+ sRC)
○ H (s)RC− HP=sRC /(1+sRC )
○ H (s)RL−LP =1/(1+ s (L/ R))
○ H (s)RL−HP =s (L/ R)/(1+ s(L/ R))

The code is shown on Figure 13.

 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
Signals, Spectra and Signal Processing [ECEN117]

Figure
This code includes the needed parameters for the graph simulation
where it shows the simulation time of 0.005s and the dimensions of the graph.
The code also indicates the cut-off frequencies of each filter to show a more
precise simulation of an actual signal.

Figure
 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
Signals, Spectra and Signal Processing [ECEN117]

Upon executing the code, the final cut-off frequencies of each filter is
shown on the command window (Fig. 14). The system then shows the graphs
(Fig. 15) of each signal including the reference signal for each RC and RL
filter. This represents the sine wave output of each filter.

APPLICATION AND DISCUSSION OF MODULATION THROUGH

MATHLAB’S CODE AND SIMULINK
 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering
Signals, Spectra and Signal Processing [ECEN117]

Prepared by:
GONZALES, AKIAH F.
BORJA, MARK ANGELO DESPUIG
MARISCAL, CZARINA

Adviser:
RODERICK TUD