Database Systems (CS-151)

Course Instructor: Muhammad hashim

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Database Application
● Database Application is a program or group
of programs which is used for performing
certain operations on the data stored in the
database.
● These operations may contain insertion of
data into a database or extracting some data
from the database based on a certain
condition, updating data in the database,
producing the data as output.

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Database Management Systems
● Database management system is a collection of
small programs to perform certain operation on
data and manage the data. Two basic operations
performed by the DBMS are:
Management of Data in the Database
● Management of the data means to specify that
how data will be stored, structured and accessed
in the database.
Management of Users associated with the
database
● Management of database users means to manage
the users in such a way that they can perform any
desired operations on the database.

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● DBMS also ensures that a user can not
perform any operation for which he is not
allowed. And also an authorized user is not
allowed to perform any action which is
restricted to that user.
● In General DBMS is a collection of Programs
performing all necessary actions associated
to a database

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Levels of Data
1) Real World Data:
The real world level of data means that level
of data at which entities or objects exist in
reality, it means that any object existing in
reality have a name and other identifiable
attributes through which we can identify that
specific object or entity. Example: Any
Student

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Levels of Data
2) Meta Data:
Meta Data is data about data. It tells that what type
of data will be stored in the database, what will be
size of a certain attribute of the real world data,
how many and what attributes will be used to store
the data about the entity in the database.

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Levels of Data
3) Existence of Data:
Existence of the data level shows the actual
data regarding the entities as real world level
according to the rules define at the Meta Data
level.

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Users of Database Systems
● Users of Database Systems:
1. Application Programmers
2. End Users
◦ Naïve
◦ Sophisticated

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Users of Database Systems
Application programmers:
● This category of database users contains those
people who create different types of database
application programs.
● Application programmers design the application
according to the needs of the other users of the
database in a certain environment.
● Application programmers are skilled people who
have clear idea of the structure of the database
and know clearly about the needs of the
organizations.

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Users of Database Systems
End Users
● Second category of the Database users are
the end users, this group of users contains
the people who use the database application
programs developed by the Application
programmers. This category further contains
two types of users:
(i)Naïve Users
(ii)Sophisticated Users

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Users of Database Systems
Naïve Users
● these are the users who use the existing
application to interact with the database. For
example, online library system, ticket
booking systems, ATMs etc which has
existing application and users use them to
interact with the database to fulfill their
requests.

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Users of Database Systems

Sophisticated Users
● They are database developers, who write SQL
queries to select/insert/delete/update data.
They do not use any application or programs
to request the database. They directly interact
with the database by means of query
language like SQL.

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Users of Database Systems
● Database Administrators (DBA): The
administration and maintenance of database is
taken care by database Administrator – DBA.
● DBA is a very responsible position in an
organization. He is responsible for proper
working of the database and DBMS, has the
responsibility of making proper database
backups and make necessary actions for
recovering the database in case of a database
crash.
● To fulfill the requirements of a DBA position a
DBA needs vast experience and very elegant
technical skills.

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Users of Database Systems
Duties of the DBA
● Installing and upgrading the DBMS
● Granting data access
● Routine Maintenance
● Backups
● Monitoring disk space
● Monitoring jobs running

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Duties of DBA
● Installing and upgrading the DBMS: DBA is
responsible for installing a new DBMS server for the
new projects. He is also responsible for upgrading
these servers as new versions come in the market.

● Granting Access to Users: DBA is also

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Duties of DBA
● Monitoring Disk Space : When a new database is
created it takes a limited space but as a result of
daily activity the database acquires more data and
grows in size very rapidly. The DBA has to monitor
the disk space usage and statistics to ensure that
no data over flow occurs at any stage.
● Monitoring Running Jobs: To ensure the secure
and proper functioning of the database system a
DBA continuously monitors some associated
activities and ensure that all users are using their
authorities legally and different devices attached to
the database system are functioning properly.

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Typical Components of a
Database Environment

Database is used to store data and DBMS uses

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Application Programs

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Application Programs talk to
DBMS and ask for data
● Database designers design the database (for
large organizations) and install the DBMS for
use by the users of the database in any
specific organization.

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Database Administrator

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