Lab Manual

CSC340 Computer Networks

CUI Department of Computer Science

Lahore Campus
Lab Contents:
The aim of this lab manual is to learn and practice concepts related to Data Communication and Computer
Networks. The topics include Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(HTTP), DNS, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Using wireshark ; Socket Programming; Router configuration; IP addresses assignment using static and Dynmic
configurations; Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM); Dynamic routing; Security using ACLs, NAT; Port
Security and Vlans Configuration Inter-VLAN Routing via Router-on-a-Stick & EtherChannel configuration;
Configuring Wireless Networks.
Student Outcomes (SO)
S.# Description
2 Identify, Explore several aspects of the HTTP, TCP protocol, better understand the working of DNS
IP addresses assignment using static and Dynmic cofigurations, VLSM, Dynamic routing, Security using
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ACLs,
4 Design a physical network architecture to execute network services and applications
Create, a network application using socket programming, Design a physical network architecture to
5,9 execute
network services and applications
Intended Learning Outcomes
Blooms
Sr.# Description Taxonomy SO
Learning Level
CLO -5 Create a network application using socket programming. Applying 2,4
Design a physical network architecture to execute network services and
CLO -6 Creating 2-5
Applications.
Lab Assessment Policy
The lab work done by the student is evaluated using Psycho-motor rubrics defined by the course instructor, viva-
voce, project work/performance. Marks distribution is as follows:
Lab Mid Term Lab Terminal
Assignments Total
Exam Exam
25 25 50 100
Note: Midterm and Final term exams must be computer based.

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3
 List of Labs
Lab # Main Topic Page
#
Lab 01 Getting started: Introduction to Wireshark 05
Lab 02 Introduction to Packet Tracer 14
Lab 03 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(HTTP) using WireShark 39
Lab 04 Domain Name System(DNS) using WireShark 48
Lab 05 Transport Control Protocol (TCP) using WireShark 60
Lab 06 User Datagram protocol(UDP) using WireShark 72
Lab 07 Socket Programming 78
Lab 08 Basic Configurations 92
Lab 09 Mid Term Exam
Lab 10 Subnet an IPv4 Network 122
Lab 11 Static Routing 137
Lab 12 Network Address Translation (NAT) Configuration 149
Lab 13 RIP Protocol configuration 161
Lab 14 Configure a Wireless Network 171
Lab 15 Configure IPv4 Access Control List (ACL) 180

Final Term Exam

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 Lab 01
Introduction to Wireshark

Objective:
The objective of this lab is that the students get acquainted with Wireshark and make some simple
packet captures and observations.

Activity Outcomes:
The activities provide hands - on practice with the following topics
• Students will have gained the basic understanding of Wireshark Packet Sniffer to see “protocols in
action”
• After this lab, students will have developed basic understanding of digging deep into the network
protocols.
Instructor Note:

Wireshark is a network packet analyzer. A network packet analyzer presents captured packet data in as
much detail as possible. You could think of a network packet analyzer as a measuring device for examining
what’s happening inside a network cable, just like an electrician uses a voltmeter for examining what’s
happening inside an electric cable (but at a higher level, of course). In the past, such tools were either very
expensive, proprietary, or both. However, with the advent of Wireshark, that has changed. Wireshark is
available for free, is open source, and is one of the best packet analyzers available today.

In this Wireshark lab, you’ll captures some http packets using wireshark and make some observations on
them. For more details, please check the below reference.

References
• https://www.wireshark.org/

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1. Useful Concepts
One’s understanding of network protocols can often be greatly deepened by “seeing protocols in action”
and by “playing around with protocols” – observing the sequence of messages exchanged between two
protocol entities, delving down into the details of protocol operation, and causing protocols to perform
certain actions and then observing these actions and their consequences. This can be done in simulated
scenarios or in a “real” network environment such as the Internet. In the Wireshark labs you’ll be doing in
this course, you’ll be running various network applications in different scenarios using your own computer
(or you can borrow a friends; let me know if you don’t have access to a computer where you can install/run
Wireshark). You’ll observe the network protocols in your computer “in action,” interacting and exchanging
messages with protocol entities executing elsewhere in the Internet. Thus, you and your computer will be
an integral part of these “live” labs. You’ll observe, and you’ll learn, by doing. For more details, please
check the below reference.

References:
1. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, "Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach," 8th edition, Pearson, 2020.
2. Wireshark Labs, https://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/wireshark.php
3. Wireshark User Guide: https://www.wireshark.org/download/docs/user-guide.pdf
4. Wireshark Walkthrough: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TkCSr30UojM
5. Wireshark Website: https://www.wireshark.org

2. Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping
1 15 Low CLO-6
2 20 Low CLO-6
3 20 Medium CLO-6

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Activity 1:
Getting Wireshark
In order to run Wireshark, you will need to have access to a computer that supports both Wireshark
and the libpcap or WinPCap packet capture library. The libpcap software will be installed for you,
if it is not installed within your operating system, when you install Wireshark. See
http://www.wireshark.org/download.html for a list of supported operating systems and download
sites
Download and install the Wireshark software:
• Go to http://www.wireshark.org/download.html and download and install the Wireshark binary
for your computer. The Wireshark FAQ has a number of helpful hints and interesting tidbits of
information, particularly if you have trouble installing or running Wireshark.

Running Wireshark
When you run the Wireshark program, you’ll get a startup screen, as shown below:

Figure 1: Initial Wireshark Screen

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Take a look at the upper left hand side of the screen – you’ll see an “Interface list”. This is the list of network
interfaces on your computer. Once you choose an interface, Wireshark will capture all packets on that
interface. In the example above, there is an Ethernet interface (Gigabit network Connection) and a wireless
interface (“Microsoft”).

If you click on one of these interfaces to start packet capture (i.e., for Wireshark to begin capturing all
packets being sent to/from that interface), a screen like the one below will be displayed, showing
information about the packets being captured. Once you start packet capture, you can stop it by using the
Capture pull down menu and selecting Stop.

comman
d
menus
display filter
specificatio
n

listing
of
capture

details
of
selecte
d

packet
content in
hexadecimal

Figure 2: Wireshark Graphical User Interface, during packet capture and analysis

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The Wireshark interface has five major components:

• The command menus are standard pulldown menus located at the top of the window. Of interest to us now are the
File and Capture menus. The File menu allows you to save captured packet data or open a file containing previously
captured packet data, and exit the Wireshark application. The Capture menu allows you to begin packet capture.

• The packet-listing window displays a one-line summary for each packet captured, including the packet number
(assigned by Wireshark; this is not a packet number contained in any protocol’s header), the time at which the packet
was captured, the packet’s source and destination addresses, the protocol type, and protocol-specific information
contained in the packet. The packet listing can be sorted according to any of these categories by clicking on a column
name. The protocol type field lists the highest-level protocol that sent or received this packet, i.e., the protocol that is
the source or ultimate sink for this packet.

• The packet-header details window provides details about the packet selected (highlighted) in the packet-listing
window. (To select a packet in the packet-listing window, place the cursor over the packet’s one-line summary in the
packet-listing window and click with the left mouse button.). These details include information about the Ethernet
frame (assuming the packet was sent/received over an Ethernet interface) and IP datagram that contains this packet.
The amount of Ethernet and IP-layer detail displayed can be expanded or minimized by clicking on the plus minus
boxes to the left of the Ethernet frame or IP datagram line in the packet details window. If the packet has been carried
over TCP or UDP, TCP or UDP details will also be displayed, which can similarly be expanded or minimized. Finally,
details about the highest-level protocol that sent or received this packet are also provided.

• The packet-contents window displays the entire contents of the captured frame, in both ASCII and hexadecimal
format.

Towards the top of the Wireshark graphical user interface, is the packet display filter field, into which a protocol
name or other information can be entered in order to filter the information displayed in the packet-listing window (and
hence the packet-header and packet-contents windows). In the example below, we’ll use the packet-display filter field
to have Wireshark hide (not display) packets except those that correspond to HTTP messages.

Activity 2:
The best way to learn about any new piece of software is to try it out! We’ll assume that your computer is connected
to the Internet via a wired Ethernet interface. Indeed, I recommend that you do this first lab on a computer that has a
wired Ethernet connection, rather than just a wireless connection. Do the following

1. Start up your favorite web browser, which will display your selected homepage.

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2. Start up the Wireshark software. You will initially see a window similar to that shown in Figure 2. Wireshark has
not yet begun capturing packets.

3. To begin packet capture, select the Capture pull down menu and select Interfaces. This will cause the “Wireshark:
Capture Interfaces” window to be displayed, as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 3: Wireshark Capture Interface Window

4. You’ll see a list of the interfaces on your computer as well as a count of the packets that have been observed on that
interface so far. Click on Start for the interface on which you want to begin packet capture (in the case, the Gigabit
network Connection). Packet capture will now begin - Wireshark is now capturing all packets being sent/received
from/by your computer!

5. Once you begin packet capture, a window similar to that shown in Figure 3 will appear. This window shows the
packets being captured. By selecting Capture pulldown menu and selecting Stop, you can stop packet capture. But
don’t stop packet capture yet. Let’s capture some interesting packets first. To do so, we’ll need to generate some
network traffic. Let’s do so using a web browser, which will use the HTTP protocol that we will study in detail in
class to download content from a website.

6. While Wireshark is running, enter the URL: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/wireshark-labs/INTRO- wireshark-file1.html

and have that page displayed in your browser. In order to display this page, your browser will contact the HTTP server
at gaia.cs.umass.edu and exchange HTTP messages with the server in order to download this page, as discussed in
section 2.2 of the text. The Ethernet frames containing these HTTP messages (as well as all other frames passing
through your Ethernet adapter) will be captured by Wireshark.

7. After your browser has displayed the INTRO-wireshark-file1.html page (it is a simple one line of congratulations),
stop Wireshark packet capture by selecting stop in the Wireshark capture window. The main Wireshark window should

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now look similar to Figure 3. You now have live packet data that contains all protocol messages exchanged between
your computer and other network entities! The HTTP message exchanges with the gaia.cs.umass.edu web server
should appear somewhere in the listing of packets captured. But there will be many other types of packets displayed
as well (see, e.g., the many different protocol types shown in the Protocol column in Figure 3). Even though the only
action you took was to download a web page, there were evidently many other protocols running on your computer
that are unseen by the user. We’ll learn much more about these protocols as we progress through the text! For now,
you should just be aware that there is often much more going on than “meet’s the eye”!

8. Type in “http” (without the quotes, and in lower case – all protocol names are in lower case in Wireshark) into the
display filter specification window at the top of the main Wireshark window. Then select Apply (to the right of where
you entered “http”). This will cause only HTTP message to be displayed in the packet-listing window.

9. Find the HTTP GET message that was sent from your computer to the gaia.cs.umass.edu HTTP server. (Look for
an HTTP GET message in the “listing of captured packets” portion of the Wireshark window (see Figure 3) that shows
“GET” followed by the gaia.cs.umass.edu URL that you entered. When you select the HTTP GET message, the
Ethernet frame, IP datagram, TCP segment, and HTTP message header information will be displayed in the packet-
header window 1 . By clicking on ‘+’ and ‘-‘ right-pointing and down-pointing arrowheads to the left side of the
packet details window, minimize the amount of Frame, Ethernet, Internet Protocol, and Transmission Control Protocol
information displayed. Maximize the amount information displayed about the HTTP protocol. Your Wireshark display
should now look roughly (Note, in particular, the minimized amount of protocol information for all protocols except
HTTP, and the maximized amount of protocol information for HTTP in the packet-header window).

The goal of this first lab was primarily to introduce you to Wireshark. The following questions will demonstrate that
you’ve been able to get Wireshark up and running, and have explored some of its capabilities. Answer the following
questions, based on your Wireshark experimentation:

1. List 3 different protocols that appear in the protocol column in the unfiltered packet- listing window in step 7 above.

2. How long did it take from when the HTTP GET message was sent until the HTTP OK reply was received? (By
default, the value of the Time column in the packet-listing window is the amount of time, in seconds, since Wireshark
tracing began. To display the Time field in time-of-day format, select the Wireshark View pull down menu, then select
Time Display Format, then select Time-of-day.)

3. What is the Internet address of the gaia.cs.umass.edu (also known as www- net.cs.umass.edu)? What is the Internet
address of your computer?

4. Print the two HTTP messages (GET and OK) referred to in question 2 above. To do so, select Print from the
Wireshark File command menu, and select the “Selected Packet Only” and “Print as displayed” radial buttons, and
then click OK.

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Solution:

Ans1: The following protocols appeared in the protocol column in the unfiltered packet listing
window after downloading a webpage: TCP, UDP, HTTP, DNS.
Ans2: If we look at the frame section of the GET request we see that the time the packet arrived
is 11:43:13.422848000
Frame 109(492 bytes on wire, 492 bytes captured) Arrival Time: sep 17, 2004
11:43:13.42284800
Time delta from previous packet: 6.826032000 seconds Time since reference or first frame:
9.263432000 seconds Frame Number: 109
Packet Length: 492 bytes Capture Length: 492 bytes
The same section for the HTTP OK shows an arrival time of 11:43:13.43960400 Frame 110(444
bytes on wire, 444 bytes captured)
Arrival Time: sep 17, 2004 11:43:13.439604000
Time delta from previous packet: 0.016756000 seconds Time since reference or first frame:
9.280188000 seconds Frame Number: 110
Packet Length: 444 bytes Capture Length: 444 bytes
The difference of these 2 times gives .43960400 - .426032000 = 0.013572 seconds
Ans3: If we look at the IP section of the GET request, the source and destination Source:
(128.238.244.28 (128.238.244.28)
Destination: 128.119.245.12 (128.119.245.12
The source is the local machine’s address and the destination is the web server’s public My (local
machine’s) address = 128.238.244.28
IP address 128.119.245.12 = www-net.cs.umass.edu.

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 Ans
4:

3. Graded Lab Tasks

Lab Task
Start a new capture, and do some arbitrary web browsing, such as visiting some Wikipedia articles, reading
some news, etc. Note down all the protocols used at each layer. You have to show this task at the end of
lab.

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 Lab 02
Introduction to Packet Tracer

Objective:
The objective of this lab is that the students get acquainted with Packet Tracer and make some
simple Packet Tracer scenarios.

Activity Outcomes:
The activities provide hands - on practice with the following topics
• Students will have gained the basic understanding of Packet Tracer to see “protocols in action”
• After this lab, students will have developed basic understanding of digging deep into the network
protocols.

Instructor Note:
Packet Tracer is a cross-platform visual simulation tool designed by Cisco systems that allows users to
create network topologies and imitate modern computer networks. The software allows users to simulate
the configuration of Cisco routers and switches using a simulated command line interface. Packet Tracer
makes use of a drag and drop user interface, allowing users to add and remove simulated network devices
as they see fit. In this first Packet Tracer lab, you’ll get acquainted with Packet Tracer, and make some
simple configurations. For more details, please check the below reference.

Reference:
• https://www.netacad.com/courses/packet-tracer
• https://ipcisco.com/course/cisco-hands-on-course-with-packet-tracer/

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1. Solved Lab Activites
Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping
1 25 Low CLO-6
2 30 Medium CLO-6

Activity 1
Introduction to the Packet Tracer Interface using a Hub Topology
Step 1: Start Packet Tracer

Step 2: Choosing Devices and Connections

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We will begin building our network topology by selecting devices and the media in which to
connect them. Several types of devices and network connections can be used. For this lab we will
keep it simple by using End Devices, Switches, Hubs, and Connections.
Single click on each group of devices and connections to display the various choices. The devices
you see may differ slightly.

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1. Other than generic routers, name 3 router models available on the simulation software.
2. What are the two types of serial cables available for WAN connectivity?
3. What are the two types of copper cable connectors?
4. Other than generic end devices, enumerate four end devices available.
Step 3: Building the Topology – Adding Hosts Single click on the End Devices.
Single click on the Generic host.

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Move the cursor into topology area. You will notice it turns into a plus “+” sign.

Single click in the topology area and it copies the device.

Add three more hosts.

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Step 4: Building the Topology – Connecting the Hosts to Hubs and Switches Adding a Hub
Select a hub, by clicking once on Hubs and once on a Generic hub.

Add the hub by moving the plus sign “+” below PC0 and PC1 and click once.

Connect PC0 to Hub0 by first choosing Connections.

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Click once on the Copper Straight-through cable.

Perform the following steps to connect PC0 to Hub0:

1. Click once on PC0

2. Choose FastEthernet
3. Drag the cursor to Hub0
4. Click once on Hub0 and choose Port 0
5. Notice the green link lights on both the PC0 Ethernet NIC and the Hub0 Port 0 showing
that the link is active.

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Repeat the steps above for PC1 connecting it to Port 1 on Hub0. (The actual hub port you choose
does not matter.)
Adding a Switch

Select a switch, by clicking once on Switches and once on a 2950-24 switch.

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Add the switch by moving the plus sign “+” below PC2 and PC3 and click once.

Connect PC2 to Hub0 by first choosing Connections.

Click once on the Copper Straight-through cable.
Perform the following steps to connect PC2 to Switch0
1. Click once on PC2
2. Choose FastEthernet
3. Drag the cursor to Switch0
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4. Click once on Switch0 and choose FastEthernet0/1
5. Notice the green link lights on PC2 Ethernet NIC and amber light Switch0 FastEthernet0/1
port. The switch port is temporarily not forwarding frames, while it goes through the stages for the
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) process.
6. After a about 30 seconds the amber light will change to green indicating that the port has
entered the forwarding stage. Frames can now forwarded out the switch port.

Repeat the steps above for PC3 connecting it to Port 3 on Switch0 on port FastEtherent0/2. (The
actual switch port you choose does not matter.)

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Move the cursor over the link light to view the port number. Fa means FastEthernet, 100 Mbps
Ethernet.

Step 5: Configuring IP Addresses and Subnet Masks on the Hosts

Before we can communicate between the hosts we need to configure IP Addresses and Subnet
Masks on the devices.

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Click once on PC0.

Choose the Config tab and click on Settings. It is here that you can change the name of PC0. It is
also here where you would enter a Gateway IP Address, also known as the default gateway and
the DNS Server IP Address. We will discuss this later, but this would be the IP address of the local
router. If you want, you can enter the Gateway IP Address 172.16.1.1 and DNS Server IP Address
172.16.1.100, although it will not be used in this lab.

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Click on Interface and then FastEthernet. Although we have not yet discussed IP Addresses, add
the IP Address to 172.16.1.10. Click once in the Subnet Mask field to enter the default Subnet
Mask. You can leave this at 255.255.0.0.

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Also, notice this is where you can change the Bandwidth (speed) and Duplex of the Ethernet NIC
(Network Interface Card). The default is Auto (autonegotiation), which means the NIC will
negotiate with the hub or switch. The bandwidth and/or duplex can be manually set by removing
the check from the Auto box and choosing the specific option.

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Bandwidth - Auto
If the host is connected to a hub or switch port which can do 100 Mbps, then the Ethernet NIC on
the host will choose 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet). Otherwise, if the hub or switch port can only do 10
Mbps, then the Ethernet NIC on the host will choose 10 Mbps (Ethernet).

Duplex - Auto

Hub: If the host is connected to a hub, then the Ethernet NIC on the host will choose Half Duplex.

Switch: If the host is connected to a switch, and the switch port is configured as Full Duplex (or
Autonegotiation), then the Ethernet NIC on the host will choose Full Duplex. If the switch port is
configured as Half Duplex, then the Ethernet NIC on the host will choose Half Duplex. (Full
Duplex is a much more efficient option.)
The information is automatically saved when entered. To close this dialog box, click the “X” in
the upper right.

Repeat these steps for the other hosts. Use the information below for IP Addresses and Subnet
Masks.

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Host IP Address Subnet Mask
PC0 172.16.1.10 255.255.0.0
PC1 172.16.1.11 255.255.0.0
PC2 172.16.1.12 255.255.0.0
PC3 172.16.1.13 255.255.0.0

Verify the information

To verify the information that you entered, move the Select tool (arrow) over each host.

Deleting a Device or Link

To delete a device or link, choose the Delete tool and click on the item you wish to delete.

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Step 6: Connecting Hub0 to Switch0
To connect like-devices, like a Hub and a Switch, we will use a Cross-over cable. Click once the
Cross- over Cable from the Connections options.

Move the Connections cursor over Hub0 and click once.

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Select Port 5 (actual port does not matter).

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Move the Connections cursor to Switch0.

Click once on Switch0 and choose FastEthernet0/4 (actual port does not matter).

The link light for switch port FastEthernet0/4 will begin as amber and eventually change to green
as the Spanning Tree Protocol transitions the port to forwarding.

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Step 7: Verifying Connectivity in Realtime Mode Be sure you are in Realtime mode.

Select the Add Simple PDU tool used to ping devices.

Click once on PC0, then once on PC3.

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The PDU Last Status should show as Successful.

Change the IP address of PC3 to 172.16.2.13. Perform a ping from PC0 to PC3. What is the ping
result?
Return the IP address of PC3 to 172.16.1.13. Change the IP address of PC2 to 172.17.1.12. Perform
a ping from PC0 to PC2. What is the ping result?
Resetting the Network
At this point we will want to reset the network, whenever you want to reset the network and begin
the simulation again, perform the following tasks:
Click Delete in the PDU area.

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Now, Power Cycle Devices and confirm the action.
Waiting for Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
Note: Because Packet Tracer also simulates the Spanning Tree Protocol, at times the switch may
show amber lights on its interfaces. You will need to wait for the lights to turn green on the
switches before they will forward any Ethernet frames.
Step 8: Verifying Connectivity in Simulation Mode
• Be sure you are in Simulation mode.
• Deselect all filters (All/None) and select only ICMP.
• Select the Add Simple PDU tool used to ping devices..
• Click once on PC0, then once on PC3.
• Continue clicking Capture/Forward button until the ICMP ping is completed. You should see the
ICMP messages move between the hosts, hub and switch. The PDU Last Status should show as
Successful. Click on Clear Event List if you do not want to look at the events or click Preview
Previous Events if you do. For this exercise it does not matter.

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Step 9: Saving the Topology
• Perform the following steps to save the topology (uses .pkt file extension).

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 • Opening Existing Topologies
• Opening Existing PT Topologies

3. Graded Lab Tasks

Lab Tasks
Make topologies in packet tracer and provide connectivity:
1) Point-to-point
2) Bus
a. Linear bus
b. Distributed bus
3) Star
a. Extended star
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b. Distributed Star
4) Ring
5) Mesh
a. Fully connected network
b. Partially connected network

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 Lab 03
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(HTTP) using WireShark
Objective:
The objective of this lab is that the students will explore several aspects of the HTTP protocol: the
basic GET/response interaction, HTTP message formats, retrieving large HTML files, retrieving
HTML files with embedded objects, and HTTP authentication and security.

Activity Outcomes:
Students will gain better understanding of the HTTP protocol.

Instructor Note:
The HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the Web’s application-layer protocol, is at the heart of
the Web. It is defined in [RFC 1945] and [RFC 2616]. HTTP is implemented in two programs: a
client program and a server program. The client program and server program, executing on
different end systems, talk to each other by exchanging HTTP messages. HTTP defines the
structure of these messages and how the client and server exchange the messages.

In this Wireshark lab, you’ll capture some http packets using wireshark and make some
observations on them. For more details, please check the below reference.
References:
• Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, "Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach," 8th edition, Pearson, 2020.
• Wireshark Labs, https://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/wireshark.php
• Wireshark User Guide: https://www.wireshark.org/download/docs/user-guide.pdf
• Wireshark Walkthrough: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TkCSr30UojM
• Wireshark Website: https://www.wireshark.org

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1. Solved Lab Activites
Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping
1 20 Low CLO-6
2 20 Low CLO-6
3 15 Medium CLO-6
4 15 Medium CLO-6

Activity 1:
Having gotten our feet wet with the Wireshark packet sniffer in the introductory lab, we’re now
ready to use Wireshark to investigate protocols in operation. In this lab, we’ll explore several
aspects of the HTTP protocol: the basic GET/response interaction, HTTP message formats,
retrieving large HTML files, retrieving HTML files with embedded objects, and HTTP
authentication and security. Before beginning these labs, you might want to review Section 2.2 of
the text.1

1. The Basic HTTP GET/response interaction

Let’s begin our exploration of HTTP by downloading a very simple HTML file - one that is very
short, and contains no embedded objects. Do the following:
1. Start up your web browser.
2. Start up the Wireshark packet sniffer, as described in the Introductory lab (but don’t yet
begin packet capture). Enter “http” (just the letters, not the quotation marks) in the
display-filter-specification window, so that only captured HTTP messages will be
displayed later in the packet-listing window. (We’re only interested in the HTTP
protocol here, and don’t want to see the clutter of all captured packets).
3. Wait a bit more than one minute (we’ll see why shortly), and then begin Wireshark
packet capture.

1
References to figures and sections are for the 7 th edition of our text, Computer Networks, A Top-down Approach,
th
7 ed., J.F. Kurose and K.W. Ross, Addison-Wesley/Pearson, 2016.
40
 4. Enter the following to your browser
http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/wireshark-labs/HTTP-wireshark-file1.html
Your browser should display the very simple, one-line HTML file.
5. Stop Wireshark packet capture.

Your Wireshark window should look similar to the window shown in Figure 1. If you are unable
to run Wireshark on a live network connection, you can download a packet trace that was created
when the steps above were followed.2

Download the zip file http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/wireshark-labs/wireshark-traces.zip and extract the file http-ethereal-
trace-1. The traces in this zip file were collected by Wireshark running on one of the author’s computers, while
performing the steps indicated in the Wireshark lab. Once you have downloaded the trace, you can load it into
Wireshark and view the trace using the File pull down menu, choosing Open, and then selecting the http-ethereal-
trace-1 trace file. The resulting display should look similar to Figure 1. (The Wireshark user interface displays just a
bit differently on different operating systems, and in different versions of Wireshark).
41
The example in Figure 1 shows in the packet-listing window that two HTTP messages were
captured: the GET message (from your browser to the gaia.cs.umass.edu web server) and the
response message from the server to your browser. The packet-contents window shows details
of the selected message (in this case the HTTP OK message, which is highlighted in the packet-
listing window). Recall that since the HTTP message was carried inside a TCP segment, which
was carried inside an IP datagram, which was carried within an Ethernet frame, Wireshark
displays the Frame, Ethernet, IP, and TCP packet information as well. We want to minimize the
amount of non-HTTP data displayed (we’re interested in HTTP here, and will be investigating
these other protocols is later labs), so make sure the boxes at the far left of the Frame, Ethernet,
IP and TCP information have a plus sign or a right-pointing triangle (which means there is
hidden, undisplayed information), and the HTTP line has a minus sign or a down-pointing
triangle (which means that all information about the HTTP message is displayed).

(Note: You should ignore any HTTP GET and response for favicon.ico. If you see a
reference to this file, it is your browser automatically asking the server if it (the server) has
a small icon file that should be displayed next to the displayed URL in your browser. We’ll
ignore references to this pesky file in this lab.).

By looking at the information in the HTTP GET and response messages, answer the following
questions. When answering the following questions, you should print out the GET and response
messages (see the introductory Wireshark lab for an explanation of how to do this) and indicate
where in the message you’ve found the information that answers the following questions. When
you hand in your assignment, annotate the output so that it’s clear where in the output you’re
getting the information for your answer (e.g., for our classes, we ask that students markup paper
copies with a pen, or annotate electronic copies with text in a colored font).

1. Is your browser running HTTP version 1.0 or 1.1? What version of HTTP is the server
running?
2. What languages (if any) does your browser indicate that it can accept to the server?
3. What is the IP address of your computer? Of the gaia.cs.umass.edu server?
4. What is the status code returned from the server to your browser?
5. When was the HTML file that you are retrieving last modified at the server?
6. How many bytes of content are being returned to your browser?

42
 7. By inspecting the raw data in the packet content window, do you see any headers within
the data that are not displayed in the packet-listing window? If so, name one.

In your answer to question 5 above, you might have been surprised to find that the document you
just retrieved was last modified within a minute before you downloaded the document. That’s
because (for this particular file), the gaia.cs.umass.edu server is setting the file’s last-modified time
to be the current time, and is doing so once per minute. Thus, if you wait a minute between
accesses, the file will appear to have been recently modified, and hence your browser will
download a “new” copy of the document.

Solution:
Ans1:Both are running HTTP 1.1

Ans2:Accept-Language: en-us, en

Ans3: My IP address is 192.168.1.46 and the server’s is 128.119.245.12

Ans4: HTTP/1.1 200 OK (text/html)

Ans5: Last-Modified: Thu, 07 Jun 2007 22:09:01 GMT

Ans6: Content-Length: 126

Ans7: No all of the headers can be found in the raw data.

Activity 2:
The HTTP CONDITIONAL GET/response interaction

Recall from Section 2.2.5 of the text, that most web browsers perform object caching and thus
perform a conditional GET when retrieving an HTTP object. Before performing the steps below,
make sure your browser’s cache is empty. (To do this under Firefox, select Tools->Clear Recent

43
History and check the Cache box, or for Internet Explorer, select Tools->Internet Options->Delete
File; these actions will remove cached files from your browser’s cache.) Now do the following:
• Start up your web browser, and make sure your browser’s cache is cleared, as discussed
above.
• Start up the Wireshark packet sniffer
• Enter the following URL into your browser
http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/wireshark-labs/HTTP-wireshark-file2.html
Your browser should display a very simple five-line HTML file.
• Quickly enter the same URL into your browser again (or simply select the refresh button
on your browser)
• Stop Wireshark packet capture, and enter “http” in the display-filter-specification window,
so that only captured HTTP messages will be displayed later in the packet-listing window.
• (Note: If you are unable to run Wireshark on a live network connection, you can use the
http-ethereal-trace-2 packet trace to answer the questions below; see footnote 1. This trace
file was gathered while performing the steps above on one of the author’s computers.)

Answer the following questions:

8. Inspect the contents of the first HTTP GET request from your browser to the server. Do
you see an “IF-MODIFIED-SINCE” line in the HTTP GET?
9. Inspect the contents of the server response. Did the server explicitly return the contents of
the file? How can you tell?
10. Now inspect the contents of the second HTTP GET request from your browser to the server.
Do you see an “IF-MODIFIED-SINCE:” line in the HTTP GET? If so, what information
follows the “IF-MODIFIED-SINCE:” header?
11. What is the HTTP status code and phrase returned from the server in response to this second
HTTP GET? Did the server explicitly return the contents of the file? Explain.

Solution:
Ans8: No.
Ans9: Yes because we can see the contents in the Line-based text data field
Ans10: Yes. The information following is: Thu, 07 Jun 2007 16:29:01 GMT which is the date of
the last modification of the file from the previous get request.
Ans11: The status code and phrase returned from the server is HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified. The
server didn’t return the contents of the file since the browser loaded it from its cache.
44
Activity 3
Retrieving Long Documents

In our examples thus far, the documents retrieved have been simple and short HTML files. Let’s
next see what happens when we download a long HTML file. Do the following:
• Start up your web browser, and make sure your browser’s cache is cleared, as discussed
above.
• Start up the Wireshark packet sniffer
• Enter the following URL into your browser
http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/wireshark-labs/HTTP-wireshark-file3.html
Your browser should display the rather lengthy US Bill of Rights.
• Stop Wireshark packet capture, and enter “http” in the display-filter-specification window,
so that only captured HTTP messages will be displayed.
• (Note: If you are unable to run Wireshark on a live network connection, you can use the
http-ethereal-trace-3 packet trace to answer the questions below; see footnote 1. This trace
file was gathered while performing the steps above on one of the author’s computers.)

In the packet-listing window, you should see your HTTP GET message, followed by a multiple-
packet TCP response to your HTTP GET request. This multiple-packet response deserves a bit of
explanation. Recall from Section 2.2 (see Figure 2.9 in the text) that the HTTP response message
consists of a status line, followed by header lines, followed by a blank line, followed by the entity
body. In the case of our HTTP GET, the entity body in the response is the entire requested HTML
file. In our case here, the HTML file is rather long, and at 4500 bytes is too large to fit in one TCP
packet. The single HTTP response message is thus broken into several pieces by TCP, with each
piece being contained within a separate TCP segment (see Figure 1.24 in the text). In recent
versions of Wireshark, Wireshark indicates each TCP segment as a separate packet, and the fact
that the single HTTP response was fragmented across multiple TCP packets is indicated by the
“TCP segment of a reassembled PDU” in the Info column of the Wireshark display. Earlier
versions of Wireshark used the “Continuation” phrase to indicated that the entire content of an
HTTP message was broken across multiple TCP segments.. We stress here that there is no
“Continuation” message in HTTP!

Answer the following questions:

45
 12. How many HTTP GET request messages did your browser send? Which packet number
in the trace contains the GET message for the Bill or Rights?
13. Which packet number in the trace contains the status code and phrase associated with the
response to the HTTP GET request?
14. What is the status code and phrase in the response?
15. How many data-containing TCP segments were needed to carry the single HTTP response
and the text of the Bill of Rights?

Solution:
Ans12: There was 1 HTTP GET request message sent by my browser

Ans13: There were 5 data containing TCP segments containing 309 ,1452 ,1452, 1452 and 144
bytes respectively for a total of 4500 bytes.

Ans14: 200 OK

Activity 4:

HTML Documents with Embedded Objects

Now that we’ve seen how Wireshark displays the captured packet traffic for large HTML files, we
can look at what happens when your browser downloads a file with embedded objects, i.e., a file
that includes other objects (in the example below, image files) that are stored on another server(s).

Do the following:
• Start up your web browser, and make sure your browser’s cache is cleared, as discussed
above.
• Start up the Wireshark packet sniffer
• Enter the following URL into your browser
http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/wireshark-labs/HTTP-wireshark-file4.html
Your browser should display a short HTML file with two images. These two images are
referenced in the base HTML file. That is, the images themselves are not contained in the
HTML; instead the URLs for the images are contained in the downloaded HTML file. As

46
 discussed in the textbook, your browser will have to retrieve these logos from the indicated
web sites. Our publisher’s logo is retrieved from the gaia.cs.umass.edu web site. The
image of the cover for our 5th edition (one of our favorite covers) is stored at the
caite.cs.umass.edu server. (These are two different web servers inside cs.umass.edu).
• Stop Wireshark packet capture, and enter “http” in the display-filter-specification window,
so that only captured HTTP messages will be displayed.
• (Note: If you are unable to run Wireshark on a live network connection, you can use the
http-ethereal-trace-4 packet trace to answer the questions below; see footnote 1. This trace
file was gathered while performing the steps above on one of the author’s computers.)

Answer the following questions:

16. How many HTTP GET request messages did your browser send? To which Internet
addresses were these GET requests sent?
17. Can you tell whether your browser downloaded the two images serially, or whether they
were downloaded from the two web sites in parallel? Explain.

Solution:
Ans15: There were 3 HTTP GET requests sent to the following Internet addresses: a.
128.119.245.12 b. 128.119.240.90 c. 165.193.123.218
Ans16: By checking the TCP ports we can see if our files were downloaded serially or in parallel.
In this case the 2 images were transmitted over 2 TCP connections therefore they were downloaded
serially.

3. Graded Lab Tasks

Finally, let’s try visiting a web site that is password-protected and examine the sequence of HTTP
message exchanged for such a site. The URL
http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/wireshark-labs/protected_pages/HTTP-wireshark-file5.html is password
protected. The username is “wireshark-students” (without the quotes), and the password is
“network” (again, without the quotes). So let’s access this “secure” password-protected site. Do
the following:
• Make sure your browser’s cache is cleared, as discussed above, and close down your
browser. Then, start up your browser
47
 • Start up the Wireshark packet sniffer
• Enter the following URL into your browser
http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/wireshark-labs/protected_pages/HTTP-wireshark-file5.html
Type the requested user name and password into the pop up box.
• Stop Wireshark packet capture, and enter “http” in the display-filter-specification window,
so that only captured HTTP messages will be displayed later in the packet-listing window.
• (Note: If you are unable to run Wireshark on a live network connection, you can use the
http-ethereal-trace-5 packet trace to answer the questions below; see footnote 2. This trace
file was gathered while performing the steps above on one of the author’s computers.)

Now let’s examine the Wireshark output. You might want to first read up on HTTP authentication
by reviewing the easy-to-read material on “HTTP Access Authentication Framework” at
http://frontier.userland.com/stories/storyReader$2159

Answer the following questions:

18. What is the server’s response (status code and phrase) in response to the initial HTTP GET
message from your browser?
19. When your browser’s sends the HTTP GET message for the second time, what new field
is included in the HTTP GET message?

48
 Lab 04
Domain Name System(DNS) using WireShark
Objective:
The objective of this lab is that the students will captures some DNS packets using wireshark and
make some observations on them.

Activity Outcomes:
The activities provide hands - on practice with the following topics
• Students will have gained the basic understanding of Wireshark Packet Sniffer to see “protocols in
action”
• After this lab, students will have developed basic understanding of digging deep into the network
protocols.
Instructor Note:
The DNS is a distributed database implemented in a hierarchy of DNS servers. Moreover, as an application-
layer protocol it allows hosts to query the distributed database.
The DNS protocol runs over UDP and uses
port 53. DNS is commonly employed by other application-layer protocols—including
HTTP, SMTP, and FTP—to translate user-supplied hostnames to IP addresses. As
an example, consider what happens when a browser (that is, an HTTP client),
running on some user’s host, requests the URL www.someschool.edu/
index.html. In order for the user’s host to be able to send an HTTP request mes-
sage to the Web server www.someschool.edu, the user’s host must first obtain
the IP address of www.someschool.edu.
For more details, please check the below reference.
References:
• Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, "Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach," 8th edition, Pearson, 2020.

49
• Wireshark Labs, https://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/wireshark.php
• https://eclass.teicrete.gr/modules/document/file.php/TP326/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%
CE%AF%CE%B1%20(Lectures)/Computer_Networking_A_Top-Down_Approach.pdf
• Wireshark User Guide: https://www.wireshark.org/download/docs/user-guide.pdf
• Wireshark Walkthrough: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TkCSr30UojM
• Wireshark Website: https://www.wireshark.org

1. Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

1 10 Low CLO-6
2 15 Low CLO-6
3 15 Low CLO-6
4 15 Medium CLO-6
5 15 Medium CLO-6

Activity 1:
nslookup

50
In this lab, we’ll make extensive use of the nslookup tool, which is available in most Linux/Unix
and Microsoft platforms today. To run nslookup in Linux/Unix, you just type the nslookup

command on the command line. To run it in Windows, open the Command Prompt and run
nslookup on the command line.
In it is most basic operation, nslookup tool allows the host running the tool to query any
specified DNS server for a DNS record. The queried DNS server can be a root DNS server, a
top-level-domain DNS server, an authoritative DNS server, or an intermediate DNS server (see
the textbook for definitions of these terms). To accomplish this task, nslookup sends a DNS
query to the specified DNS server, receives a DNS reply from that same DNS server, and
displays the result.
The above screenshot shows the results of three independent nslookup commands (displayed in
the Windows Command Prompt). In this example, the client host is located on the campus of
Polytechnic University in Brooklyn, where the default local DNS server is dns-prime.poly.edu.
When running nslookup, if no DNS server is specified, then nslookup sends the query to the
default DNS server, which in this case is dns-prime.poly.edu. Consider the first command:

51
nslookup www.mit.edu
In words, this command is saying “please send me the IP address for the host www.mit.edu”. As
shown in the screenshot, the response from this command provides two pieces of information:
(1) the name and IP address of the DNS server that provides the answer; and (2) the answer
itself, which is the host name and IP address of www.mit.edu. Although the response came from
the local DNS server at Polytechnic University, it is quite possible that this local DNS server
iteratively contacted several other DNS servers to get the answer, as described in Section 2.5 of
the textbook.
Now consider the second command:
nslookup –type=NS mit.edu
In this example, we have provided the option “-type=NS” and the domain “mit.edu”. This causes
nslookup to send a query for a type-NS record to the default local DNS server. In words, the
query is saying, “please send me the host names of the authoritative DNS for mit.edu”. (When
the –type option is not used, nslookup uses the default, which is to query for type A records.)
The answer, displayed in the above screenshot, first indicates the DNS server that is providing
the answer (which is the default local DNS server) along with three MIT nameservers. Each of
these servers is indeed an authoritative DNS server for the hosts on the MIT campus. However,
nslookup also indicates that the answer is “non-authoritative,” meaning that this answer came
from the cache of some server rather than from an authoritative MIT DNS server. Finally, the
answer also includes the IP addresses of the authoritative DNS servers at MIT. (Even though the
type-NS query generated by nslookup did not explicitly ask for the IP addresses, the local DNS
server returned these “for free” and nslookup displays the result.)
Now finally consider the third command:
nslookup www.aiit.or.kr bitsy.mit.edu
In this example, we indicate that we want to the query sent to the DNS server bitsy.mit.edu rather
than to the default DNS server (dns-prime.poly.edu). Thus, the query and reply transaction takes
place directly between our querying host and bitsy.mit.edu. In this example, the DNS server
bitsy.mit.edu provides the IP address of the host www.aiit.or.kr, which is a web server at the
Advanced Institute of Information Technology (in Korea).
52
Now that we have gone through a few illustrative examples, you are perhaps wondering about
the general syntax of nslookup commands. The syntax is:
nslookup –option1 –option2 host-to-find dns-server
In general, nslookup can be run with zero, one, two or more options. And as we have seen in the
above examples, the dns-server is optional as well; if it is not supplied, the query is sent to the
default local DNS server.
Now that we have provided an overview of nslookup, it is time for you to test drive it yourself.
Do the following (and write down the results):
6. Run nslookup to obtain the IP address of a Web server in Asia. What is the IP address of that
server?
7. Run nslookup to determine the authoritative DNS servers for a university in Europe.
8. Run nslookup so that one of the DNS servers obtained in Question 2 is queried for the mail
servers for Yahoo! mail. What is its IP address?

Solution:
Ans1: I performed nslookup for www.rediff.com. Its IP address is 208.184.138.70
Ans2: I performed nslookup for a European University in Ioannina Greece. Its IP address is
128.238.29.22
Ans3: the IP address of the mail server(s) is 18.72.0.3.

ipconfig
ipconfig (for Windows) and ifconfig (for Linux/Unix) are among the most useful little utilities in
your host, especially for debugging network issues. Here we’ll only describe ipconfig, although
the Linux/Unix ifconfig is very similar. ipconfig can be used to show your current TCP/IP
53
information, including your address, DNS server addresses, adapter type and so on. For example,
if you all this information about your host simply by entering
ipconfig \all
into the Command Prompt, as shown in the following screenshot.

ipconfig is also very useful for managing the DNS information stored in your host. In Section
2.5 we learned that a host can cache DNS records it recently obtained. To see these cached
records, after the prompt C:\> provide the following command:
ipconfig /displaydns
Each entry shows the remaining Time to Live (TTL) in seconds. To clear the cache, enter
ipconfig /flushdns

54
Flushing the DNS cache clears all entries and reloads the entries from the hosts file

Activity 2:
Now that we are familiar with nslookup and ipconfig, we’re ready to get down to some serious
business. Let’s first capture the DNS packets that are generated by ordinary Web-surfing
activity.
• Use ipconfig to empty the DNS cache in your host.
• Open your browser and empty your browser cache. (With Internet Explorer, go to Tools menu
and select Internet Options; then in the General tab select Delete Files.)
• Open Wireshark and enter “ip.addr == your_IP_address” into the filter, where you obtain
your_IP_address with ipconfig. This filter removes all packets that neither originate nor are
destined to your host.
• Start packet capture in Wireshark.
• With your browser, visit the Web page: http://www.ietf.org
• Stop packet capture.
If you are unable to run Wireshark on a live network connection, you can download a packet
trace file that was captured while following the steps above on one of the author’s computers3.
Answer the following questions. Whenever possible, when answering a question below, you
should hand in a printout of the packet(s) within the trace that you used to answer the question
asked. Annotate the printout4 to explain your answer. To print a packet, use File->Print, choose
Selected packet only, choose Packet summary line, and select the minimum amount of packet
detail that you need to answer the question.
1. Locate the DNS query and response messages. Are then sent over UDP or TCP?
2. What is the destination port for the DNS query message? What is the source port of DNS
response message?

55
3. To what IP address is the DNS query message sent? Use ipconfig to determine the IP address
of your local DNS server. Are these two IP addresses the same?
4. Examine the DNS query message. What “Type” of DNS query is it? Does the query message
contain any “answers”?
5. Examine the DNS response message. How many “answers” are provided? What do each of
these answers contain?
6. Consider the subsequent TCP SYN packet sent by your host. Does the destination IP address
of the SYN packet correspond to any of the IP addresses provided in the DNS response message?
7. This web page contains images. Before retrieving each image, does your host issue new DNS
queries?

Solution:
Ans1: They are sent over UDP
Ans2: The destination port for the DNS query is 53 and the source port of the DNS response is
53.
Ans3: It’s sent to 192.168.1.1, which is the IP address of one of my local DNS servers.
Ans4: It’s a type A Standard Query and it doesn’t contain any answers.
Ans5: : There were 2 answers containing information about the name of the host, the type of
address, class, the TTL, the data length and the IP address.
Answers www.ietf.org: type A, class IN, addr 209.173.57.180 Name:
www.ietf.org
Type: A (Host address) Class: IN (0x0001)
Time to live: 30 minutes Data length: 4
56
Addr: 209.173.57.180
www.ietf.org: type A, class IN, addr 209.173.53.180 Name:
www.ietf.org
Type: A (Host address) Class: IN (0x0001) Time to live: 30 minutes
Data length: 4
Addr: 209.173.53.180
Ans6: The first SYN packet was sent to 209.173.57.180 which corresponds to the first IP address
provided in the DNS response message.
Ans7: No

Activity 3:
Now let’s play with nslookup5.
• Start packet capture.
• Do an nslookup on www.mit.edu
• Stop packet capture.
You should get a trace that looks something like the following:

57
We see from the above screenshot that nslookup actually sent three DNS queries and received
three DNS responses. For the purpose of this assignment, in answering the following questions,
ignore the first two sets of queries/responses, as they are specific to nslookup and are not
normally generated by standard Internet applications. You should instead focus on the last query
and response messages.
1. What is the destination port for the DNS query message? What is the source port of DNS
response message?
2. To what IP address is the DNS query message sent? Is this the IP address of your default local
DNS server?

58
3. Examine the DNS query message. What “Type” of DNS query is it? Does the query message
contain any “answers”?
4. Examine the DNS response message. How many “answers” are provided? What do each of
these answers contain?
5. Provide a screenshot.

Solution:
Ans1: The destination port of the DNS query is 53 and the source port of the DNS response is
53. Ans2: It’s sent to 192.168.1.1 which as we can see from the ipconfig –all screenshot, is the
default local DNS server.
Ans3: The query is of type A and it doesn’t contain any answers.
Ans4: The response DNS message contains one answer containing the name of the host, the type
of address, the class, and the IP address.
Answers
www.mit.edu:
type A,
class IN, addr 18.7.22.83 Name:
www.mit.edu Type: A (Host address) Class: IN (0x0001) Time to live: 1 minute Data length: 4
Addr: 18.7.22.83
Ans5: Screen shots provided

Activity 4:
Now repeat the previous experiment, but instead issue the command:
nslookup –type=NS mit.edu Answer the following questions6 :

59
1. To what IP address is the DNS query message sent? Is this the IP address of your default local
DNS server?
2. Examine the DNS query message. What “Type” of DNS query is it? Does the query message
contain any “answers”?
3. Examine the DNS response message. What MIT nameservers does the response message
provide? Does this response message also provide the IP addresses of the MIT namesers?
4. Provide a screenshot.

Solution:
Ans1: It was sent to 128.238.29.22 which is my default DNS server.
Ans2: It’s a type NS DNS query that doesn’t contain any answers.
Ans3: The nameservers are bitsy, strawb and w20ns. We can find their IP addresses if we expand
the Additional records field in Wireshark as seen below. Answers mit.edu: type NS, class inet, ns
bitsy.mit.edu mit.edu: type NS, class inet, ns strawb.mit.edu mit.edu: type NS, class inet, ns
w20ns.mit.edu Additional records bitsy.mit.edu: type A, class inet, addr 18.72.0.3
strawb.mit.edu: type A, class inet, addr 18.71.0.151 w20ns.mit.edu: type A, class inet, addr
18.70.0.160.

4. Graded Lab Tasks

Lab Task
Answer the following questions:
• To what IP address is the DNS query message sent? Is this the IP address of your default local DNS server?
If not, what does the IP address correspond to?
• Examine the DNS query message. What “Type” of DNS query is it? Does the query message contain any
“answers”?
• Examine the DNS response message. How many “answers” are provided? What does each of these
answers contain?

60
 Lab 05
Transport Control Protocol (TCP) using WireShark

Objective:
The objective of this lab is that the students will investigate the behavior of the celebrated TCP
protocol in detail

Activity Outcomes:
Students will gain better understanding of the TCP protocol.
• Analyze a trace of the TCP segments sent and received in transferring a 150KB file from your
computer to a remote server.
• Study TCP’s use of sequence and acknowledgement numbers for providing reliable data transfer
• Study TCP’s congestion control algorithm – slow start and congestion avoidance – in action; and
we’ll look at TCP’s receiver-advertised flow control mechanism.
• Study TCP connection setup and investigate the performance (throughput and round-trip time)
of the TCP connection between student’s computer and the server.

Instructor Note:
Transport protocols are used to deliver information from one port to another and thereby enable
communication between application programs. The TCP connection-oriented protocol establishes a
communication link between a source port/IP address and a destination port/IP address. The ports are bound
together via this link until the connection is terminated and the link is broken. An example of a connection-
oriented protocol is a telephone conversation. A telephone connection is established, communication takes
place, and then the connection is terminated. The reliability of the communication between the source and
destination programs is ensured through error-detection and error-correction mechanisms that are
implemented within TCP. TCP also ensures flow control and congestion control. In this lab, you’ll captures
some TCP packets using wireshark and make some observations on them.

61
References:
• Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, "Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach," 8th edition, Pearson, 2020.
• https://eclass.teicrete.gr/modules/document/file.php/TP326/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%
CE%AF%CE%B1%20(Lectures)/Computer_Networking_A_Top-Down_Approach.pdf
• Wireshark Labs, https://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/wireshark.php
• Wireshark User Guide: https://www.wireshark.org/download/docs/user-guide.pdf
• Wireshark Walkthrough: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TkCSr30UojM
• Wireshark Website: https://www.wireshark.org

Useful Concepts
In this lab, we’ll investigate the behavior of the celebrated TCP protocol in detail. We’ll do so by
analyzing a trace of the TCP segments sent and received in transferring a 150KB file (containing
the text of Lewis Carrol’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland) from your computer to a remote
server. We’ll study TCP’s use of sequence and acknowledgement numbers for providing reliable
data transfer; we’ll see TCP’s congestion control algorithm – slow start and congestion avoidance
– in action; and we’ll look at TCP’s receiver-advertised flow control mechanism. We’ll also
briefly consider TCP connection setup and we’ll investigate the performance (throughput and
round-trip time) of the TCP connection between your computer and the server. For more details,
please check the below reference.

1. Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping
1 25 Medium CLO-6
2 20 High CLO-6
3 15 Low CLO-6

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Activity 1:
• Start up your web browser. Go the http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/wireshark-labs/alice.txt and retrieve
an ASCII copy of Alice in Wonderland. Store this file somewhere on your computer.
• Next go to http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/wireshark-labs/TCP-wireshark-file1.html.
• You should see a screen that looks like:

• Use the Browse button in this form to enter the name of the file (full path name) on your computer
containing Alice in Wonderland (or do so manually).Don’t yet press the “Upload alice.txt file”
button.
• Now start up Wireshark and begin packet capture (Capture->Start) and then press OK on the
Wireshark Packet Capture Options screen (we’ll not need to select any options here).

63
• Returning to your browser, press the “Upload alice.txt file” button to upload the file to the
gaia.cs.umass.edu server. Once the file has been uploaded, a short congratulations message will
be displayed in your browser window.
• Stop Wireshark packet capture. Your Wireshark window should look similar to the window
shown below.

If you are unable to run Wireshark on a live network connection, you can download a packet trace
file that was captured while following the steps above on one of the author’s computers8. You may
well find it valuable to download this trace even if you’ve captured your own trace and use it, as
well as your own trace, when you explore the questions below.
A first look at the captured trace
Before analyzing the behavior of the TCP connection in detail, let’s take a high level view of the
trace.

64
• First, filter the packets displayed in the Wireshark window by entering “tcp” (lowercase, no
quotes, and don’t forget to press return after entering!) into the display filter specification window
towards the top of the Wireshark window.
What you should see is series of TCP and HTTP messages between your computer and
gaia.cs.umass.edu. You should see the initial three-way handshake containing a SYN message.
You should see an HTTP POST message. Depending on the version of Wireshark you are using,
you might see a series of “HTTP Continuation” messages being sent from your computer to
gaia.cs.umass.edu. Recall from our discussion in the earlier HTTP Wireshark lab, that is no such
thing as an HTTP Continuation message – this is Wireshark’s way of indicating that there are
multiple TCP segments being used to carry a single HTTP message. In more recent versions of
Wireshark, you’ll see “[TCP
Download the zip file http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/wireshark-labs/wireshark-traces.zip and extract the
file tcp- ethereal-trace-1. The traces in this zip file were collected by Wireshark running on one of
the author’s computers, while performing the steps indicated in the Wireshark lab. Once you have
downloaded the trace, you can load it into Wireshark and view the trace using the File pull down
menu, choosing Open, and then selecting the tcp-ethereal-trace-1 trace file.
segment of a reassembled PDU]” in the Info column of the Wireshark display to indicate that this
TCP segment contained data that belonged to an upper layer protocol message (in our case here,
HTTP). You should also see TCP ACK segments being returned from gaia.cs.umass.edu to your
computer.
Answer the following questions, by opening the Wireshark captured packet file tcp-ethereal-trace-
1 in http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/wireshark-labs/wireshark-traces.zip (that is download the trace and
open that trace in Wireshark; see footnote 2). Whenever possible, when answering a question you
should hand in a printout of the packet(s) within the trace that you used to answer the question
asked. Annotate the printout9 to explain your answer. To print a packet, use File->Print, choose
Selected packet only, choose Packet summary line, and select the minimum amount of packet
detail that you need to answer the question.
1. What is the IP address and TCP port number used by the client computer (source) that is
transferring the file to gaia.cs.umass.edu? To answer this question, it’s probably easiest to select
an HTTP message and explore the details of the TCP packet used to carry this HTTP message,

65
using the “details of the selected packet header window” (refer to Figure 2 in the “Getting Started
with Wireshark” Lab if you’re uncertain about the Wireshark windows.
2. What is the IP address of gaia.cs.umass.edu? On what port number is it sending and receiving
TCP segments for this connection?
If you have been able to create your own trace, answer the following question:
3. What is the IP address and TCP port number used by your client computer (source) to transfer
the file to gaia.cs.umass.edu?
4. Since this lab is about TCP rather than HTTP, let’s change Wireshark’s “listing of captured
packets” window so that it shows information about the TCP segments containing the HTTP
messages, rather than about the HTTP messages. To have Wireshark do this, select Analyze-
>Enabled Protocols. Then uncheck the HTTP box and select OK. You should now see a Wireshark
window that looks like:

66
What do we mean by “annotate”? If you hand in a paper copy, please highlight where in the
printout you’ve found the answer and add some text (preferably with a colored pen) noting what
you found in what you ‘ve highlight. If you hand in an electronic copy, it would be great if you
could also highlight and annotate.
This is what we’re looking for - a series of TCP segments sent between your computer and
gaia.cs.umass.edu. We will use the packet trace that you have captured (and/or the packet trace
tcp-ethereal-trace-1 in http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/wireshark-labs/wireshark-traces.zip; see earlier
footnote) to study TCP behavior in the rest of this lab.

Solution:
Ans1: Client computer (source) IP address: 192.168.1.102 TCP port number: 1161
Ans2: Destination computer: gaia.cs.umass.edu IP address: 128.119.245.12 TCP port number: 80
Ans3: If you did this problem on your own computer, you’ll have your own solution

Activity 2:
TCP Basics
Answer the following questions for the TCP segments:
1. What is the sequence number of the TCP SYN segment that is used to initiate the TCP
connection between the client computer and gaia.cs.umass.edu? What is it in the segment that
identifies the segment as a SYN segment?
2. What is the sequence number of the SYNACK segment sent by gaia.cs.umass.edu to the client
computer in reply to the SYN? What is the value of the Acknowledgement field in the SYNACK
segment? How did gaia.cs.umass.edu determine that value? What is it in the segment that identifies
the segment as a SYNACK segment?

67
3. What is the sequence number of the TCP segment containing the HTTP POST command? Note
that in order to find the POST command, you’ll need to dig into the packet content field at the
bottom of the Wireshark window, looking for a segment with a “POST” within its DATA field.
4. Consider the TCP segment containing the HTTP POST as the first segment in the TCP
connection. What are the sequence numbers of the first six segments in the TCP connection
(including the segment containing the HTTP POST)? At what time was each segment sent? When
was the ACK for each segment received? Given the difference between when each
TCP segment was sent, and when its acknowledgement was received, what is the RTT value for
each of the six segments? What is the EstimatedRTT value (see Section 3.5.3, page 239 in text)
after the receipt of each ACK? Assume that the value of the EstimatedRTT is equal to the measured
RTT for the first segment, and then is computed using the EstimatedRTT equation on page 239
for all subsequent segments.
Note: Wireshark has a nice feature that allows you to plot the RTT for each of the TCP segments
sent. Select a TCP segment in the “listing of captured packets” window that is being sent from the
client to the gaia.cs.umass.edu server. Then select: Statistics->TCP Stream Graph->Round Trip
Time Graph.
5. What is the length of each of the first six TCP segments?10
6. What is the minimum amount of available buffer space advertised at the received for the entire
trace? Does the lack of receiver buffer space ever throttle the sender?
7. Are there any retransmitted segments in the trace file? What did you check for (in the trace) in
order to answer this question?
8. What is the throughput (bytes transferred per unit time) for the TCP connection? Explain how
you calculated this value.

Solution:
Ans1: Sequence number of the TCP SYN segment is used to initiate the TCP connection between
the client computer and gaia.cs.umass.edu. The value is 0 in this trace. The SYN flag is set to 1
and it indicates that this segment is a SYN segment.

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Ans2: Sequence number of the SYNACK segment from gaia.cs.umass.edu to the client computer
in reply to the SYN has the value of 0 in this trace. The value of the ACKnowledgement field in
the SYNACK segment is 1. The value of the ACKnowledgement field in the SYNACK segment
is determined by gaia.cs.umass.edu by adding 1 to the initial sequence number of SYN segment
from the client computer (i.e. the sequence number of the SYN segment initiated by the client
computer is 0.). The SYN flag and Acknowledgement flag in the segment are set to 1 and they
indicate that this segment is a SYNACK segment
Ans3: No. 4 segment is the TCP segment containing the HTTP POST command. The sequence
number of this segment has the value of 1.
Ans4: The HTTP POST segment is considered as the first segment. Segments 1 – 6 are No. 4, 5,
7, 8, 10, and 11 in this trace respectively. The ACKs of segments 1 – 6 are No. 6, 9, 12, 14, 15,
and 16 in this trace.
Segment 1 sequence number: 1
Segment 2 sequence number: 566
Segment 3 sequence number: 2026
Segment 4 sequence number: 3486
Segment 5 sequence number: 4946
Segment 6 sequence number: 6406
The sending time and the received time of ACKs are tabulated in the following table
EstimatedRTT = 0.875 * EstimatedRTT + 0.125 * SampleRTT
EstimatedRTT after the receipt of the ACK of segment 1 EstimatedRTT = RTT for Segment 1 =
0.02746 second EstimatedRTT after the receipt of the ACK of segment 2: EstimatedRTT = 0.875
* 0.02746 + 0.125 * 0.035557 = 0.0285
EstimatedRTT after the receipt of the ACK of segment 3: EstimatedRTT = 0.875 * 0.0285 + 0.125
* 0.070059 = 0.0337
EstimatedRTT after the receipt of the ACK of segment 4:
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EstimatedRTT = 0.875 * 0.0337+ 0.125 * 0.11443 = 0.0438
EstimatedRTT after the receipt of the ACK of segment 5:
EstimatedRTT = 0.875 * 0.0438 + 0.125 * 0.13989 = 0.0558
EstimatedRTT after the receipt of the ACK of segment 6:
EstimatedRTT = 0.875 * 0.0558 + 0.125 * 0.18964 = 0.0725
Ans5: Length of the first TCP segment (containing the HTTP POST): 565 bytes Length of each of
the other five TCP segments: 1460 bytes (MSS)
Ans6: The minimum amount of buffer space (receiver window) advertised at gaia.cs.umass.edu
for the entire trace is 5840 bytes, which shows in the first acknowledgement from the server. This
receiver window grows steadily until a maximum receiver buffer size of 62780 bytes. The sender
is never throttled due to lacking of receiver buffer space by inspecting this trace.
Ans7: There are no retransmitted segments in the trace file. We can verify this by checking the
sequence numbers of the TCP segments in the trace file. In the TimeSequence-Graph (Stevens) of
this trace, all sequence numbers from the source (192.168.1.102) to the destination
(128.119.245.12) are increasing monotonically with respect to time. If there is a retransmitted
segment, the sequence number of this retransmitted segment should be smaller than those of its
neighboring segments.
Ans8: The computation of TCP throughput largely depends on the selection of averaging time
period. As a common throughput computation, in this question, we select the average time period
as the whole connection time. Then, the average throughput for this TCP connection is computed
as the ratio between the total amount data and the total transmission time. The total amount data
transmitted can be computed by the difference between the sequence number of the first TCP
segment (i.e. 1 byte for No. 4 segment) and the acknowledged sequence number of the last ACK
(164091 bytes for No. 202 segment). Therefore, the total data are 164091 - 1 = 164090 bytes. The
whole transmission time is the difference of the time instant of the first TCP segment (i.e.,
0.026477 second for No.4 segment) and the time instant of the last ACK (i.e., 5.455830 second for
No. 202 segment). Therefore, the total transmission time is 5.455830 - 0.026477 = 5.4294 seconds.
Hence, the throughput for the TCP connection is computed as 164090/5.4294 = 30.222 KByte/sec.

70
 3. Graded Lab Tasks
TCP congestion control in action
Let’s now examine the amount of data sent per unit time from the client to the server. Rather than
(tediously!) calculating this from the raw data in the Wireshark window, we’ll use one of Wireshark’s TCP
graphing utilities - Time-Sequence-Graph(Stevens) - to plot out data.
• Select a TCP segment in the Wireshark’s “listing of captured-packets” window. Then select the menu
:Statistics->TCP Stream Graph-> Time-Sequence-Graph(Stevens). You should see a plot that looks similar
to the following plot, which was created from the captured packets in the packet trace tcp-ethereal-trace-
1 in http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/wireshark-labs/wireshark- traces.zip (see earlier footnote ):

71
Here, each dot represents a TCP segment sent, plotting the sequence number of the segment versus the
time at which it was sent. Note that a set of dots stacked above each other represents a series of packets
that were sent back-to-back by the sender.

Answer the following questions for the TCP segments the packet trace tcp-ethereal-trace-1 in
http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/wireshark-labs/wireshark-traces.zip
Use the Time-Sequence-Graph(Stevens) plotting tool to view the sequence number versus time plot of
segments being sent from the client to the gaia.cs.umass.edu server. Can you identify where TCP’s
slowstart phase begins and ends, and where congestion avoidance takes over? Comment on ways in which
the measured data differs from the idealized behavior of TCP that we’ve studied in the text.
Answer each of two questions above for the trace that you have gathered when you transferred a file
from your computer to gaia.cs.umass.edu

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 Lab 06
User Datagram protocol(UDP) using WireShark

Objective:
The objective of this lab will that the students will explore several aspects of UDP protocol.

Activity Outcomes:
After this lab, the students will get better understanding of the UDP protocol.

Instructor Note:
UDP, defined in [RFC 768], does just about as little as a transport protocol can
do. Aside from the multiplexing/demultiplexing function and some light error
checking, it adds nothing to IP. In fact, if the application developer chooses UDP
instead of TCP, then the application is almost directly talking with IP. UDP takes
messages from the application process, attaches source and destination port number
fields for the multiplexing/demultiplexing service, adds two other small fields, and
passes the resulting segment to the network layer. The network layer encapsulates
the transport-layer segment into an IP datagram and then makes a best-effort attempt
to deliver the segment to the receiving host. If the segment arrives at the receiving
host, UDP uses the destination port number to deliver the segment’s data to the cor-
rect application process. Note that with UDP there is no handshaking between send-
ing and receiving transport-layer entities before sending a segment. For this reason,
UDP is said to be connectionless

73
In this lab, students will captures some UDP packets using wireshark and make some observations
on them. For more details, please check the below reference.
References:
• Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, "Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach," 8th edition, Pearson, 2020.
• https://eclass.teicrete.gr/modules/document/file.php/TP326/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%
CE%AF%CE%B1%20(Lectures)/Computer_Networking_A_Top-Down_Approach.pdf
• Wireshark Labs, https://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/wireshark.php
• Wireshark User Guide: https://www.wireshark.org/download/docs/user-guide.pdf
• Wireshark Walkthrough: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TkCSr30UojM
• Wireshark Website: https://www.wireshark.org

1. Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping
1 40 Medium CLO-6
2 20 Medium CLO-6

Activity 1:
In this lab, we’ll take a quick look at the UDP transport protocol. As we saw in Chapter 3 of the
text1 , UDP is a streamlined, no-frills protocol. You may want to re-read section 3,3 in the text
before doing this lab. Because UDP is simple and sweet, we’ll be able to cover it pretty quickly in
this lab. So if you’ve another appointment to run off to in 30 minutes, no need to worry, as you
should be able to finish this lab with ample time to spare.
Start capturing packets in Wireshark and then do something that will cause your host to send and
receive several UDP packets. It’s also likely that just by doing nothing (except capturing packets
via Wireshark) that some UDP packets sent by others will appear in your trace. In particular, the
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP - chapter 9 in the text) sends SNMP messages
inside of UDP, so it’s likely that you’ll find some SNMP messages (and therefore UDP packets)
in your trace.

74
After stopping packet capture, set your packet filter so that Wireshark only displays the UDP
packets sent and received at your host. Pick one of these UDP packets and expand the UDP fields
in the details window. If you are unable to find UDP packets or are unable to run Wireshark on a
live network connection, you can download a packet trace containing some UDP packets.11
Whenever possible, when answering a question below, you should hand in a printout of the
packet(s) within the trace that you used to answer the question asked. Annotate the printout12 to
explain your answer. To print a packet, use File->Print, choose Selected packet only, choose
Packet
Download the zip file http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/wireshark-labs/wireshark-traces.zip and extract the
file http- ethereal-trace-5, which contains some UDP packets carrying SNMP messages. The traces
in this zip file were collected by Wireshark running on one of the author’s computers. Once you
have downloaded the trace, you can load it into Wireshark and view the trace using the File pull
down menu, choosing Open, and then selecting the http-ethereal-trace-5 trace file.
summary line, and select the minimum amount of packet detail that you need to answer the
question.
1. Select one UDP packet from your trace. From this packet, determine how many fields there
are in the UDP header. (You shouldn’t look in the textbook! Answer these questions directly
from what you observe in the packet trace.) Name these fields.
2. By consulting the displayed information in Wireshark’s packet content field for this packet,
determine the length (in bytes) of each of the UDP header fields.
3. The value in the Length field is the length of what? (You can consult the text for this answer).
Verify your claim with your captured UDP packet.
4. What is the maximum number of bytes that can be included in a UDP payload? (Hint: the
answer to this question can be determined by your answer to 2. above)
5. What is the largest possible source port number? (Hint: see the hint in 4.)
6. What is the protocol number for UDP? Give your answer in both hexadecimal and decimal
notation. To answer this question, you’ll need to look into the Protocol field of the IP datagram
containing this UDP segment
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7. Examine a pair of UDP packets in which your host sends the first UDP packet and the second
UDP packet is a reply to this first UDP packet. (Hint: for a second packet to be sent in response
to a first packet, the sender of the first packet should be the destination of the second packet).
Describe the relationship between the port numbers in the two packets.

Solution:
1. Select one packet. From this packet, determine how many fields there are in the UDP header.
(Do not look in the textbook! Answer these questions directly from what you observe in the
packet trace.) Name these fields
Ans: The UDP header contains 4 fields: source port, destination port, length, and checksum.
2. From the packet content field, determine the length (in bytes) of each of the UDP header
fields.
Ans: Each of the UDP header fields is 2 bytes long.
3. The value in the Length field is the length of what? Verify your claim with your captured UDP
packet.
Ans: The value in the length field is the sum of the 8 header bytes, plus the 42 encapsulated data
bytes.
4. What is the maximum number of bytes that can be included in a UDP payload.
Ans: The maximum number of bytes that can be included in a UDP payload is 216 – 1 less the
header bytes. This gives 65535 – 8 = 65527 bytes.
5. What is the largest possible source port number?
Ans: The largest possible source port number is 216 – 1 = 65535.
4. What is the protocol number for UDP? Give your answer in both hexadecimal and decimal notation.
(To answer this question, you’ll need to look into the IP header.)

Ans: The IP protocol number for UDP is 0x11 hex, which is 17 in decimal value

76
5. Examine a pair of UDP packets in which the first packet is sent by your host and the second packet is
a reply to the first packet. Describe the relationship between the port numbers in the two packets.
Ans: The source port of the UDP packet sent by the host is the same as the destination port of the
reply packet, and conversely the destination port of the UDP packet sent by the host is the same as the
source port of the reply packet.

2. Graded Lab Tasks

Lab Task
Capture a small UDP packet. Manually verify the checksum in this packet. Show all work and
explain all steps.

77
 Lab 07
Socket Programming

Objective:
The objective of this lab is to familiarize the students with the socket programming.

Activity Outcomes:
After this lab the students will
• Have basic knowledge of socket programming. The students will understand the basic concepts
of connection-oriented (TCP) and connection-less (UDP) communication using Java.

• Be familiar with the Socket and ServerSocket classes.

• Be familiar with the Datagram and DatagramPacket classes.

• Be able to write Java programs to write network applications, such as client-server application
for chat.
• To use threads in network programming. The reason is simple, we don’t want only a single client
to connect to server at a particular time but many clients simultaneously. We want our architecture
to support multiple clients at the same time.

Instructor Note:
Transport protocols are used to deliver information from one port to another and thereby enable
communication between application programs. They use either a connection-oriented or
connectionless method of communication. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, and UDP is a
connectionless transport protocol. The TCP connection-oriented protocol establishes a
communication link between a source port/IP address and a destination port/IP address. The ports
78
are bound together via this link until the connection is terminated and the link is broken. An
example of a connection-oriented protocol is a telephone conversation. A telephone connection is
established, communication takes place, and then the connection is terminated. The reliability of
the communication between the source and destination programs is ensured through error-
detection and error-correction mechanisms that are implemented within TCP. TCP implements the
connection as a stream of bytes from source to destination. This feature allows the use of the stream
I/O classes provided by java.io. The UDP connectionless protocol differs from the TCP
connection-oriented protocol in that it does not establish a link for the duration of the connection.
An example of a connectionless protocol is postal mail. To mail something, you just write down a
destination address (and an optional return address) on the envelope of the item you're sending and
drop it into a mailbox. When using UDP, an application program writes the destination port and
IP address on a datagram and then sends the datagram to its destination. UDP is less reliable than
TCP because there are no delivery-assurance or error-detection-and-correction mechanisms built
into the protocol.
Application protocols such as FTP, SMTP, and HTTP use TCP to provide reliable, stream-based
communication between client and server programs. Other protocols, such as the Time Protocol,
use UDP because speed of delivery is more important than end-to- end reliability.
In this lab, you will learn how to code client/server applications based on UDP and TCP protocols.
For more details, please check the below reference.
Reference:

• Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, "Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach," 8th edition,
Pearson, 2020.
• Java Network Programming, by Elliotte Rusty Harold (O'Reilly)
• Java Network Programming, by Merlin and Conrad Hughes, Michael Shoffner, and Maria
Winslow (Manning, an imprint of Prentice-Hall)
• Advanced Java Networking, by Prashant Sridharan (Prentice-Hall)
• https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/i/7.3?topic=design-creating-connectionless-socket
• https://www.javatpoint.com/DatagramSocket-and-DatagramPacket

79
1. Solved Lab Activites
Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping
1 15 Low CLO-5
2 10 Medium CLO-5
3 15 Medium CLO-5
4 20 High CLO-5
5 15 Low CLO-5

Activity 1: Connectionless Communication using UDP

The java.net package provides several classes that support socket-based client/server
communication. The InetAddress class encapsulates Internet IP addresses and supports conversion
between dotted decimal addresses and host names. The Socket, ServerSocket, DatagramSocket,
and MulticastSocket classes implement client and server sockets for connection-oriented and
connectionless communication. The DatagramPacket class is used to construct UDP datagram
packets. Two java.net classes define the heart of datagram-based messaging in Java, the
DatagramSocket and the DatagramPacket. The DatagramSocket is the interface through which
DatagramPacket are transmitted. A DatagramPacket is simply an IP-specific wrapper for a block
of data. The DatagramSocket class provides a good interface to the UDP protocol. This class is
responsible for sending and receiving DatagramPacket via the UDP protocol. The most commonly
used DatagramSocket methods are listed below:

•DatagramSocket(). Constructor comes in two formats: one is used to specify the

local port used and the other the system picks an ephemeral local port for you.

• receive(). Receive a DatagramPacket from any remote server.

•send(). Send a DatagramPacket to the remote server specified in the

DatagramPacket.

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•close(). Tear down local communication resources. After this method has been
called, release this object.

• getLocalPost(). Returns the local port this DatagramSocket is using.

The following program demonstrates how to implement a simple server that converts the text
transmitted by client to uppercase, and sends it back to the client. The client reads line from
standard input (inFromUserstream) , sends to server via socket (outToServer stream). The server
reads line from socket. Server converts line to uppercase, sends back to client. Client reads, prints
modified line from socket (inFromServer stream)
Here’s the code for the server:

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class UdpServer
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
// open datagram socket on port 9876
DatagramSocket sock = new DatagramSocket(9876);
// create two packets sharing a common buffer
byte[] buf = new byte[1000];
DatagramPacket inPkt = new DatagramPacket(buf, buf.length);
DatagramPacket outPkt = new DatagramPacket(buf, buf.length);
while (true)
{
// wait for incoming packet
sock.receive(inPkt);
// set address, port and length fields of outPkt
// so as to return contents of inPkt to sender
outPkt.setAddress(inPkt.getAddress());
outPkt.setPort(inPkt.getPort());
outPkt.setLength(inPkt.getLength());
// and send it back
sock.send(outPkt);
}
}
}

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And the following code is for a client program that simply connects to the server, takes input from
the user, sends it to server. Upon receiving the text from server prints it.

import java.io.*; import java.net.*;

public class UdpClient {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {
// get server address and open socket
InetAddress serverAdr = InetAddress.getByName(args[0]);
DatagramSocket sock = new DatagramSocket();
// build packet addressed to server, then send it
byte[] outBuf = args[1].getBytes("US-ASCII");
DatagramPacket outPkt = new
DatagramPacket(outBuf,outBuf.length,serverAdr,9876);
sock.send(outPkt);
// create buffer and packet for reply, then receive it
byte[] inBuf = new byte[1000];
DatagramPacket inPkt = new DatagramPacket(inBuf,inBuf.length);
sock.receive(inPkt);
// print buffer contents and close socket
String reply = new String(inBuf,0,inPkt.getLength(),"US-ASCII");
System.out.println(reply);
sock.close();
} }

Activity 2: Socket Programming using TCP

The Socket class implements client connection-based sockets. These sockets are used to develop
applications that utilize services provided by connection-oriented server applications.
The access methods of the Socket class are used to access the I/O streams and connection
parameters associated with a connected socket. The getInetAddress() and getPort() methods get
the IP address of the destination host and the destination host port number to which the socket is
connected. The ServerSocket class implements a TCP server socket. It provides three constructors
that specify the port to which the server socket is to listen for incoming connection requests, an
optional maximum connection request queue length, and an optional Internet
address.
The accept() method is used to cause the server socket to listen and wait until an incoming
connection is established. It returns an object of class Socket once a connection is made. This
Socket object is then used to carry out a service for a single client. The getInetAddress() method
82
returns the address of the host to which the socket is connected.
The getLocalPort() method returns the port on which the server socket listens for an incoming
connection.

The following program demonstrates how to implement a simple server that returns the current
date time for every new client. Here’s the code:

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.util.Date;

/**
* This program demonstrates a simple TCP/IP socket server.
*
*/
public class TimeServer {

public static void main(String[] args) {

if (args.length < 1) return;

int port = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);

try (ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(port)) {

System.out.println("Server is listening on port " + port);

while (true) {
Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();
System.out.println("New client connected");
OutputStream output = socket.getOutputStream();
PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(output, true);
writer.println(new Date().toString());
}

} catch (IOException ex) {

System.out.println("Server exception: " + ex.getMessage());
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
83
}

You need to specify a port number when running this server program, for example:
java TimeServer 6868
This makes the server listens for client requests on the port number 6868. You would see the
server’s output:
Server is listening on port 6868
And the following code is for a client program that simply connects to the server and prints the
data received, and then terminates:
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;

/**
* This program demonstrates a simple TCP/IP socket client.
*
*/
public class TimeClient {

public static void main(String[] args) {

if (args.length < 2) return;

String hostname = args[0];

int port = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);

try (Socket socket = new Socket(hostname, port)) {

InputStream input = socket.getInputStream();

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(input));
String time = reader.readLine();
System.out.println(time);

} catch (UnknownHostException ex) {

System.out.println("Server not found: " + ex.getMessage());
} catch (IOException ex) {
System.out.println("I/O error: " + ex.getMessage());
}
}
}

84
To run this client program, you have to specify the hostname/IP address and port number of the
server. If the client is on the same computer with the server, type the following command to run
it:
java TimeClient localhost 6868
Then you see a new output in the server program indicating that the client is connected:
New client connected
And you should see the client’s output:
Mon May 13 11:00:31 ICT 2022
This is the date time information returned from the server. Then the client terminates and the
server is still running, waiting for new connections. It’s that simple.

Activity 3: TCP-based client/server program where the Server (single-threaded) is responsible

for reversing the text sent by client.

The following TCP-based server program echoes anything sent from the client in reversed form
(hence the name ReverseServer). Here’s the code:

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

/**
* The server program echoes anything sent from the client in reversed form
* This server is single-threaded.
*
*/
public class ReverseServer {

public static void main(String[] args) {

if (args.length < 1) return;

int port = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);

try (ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(port)) {

System.out.println("Server is listening on port " + port);

85
 while (true) {
Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();
System.out.println("New client connected");

InputStream input = socket.getInputStream();

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(input));

OutputStream output = socket.getOutputStream();

PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(output, true);
String text;

do {
text = reader.readLine();
String reverseText = new StringBuilder(text).reverse().toString();
writer.println("Server: " + reverseText);

} while (!text.equals("bye"));

socket.close();
}

} catch (IOException ex) {

System.out.println("Server exception: " + ex.getMessage());
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
you can see, the server continues serving the client until it says ‘bye’. Run this server program
using the following command:

java ReverseServer 9090

The server is up and running, waiting for incoming requests from clients:

Server is listening on port 9090

86
Now, let’s create a client program. The following program connects to the server, reads input
from the user and prints the response from the server. Here’s the code:

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;

/**
* This program demonstrates a simple TCP/IP socket client that reads input
* from the user and prints echoed message from the server.
*
*/
public class ReverseClient {

public static void main(String[] args) {

if (args.length < 2) return;

String hostname = args[0];

int port = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
try (Socket socket = new Socket(hostname, port)) {

OutputStream output = socket.getOutputStream();

PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(output, true);
Console console = System.console();
String text;

do {
text = console.readLine("Enter text: ");

writer.println(text);

InputStream input = socket.getInputStream();

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(input));

String time = reader.readLine();

System.out.println(time);

} while (!text.equals("bye"));

87
 socket.close();

} catch (UnknownHostException ex) {

System.out.println("Server not found: " + ex.getMessage());

} catch (IOException ex) {

System.out.println("I/O error: " + ex.getMessage());

}
}
}
As you can see, this client program is running until the user types ‘bye’. Run it using the
following command:
java ReverseClient localhost 9090
Then it asks you to enter some text:
Enter text:_

Type something, say ‘Hello’ and you should see the server’s response like this:
Enter text: Hello
Server: olleH
Enter text:_

Keep this first client program running, and start a new one. In the second client program, you
will see it asks for input and then hangs forever. Why?

It’s because the server is single-threaded, and while it is busily serving the first client,
subsequent clients are block.

Let’s see how to solve this problem in the next example.

Activity 4: TCP-based multi-threaded client/server application where the server is able to

handle multiple clients

Modify the server’s code to handle each socket client in a new thread like this:
88
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

/**
* This program demonstrates a simple TCP/IP socket server that echoes every
* message from the client in reversed form.
* This server is multi-threaded.
*
* @author www.codejava.net
*/
public class ReverseServer {

public static void main(String[] args) {

if (args.length < 1) return;

int port = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);

try (ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(port)) {

System.out.println("Server is listening on port " + port);

while (true) {
Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();
System.out.println("New client connected");

new ServerThread(socket).start();
}

} catch (IOException ex) {

System.out.println("Server exception: " + ex.getMessage());
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

/**
* This thread is responsible to handle client connection.
89
 *
* @author www.codejava.net
*/
public class ServerThread extends Thread {
private Socket socket;

public ServerThread(Socket socket) {

this.socket = socket;
}

public void run() {

try {
InputStream input = socket.getInputStream();
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(input));

OutputStream output = socket.getOutputStream();

PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(output, true);

String text;

do {
text = reader.readLine();
String reverseText = new StringBuilder(text).reverse().toString();
writer.println("Server: " + reverseText);

} while (!text.equals("bye"));

socket.close();
} catch (IOException ex) {
System.out.println("Server exception: " + ex.getMessage());
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

As you can see, we just move the processing code to be executed into a separate thread,
implemented in the run() method.

90
Now let run this new server program and run several client programs, you will see the problem
above has solved. All clients are running smoothly.

1. Graded Lab Tasks

Note: The instructor can design graded lab activities according to the level of difficult and
complexity of the solved lab activities. The lab tasks assigned by the instructor should be evaluated
in the same lab.

In this lab task, you will build a simple client-server system, where you use the client to
chat with a dummy "math" server. The protocol between the client and server is as follows.

• The server is first started on a known port.

• The client program is started (server IP and port is provided on the command line).
• The client connects to the server, and then asks the user for input. The user enters a
simple arithmetic expression string (e.g., "1 + 2", "5 - 6", "3 * 4"). The user's input is
sent to the server via the connected socket.
• The server reads the user's input from the client socket, evaluates the expression,
and sends the result back to the client.
• The client should display the server's reply to the user, and prompt the user for the
next input, until the user terminates the client program with Ctrl+C.

Home Task
Write a chat room application that allows multiple users to connect to the chat server. Before the user
is able to see the chat window, each user needs to enter his or her name. Once a user is connected,
the server window has to display a connected message with the user’s address. The user’s chat
window should display a welcome message form the server. The chat window should include a
message panel to display chat history. Below the chat panel, there should be a profile picture, a text
field for user to type messages and a send button for sending messages to other connected users. In
addition, there should be a setting button, an image button and an upload button. Setting button allows
the user to change the background colour. Image button allows a user to select files from the computer.
The upload button allows the user to upload the selected image file to the server. The server saves
the image at a file named “image.jpg”. In the user’s chat panel, each message should display the
user’s name followed by the typed message. Please show screen shot of the server window, and three
91
user chat windows. Three users are “Emily”, “Andrew” and “Mark.” Please see the result sample in the
attached image.

92
 Lab 08
Basic Configurations
Objectives
The objective of this lab is that the students get acquainted with basic configurations of
packet tracer tool, computer, and switch.

Activity Outcomes:
• Provide hands - on practice related to basic configurations of packet tracer tool
• How to establish basic connections, access the CLI, and explore Help
• Explore EXEC Modes
• Set the Clock
• Provide hands - on practice related to basic configurations of switch
• Verify the Default Switch Configuration
• Configure a Basic Switch Configuration
• Configure a MOTD Banner
• Save Configuration Files to NVRAM
• Configure S2
• Provide hands - on practice related to basic configurations of personal computer

Useful Concepts
In this activity on Packet Tracer, you will practice skills necessary for navigating the Cisco
IOS, such as different user access modes, various configuration modes, and common
commands used on a regular basis. In this lab, you will also perform basic switch configuration
tasks. You will secure access to the command-line interface (CLI) and console ports using
93
 encrypted and plain text passwords. You will also learn how to configure messages for users
logging into the switch. These message banners are also used to warn unauthorized users that
access is prohibited.
Note: In Packet Tracer, the Catalyst 2960 switch uses IOS version 12.2 by default. If required, the IOS
version can be updated from a file server in the Packet Tracer topology. The switch can then be configured
to boot to IOS version 15.0, if that version is required. For more details, please check the below reference.
References
• Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, "Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach," 8th edition,
Pearson, 2020.
• https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/smb/switches/cisco-350-series-managed-
switches/smb5557-configure-the-internet-protocol-ip-address-settings-on-a-swi.html
• https://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2181836&seqNum=4

1. Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

1 15 Low CLO-6
2 10 Low CLO-6
3 20 Medium CLO-6
4 15 Low CLO-6
5 15 Low CLO-6

Activity 1: Basic configurations of packet tracer tool

Part 1: Establish Basic Connections, Access the CLI, and Explore Help

Step 1: Connect PC1 to S1 using a console cable.

a. Click the Connections icon (the one that looks like a lightning bolt) in the lower left corner of the Packet
Tracer window.
b. Select the light blue Console cable by clicking it. The mouse pointer will change to what appears to be a
connector with a cable dangling from it.
94
 c. Click PC1. A window displays an option for an RS-232 connection. Connect the cable to the RS-232 port.
d. Drag the other end of the console connection to the S1 switch and click the switch to access the connection
list.
e. Select the Console port to complete the connection.

Step 2: Establish a terminal session with S1.

a. Click PC1 and then select the Desktop tab.
b. Click the Terminal application icon. Verify that the Port Configuration default settings are correct.
Question:

What is the setting for bits per second?

Type your answers here.
9600
c. Click OK.
d. The screen that appears may have several messages displayed. Somewhere on the screen there should be a
Press RETURN to get started! message. Press ENTER.
Question:

What is the prompt displayed on the screen?

Type your answers here.
S1>

Step 3: Explore the IOS Help.

a. The IOS can provide help for commands depending on the level accessed. The prompt currently displayed
is called User EXEC, and the device is waiting for a command. The most basic form of help is to type a
question mark (?) at the prompt to display a list of commands.
Open Configuration Window

S1>?
Question:

Which command begins with the letter ‘C’?

Type your answers here.
connect
b. At the prompt, type t and then a question mark (?).
S1> t?
Question:

Which commands are displayed?

95
 Type your answers here.
telnet terminal traceroute
At the prompt, type te and then a question mark (?).
S1> te?
Question:

Which commands are displayed?

Type your answers here.
telnet terminal
This type of help is known as context-sensitive help. It provides more information as the commands are
expanded.

Part 2: Explore EXEC Modes

In Part 2 of this activity, you will switch to privileged EXEC mode and issue additional commands

Step 1: Enter privileged EXEC mode.

a. At the prompt, type the question mark (?).
S1>?
Question:

What information is displayed for the enable command?

Type your answers here.
Turn on privileged commands

b. Type en and press the Tab key.

S1> en<Tab>
Question:

What displays after pressing the Tab key?

Type your answers here.
enable
This is called command completion (or tab completion). When part of a command is typed, the Tab key
can be used to complete the partial command. If the characters typed are enough to make the command
unique, as in the case of the enable command, the remaining portion of the command is displayed.

96
 Question:

What would happen if you typed te<Tab> at the prompt?

Type your answers here.
There is more than one command that begins with the letters ‘te’ because ‘te’ does not
provide enough characters to make the command unique. The characters will continue to
display, prompting the user for additional characters to make the command unique.
c. Enter the enable command and press ENTER.
Question:

How does the prompt change?

Type your answers here.
It changes from S1> to S1#, which indicates privileged EXEC mode.
d. When prompted, type the question mark (?).
S1# ?
One command starts with the letter ‘C’ in user EXEC mode.
Question:

How many commands are displayed now that privileged EXEC mode is active? (Hint: you could type c? to
list just the commands beginning with ‘C’.)
Type your answers here.
5 - clear, clock, configure, connect, and copy

Step 2: Enter Global Configuration mode

a. When in privileged EXEC mode, one of the commands starting with the letter ‘C’ is configure. Type either
the full command or enough of the command to make it unique. Press the <Tab> key to issue the command
and press ENTER.
S1# configure
Question:

What is the message that is displayed?

Type your answers here.
Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]?
b. Press Enter to accept the default parameter that is enclosed in brackets [terminal].
Question:

How does the prompt change?

Type your answers here.

97
 S1(config)#
c. This is called global configuration mode. This mode will be explored further in upcoming activities and
labs. For now, return to privileged EXEC mode by typing end, exit, or Ctrl-Z.
S1(config)# exit
S1#

Part 3: Set the Clock

Step 1: Use the clock command.

a. Use the clock command to further explore Help and command syntax. Type show clock at the privileged
EXEC prompt.
S1# show clock
Question:

What information is displayed? What is the year that is displayed?

Type your answers here.
UTC Mon Mar 1 1993 preceded by the hours, minutes, and seconds since the device
started. The year is 1993.
b. Use the context-sensitive help and the clock command to set the time on the switch to the current time.
Enter the command clock and press ENTER.
S1# clock<ENTER>
Question

What information is displayed?

Type your answers here.
% Incomplete command
c. The “% Incomplete command” message is returned by the IOS. This indicates that the clock command
needs more parameters. Any time more information is needed, help can be provided by typing a space after
the command and the question mark (?).
S1# clock ?
Question:

What information is displayed?

Type your answers here.
set Set the time and date
98
d. Set the clock using the clock set command. Proceed through the command one step at a time.
S1# clock set ?
Questions:

What information is being requested?

Type your answers here.
hh:mm:ss Current Time
What would have been displayed if only the clock set command had been entered, and no request for help
was made by using the question mark?
Type your answers here.
% Incomplete command
e. Based on the information requested by issuing the clock set ? command, enter a time of 3:00 p.m. by using
the 24-hour format of 15:00:00. Check to see if more parameters are needed.
S1# clock set 15:00:00 ?
The output returns a request for more information:
<1-31> Day of the month
MONTH Month of the year

f. Attempt to set the date to 01/31/2035 using the format requested. It may be necessary to request additional
help using context-sensitive help to complete the process. When finished, issue the show clock command
to display the clock setting. The resulting command output should display as:
S1# show clock
*15:0:4.869 UTC Tue Jan 31 2035

g. If you were not successful, try the following command to obtain the output above:
S1# clock set 15:00:00 31 Jan 2035

99
Activity 2: Basic configurations of Switch

Verify the Default Switch Configuration

Enter privileged EXEC mode.

You can access all switch commands from privileged EXEC mode. However, because many of the privileged
commands configure operating parameters, privileged access should be password-protected to prevent
unauthorized use.
The privileged EXEC command set includes the commands available in user EXEC mode, many additional
commands, and the configure command through which access to the configuration modes is gained.
Click S1 and then the CLI tab. Press Enter.
Enter privileged EXEC mode by entering the enable command:
Open Configuration Window for S1

Switch> enable
Switch#
Notice that the prompt changed to reflect privileged EXEC mode.

Create a Basic Switch Configuration

Assign a name to a switch.

To configure parameters on a switch, you may be required to move between various configuration modes.
Notice how the prompt changes as you navigate through the switch.
Switch# configure terminal
Switch(config)# hostname S1
S1(config)# exit
S1#

Secure access to the console line.

To secure access to the console line, access config-line mode and set the console password to letmein.
S1# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with
CNTL/Z.

100
 S1(config)# line console 0
S1(config-line)# password letmein
S1(config-line)# login
S1(config-line)# exit
S1(config)# exit
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
S1#
Question:

Verify that console access is secured.

Exit privileged mode to verify that the console port password is in effect.
S1# exit
Switch con0 is now available
Press RETURN to get started.

User Access Verification

Password:
S1>

Note: If the switch did not prompt you for a password, then you did not configure the login parameter in Step 2.

Secure privileged mode access.

Set the enable password to c1$c0. This password protects access to privileged mode.
Note: The 0 in c1$c0 is a zero, not a capital O. This password will not grade as correct until after you encrypt it
in Step 8.
S1> enable
S1# configure terminal
S1(config)# enable password c1$c0
S1(config)# exit
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
S1#

101
Verify that privileged mode access is secure.
Enter the exit command again to log out of the switch.
Press <Enter> and you will now be asked for a password:
User Access Verification
Password:
The first password is the console password you configured for line con 0. Enter this password to return to user
EXEC mode.
Enter the command to access privileged mode.
Enter the second password you configured to protect privileged EXEC mode.
Verify your configuration by examining the contents of the running-configuration file:
S1# show running-config
Notice that the console and enable passwords are both in plain text. This could pose a security risk if
someone is looking over your shoulder or obtains access to config files stored in a backup location.

Configure an encrypted password to secure access to privileged mode.

The enable password should be replaced with the newer encrypted secret password using the enable secret
command. Set the enable secret password to itsasecret.
S1# config t
S1(config)# enable secret itsasecret
S1(config)# exit
S1#
Note: The enable secret password overrides the enable password. If both are configured on the switch, you
must enter the enable secret password to enter privileged EXEC mode.

Verify that the enable secret password is added to the configuration file.
Enter the show running-config command again to verify the new enable secret password is configured.
Note: You can abbreviate show running-config as
S1# show run

102
 Questions:

What is displayed for the enable secret password?

Type your answers here.
$1$mERr$ILwq/b7kc.7X/ejA4Aosn0
Why is the enable secret password displayed differently from what we configured?
Type your answers here.
The enable secret is shown in encrypted form, whereas the enable password is in plain text.

Encrypt the enable and console passwords.

As you noticed in Step 7, the enable secret password was encrypted, but the enable and console passwords
were still in plain text. We will now encrypt these plain text passwords using the service password-encryption
command.
S1# config t
S1(config)# service password-encryption
S1(config)# exit
Question:

If you configure any more passwords on the switch, will they be displayed in the configuration file as plain text
or in encrypted form? Explain.
Type your answers here.
The service password-encryption command encrypts all current and future passwords.

Configure a message of the day (MOTD) banner.

Configure a message of the day (MOTD) banner.

The Cisco IOS command set includes a feature that allows you to configure messages that anyone logging onto
the switch sees. These messages are called message of the day, or MOTD banners. Enclose the banner text in
quotations or use a delimiter different from any character appearing in the MOTD string.
S1# config t
S1(config)# banner motd "This is a secure system.
Authorized Access Only!"
S1(config)# exit
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
S1#
103
 Questions:

When will this banner be displayed?

Type your answers here.
The message will be displayed when someone accesses the switch through the console port.
Why should every switch have a MOTD banner?
Type your answers here.
Every switch should have a banner to warn unauthorized users that access is prohibited.
Banners can also be used for sending messages to network personnel/technicians (such as
impending system shutdowns or who to contact for access).

Save and Verify Configuration Files to NVRAM

Verify that the configuration is accurate using the show run command.
Save the configuration file. You have completed the basic configuration of the switch. Now back up the running
configuration file to NVRAM to ensure that the changes made are not lost if the system is rebooted or loses
power.
S1# copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?[Enter]
Building configuration...
[OK]
Close Configuration Window for S1
Questions:

What is the shortest, abbreviated version of the copy running-config startup-config command?
Type your answers here.
cop r s
Examine the startup configuration file.
Which command will display the contents of NVRAM?
Type your answers here.
show startup-config
Are all the changes that were entered recorded in the file?
Type your answers here.
Yes, it is the same as the running configuration.

104
 Configure S2
You have completed the configuration on S1. You will now configure S2. If you cannot remember the
commands, refer to Parts 1 to 4 for assistance.
Configure S2 with the following parameters:
Open Configuration Window for S2

Device name: S2
Protect access to the console using the letmein password.
Configure an enable password of c1$c0 and an enable secret password of itsasecret.
Configure an appropriate message to those logging into the switch.
Encrypt all plain text passwords.
Ensure that the configuration is correct.
Save the configuration file to avoid loss if the switch is powered down.
Close Configuration Window for S2

Script

Switch S1
enable
config t
hostname S1
line console 0
password letmein
login
enable password c1$c0
enable secret itsasecret
banner motd $ This is a secure system. Authorized Access Only!$
service password-encryption
exit
copy running-config startup-config

Switch S2
enable
config t
hostname S2
line console 0
password letmein
105
 login
enable password c1$c0
enable secret itsasecret
banner motd $any text here$
service password-encryption
exit
copy running-config startup-config

The objective of this lab is that the students get acquainted with connectivity challenges and learn
to perform configurations on PCs and switches.

Activity 3: Configure the PCs

In this activity, you will first create a basic switch configuration. Then, you will implement basic
connectivity by configuring IP addressing on switches and PCs. When the IP addressing configuration
is complete, you will use various show commands to verify the configuration and use
the ping command to verify basic connectivity between devices.

Topology

106
Addressing Table

Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask

S1 VLAN 1 192.168.1.253 255.255.255.0

S2 VLAN 1 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.0

PC1 NIC 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
PC2 NIC 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0

Step 1: Configure both PCs with IP addresses.

a. Click PC1 and then click the Desktop tab.
b. Click IP Configuration. In the Addressing Table above, you can see that the IP address for PC1 is
192.168.1.1 and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0. Enter this information for PC1 in the IP
Configuration window.
c. Repeat steps 1a and 1b for PC2.

Step 2: Test connectivity to switches.

a. Click PC1. Close the IP Configuration window if it is still open. In the Desktop tab, click Command
Prompt.
b. Type the ping command and the IP address for S1 and press Enter.
Packet Tracer PC Command Line 1.0
PC> ping 192.168.1.253
Question:

Were you successful? Explain.

Activity 4: Configure the Switch Management Interface

Configure S1 and S2 with an IP address.

107
Configure S1 with an IP address.
Switches can be used as plug-and-play devices. This means that they do not need to be configured
for them to work. Switches forward information from one port to another based on MAC addresses.
Question:

If this is the case, why would we configure it with an IP address?

Use the following commands to configure S1 with an IP address.
S1# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
S1(config)# interface vlan 1
S1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.253 255.255.255.0
S1(config-if)# no shutdown
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Vlan1, changed state to
up
S1(config-if)#
S1(config-if)# exit
Question:

Why do you enter the no shutdown command?

Configure S2 with an IP address.

Use the information in the Addressing Table to configure S2 with an IP address.

Verify the IP address configuration on S1 and S2.

Use the show ip interface brief command to display the IP address and status of all the switch ports
and interfaces. You can also use the show running-config command.

Save configurations for S1 and S2 to NVRAM.

Question:

Which command is used to save the configuration file in RAM to NVRAM?

Verify network connectivity.

Network connectivity can be verified using the ping command. It is very important that connectivity
exists throughout the network. Corrective action must be taken if there is a failure. Ping S1 and S2
from PC1 and PC2.
a. Click PC1 and then click the Desktop tab.
b. Click Command Prompt.
108
 c. Ping the IP address for PC2.
d. Ping the IP address for S1.
e. Ping the IP address for S2.
Note: You can also use the ping command on the switch CLI and on PC2.
All pings should be successful. If your first ping result is 80%, try again. It should now be 100%. You
will learn why a ping may sometimes fail the first time later in your studies. If you are unable to ping
any of the devices, recheck your configuration for errors.
End of Document

Script

Switch S1
enable
configure terminal
hostname S1
line con 0
pass cisco
login
interface vlan 1
ip address 192.168.1.253 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
enable secret class
banner motd $ Authorized access only. Violators will be prosecuted to the
full extent of the law.$
exit
copy running-config startup-config

Switch S2
enable
configure terminal
hostname S2
line con 0
pass cisco
login
interface vlan 1
ip address 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
enable secret class
109
banner motd $ Authorized access only. Violators will be prosecuted to the
full extent of the law.$
exit
copy running-config startup-config

6. Graded Lab Tasks

Perform a Basic Configuration on S1 and S2.

Addressing Table

Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask

S1 VLAN 1 192.168.1.253 255.255.255.0

S2 VLAN 1 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.0
PC1 NIC 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0

PC2 NIC 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0

Perform a Basic Configuration on S1 and S2

1. Configure S1 with a hostname.
2. Configure the console and encrypted privileged EXEC mode passwords.
3. Verify the password configurations for S1.
4. How can you verify that both passwords were configured correctly?
110
5. Configure an MOTD banner.
6. Save the configuration file to NVRAM.
7. Repeat Steps 1 to 5 for S2

LAB 09
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Configuration

Objective:
The objective of this lab is that the students would learn how to Configure DHCP. This lab
explains how to configure and verify a DHCP server on routers in detail through a packet tracer
example. Learn how to use a router as a DHCP server.

Activity Outcomes:
The activities provide hands - on practice with the following topics
• Configure a Router as a DHCP Server
• Verify DHCP and Connectivity

Useful Concepts
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an application layer protocol used to distribute network
configuration parameters, such as IP addresses, subnet masks, default gateways, etc. to hosts on a TCP/IP network.
Assigning network parameters using DHCP reduces the amount of work of a network administrator, since there is no
need to statically configure parameters on each device. DHCP employs a client-server architecture; a DHCP client is
configured to request network parameters from a DHCP server. A DHCP server is configured with a pool of available
IP addresses and assigns one of them to the DHCP client. Besides IP addresses, a DHCP server can provide some
additional network parameters, such as: subnet mask, default gateway, domain name, and DNS server.

111
As you can see from the picture above, a DHCP client goes through the four-step process:
1. A DHCP client sends a broadcast packet (DHCPDiscover) to discover DHCP servers on the network.
2. The DHCP server receives the DHCPDiscover packet and respond with a DHCPOffer packet, offering IP addressing
information to the DHCP client.
3. If there is more than one DHCP server on the network segment and the DHCP client receives more than one
DHCPOffer packets, the client will accept the first DHCPOffer packet. The DHCP client responds by broadcasting a
DHCPRequest packet, requesting network parameters from the DHCP server.
4. The DHCP server approves the lease with a DHCPACK (Acknowledgement) packet. The packet includes the lease
duration and other configuration information.
A dedicated DHCP server is scalable and relatively easy to manage but it can be costly to have one at every location
in a network. However, a Cisco router can be configured to provide DHCP services without the need for a dedicated
server. As the network technician for your company, you have been assigned the task of configuring a Cisco router as
a DHCP server. You are also required to configure the edge router as a DHCP client so that it receives an IP address
from the ISP network.

For more details, please check the below reference.

Reference
• Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, "Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach," 8th edition, Pearson,
2020.
• https://geek-university.com/dynamic-host-configuration-protocol-dhcp/
• https://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/ccna-study-guide/how-to-configure-dhcp-server-on-
cisco-routers.html

112
1. Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

1 45 High CLO-6
2 15 Low CLO-6

Activity 1

In this lab, there are two networks: Left_network and Right_Network. Both networks are
connected to the router's Fast Ethernet 0/0 and 0/1 interfaces, respectively. Now our objective is
to configure the following IP configuration on both networks.

Configuration Left_Network Right_Network

IP addresses 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.255 192.168.2.0 to 192.168.2.255
Available IP addresses for hosts 192168.1.10 to 192.168.1.254 192.168.2.10 to 192.168.2.254
113
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway 192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1
DNS Server 192.168.1.2 192.168.2.2
TFTP Server 192.168.1.3 192.168.2.3
Reserved 192.168.1.4 to 192.168.1.10 192.168.2.4 to 192.168.2.10

Configuring IP configuration on the router

A router connects different networks. If a router is connected to a network, hosts of the network
use the router as the default gateway to reach the host of other networks. In our example, since the
Left_Network and Right_Network are respectively connected to the Fast Ethernet 0/0 and 0/1
interfaces of the router, both networks will use the IP addresses of their respective interfaces as
the default gateway IPs. In simple terms, Fast Ethernet 0/0 and Fast Ethernet 0/1 of the router
are the default gateways of the Left_Network and Right_Network respectively. Before
configuring the router to act as a DHCP server, we have to configure and enable these interfaces.
To configure and enable these interfaces, access the command prompt of the router, and execute
the following commands.

Router>enable
Router# configure terminal
Router(config)# interface FastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)# interface FastEthernet 0/1
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit

The following image shows the above commands on the packet tracer.

114
 Step 1: Configuring DHCP server on the router

For each network that will obtain IP configuration from the DHCP server, we have to create and
configure a DHCP pool on the router. In our example, we have two networks, so we have to
create two DHCP pools, one for each network.

Use the following commands to create and configure a DHCP pool for the Left_Network.

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.10
Router(config)#ip dhcp pool Left_Network
Router(dhcp-config)#default-router 192.168.1.1
Router(dhcp-config)#dns-server 192.168.1.2
Router(dhcp-config)#option 150 ip 192.168.1.3
Router(dhcp-config)#network 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
Router(dhcp-config)#exit

The following table describes the above commands.

Command Description
ip dhcp excluded-address This command tells the DHCP server not to assign the addresses
192.168.1.0 192.168.1.10 from 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.10 to DHCP clients.

115
 This command creates a DHCP pool named, Left_Network and
ip dhcp pool Left_Network
changes command mode to DHCP pool configuration mode.
This command assigns the default gateway to clients of this
default-router 192.168.1.1
DHCP pool.
dns-server 192.168.1.2 This command sets a primary DNS server for the clients.
This command provides the IP address of the TFTP server to the
option 150 ip 192.168.1.3
clients.
network 192.168.1.0
This command specifies the range of IP addresses for the pool.
255.255.255.0
exit This command exits DHCP pool configuration mode.

Create and configure a DHCP pool for the Right_Network using the same commands as shown
below.

Router(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.2.0 192.168.2.10

Router(config)#ip dhcp pool Right_Network
Router(dhcp-config)#default-router 192.168.2.1
Router(dhcp-config)#dns-server 192.168.2.2
Router(dhcp-config)#option 150 ip 192.168.2.3
Router(dhcp-config)#network 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0
Router(dhcp-config)#exit
Router(config)#

The following image shows how to execute the above commands on the router.

116
Configuring DHCP clients

To configure a device as a DHCP client, change its IP configuration option to DHCP. To do this,
click the device. In opened Windows, click the IP configuration option from the Desktop menu
and set the IP configuration option to DHCP.

The following image shows the above procedure.

117
Verifying DHCP clients

To verify that the client has obtained IP configuration from the DHCP server, you can check the
IP configuration option of the client again. For example, the following image shows how to
verify this on a host of the Left_Network.

118
The following image shows how to verify this on a host of the Right_Network.

Step 1: Verifying the DHCP Server

To verify that the DHCP server is working properly and to see the IP addresses that are provided
by the DHCP server, run the following command in privileged-exec mode.

#ip dhcp binding

The following image shows the output of this command.

119
To view detailed information about a specific DHCP pool, use the following command.

#show ip dhcp pool [pool-name]

For example, the following commands list the detailed information about the DHCP pools:
Left_Network and Right_Network, respectively.

#show ip dhcp pool Left_Network

#show ip dhcp pool Right_Network

The following image shows the output of the above commands.

120
End of document

3.Graded Lab Tasks

Configure the DHCP server on the two routers. In our network, we must exclude the IP addresses
on the R1 and R2 interfaces, together with the other 9 addresses to be used for static assignment
to other devices like servers and device management interfaces. Create two pools POOL-A on
router R1 and POOL-2 on router R2. This includes configuring the network addresses, default
gateway, and the IP address of the DNS server.

121
122
 LAB 10
Subnet an IPv4 Network

Objective:
The objective of this lab is that the students get acquainted with Subnetting concepts in IPv4
Network.

Activity Outcomes:
The activities provide hands - on practice with the following topics
• Design an IPv4 Network Subnetting Scheme
• Configure the Devices
• Test and Troubleshoot the Network

Useful Concepts

An IP address is an address used in order to uniquely identify a device on an IP network. The

address is made up of 32 binary bits, which can be divisible into a network portion and host
portion with the help of a subnet mask. The 32 binary bits are broken into four octets (1 octet = 8
bits). Each octet is converted to decimal and separated by a period (dot). For this reason, an IP
address is said to be expressed in dotted decimal format (for example, 172.16.81.100). The value
in each octet ranges from 0 to 255 decimal, or 00000000 - 11111111 binary.

Here is how binary octets convert to decimal: The right most bit, or least significant bit, of an
octet holds a value of 20. The bit just to the left of that holds a value of 21. This continues until
the left-most bit, or most significant bit, which holds a value of 27. So if all binary bits are a one,
the decimal equivalent would be 255 as shown here:

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)

123
Here is a sample octet conversion when not all of the bits are set to 1.

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 64 0 0 0 0 0 1 (0+64+0+0+0+0+0+1=65)

And this sample shows an IP address represented in both binary and decimal.

10. 1. 23. 19 (decimal)

00001010.00000001.00010111.00010011 (binary)

These octets are broken down to provide an addressing scheme that can accommodate large and
small networks. There are five different classes of networks, A to E. This document focuses on
classes A to C, since classes D and E are reserved and discussion of them is beyond the scope of
this document.

Given an IP address, its class can be determined from the three high-order bits (the three left-
most bits in the first octet). Figure 1 shows the significance in the three high order bits and the
range of addresses that fall into each class. For informational purposes, Class D and Class E

124
addresses are also shown.

A network mask helps you know which portion of the address identifies the network and which
portion of the address identifies the node. Class A, B, and C networks have default masks, also
known as natural masks, as shown here:

Class A: 255.0.0.0
Class B: 255.255.0.0
Class C: 255.255.255.0

125
An IP address on a Class A network that has not been subnetted would have an address/mask
pair similar to: 8.20.15.1 255.0.0.0. In order to see how the mask helps you identify the network
and node parts of the address, convert the address and mask to binary numbers.

8.20.15.1 = 00001000.00010100.00001111.00000001
255.0.0.0 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000

Once you have the address and the mask represented in binary, then identification of the network
and host ID is easier. Any address bits which have corresponding mask bits set to 1 represent the
network ID. Any address bits that have corresponding mask bits set to 0 represent the node ID.

8.20.15.1 = 00001000.00010100.00001111.00000001
255.0.0.0 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
-----------------------------------
net id | host id

netid = 00001000 = 8
hostid = 00010100.00001111.00000001 = 20.15.1

Subnetting allows you to create multiple logical networks that exist within a single Class A, B, or
C network. If you do not subnet, you are only able to use one network from your Class A, B, or
C network, which is unrealistic.

Each data link on a network must have a unique network ID, with every node on that link being a
member of the same network. If you break a major network (Class A, B, or C) into smaller
subnetworks, it allows you to create a network of interconnecting subnetworks. Each data link on
this network would then have a unique network/subnetwork ID. Any device, or gateway, that
connects n networks/subnetworks has n distinct IP addresses, one for each network / subnetwork
that it interconnects.

In order to subnet a network, extend the natural mask with some of the bits from the host ID
portion of the address in order to create a subnetwork ID. For example, given a Class C network
of 204.17.5.0 which has a natural mask of 255.255.255.0, you can create subnets in this manner:

204.17.5.0 - 11001100.00010001.00000101.00000000
255.255.255.224 - 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000

126
 --------------------------|sub|----

By extending the mask to be 255.255.255.224, you have taken three bits (indicated by "sub")
from the original host portion of the address and used them to make subnets. With these three
bits, it is possible to create eight subnets. With the remaining five host ID bits, each subnet can
have up to 32 host addresses, 30 of which can actually be assigned to a device since host ids of
all zeros or all ones are not allowed (it is very important to remember this). So, with this in
mind, these subnets have been created.

204.17.5.0 255.255.255.224 host address range 1 to 30

204.17.5.32 255.255.255.224 host address range 33 to 62
204.17.5.64 255.255.255.224 host address range 65 to 94
204.17.5.96 255.255.255.224 host address range 97 to 126
204.17.5.128 255.255.255.224 host address range 129 to 158
204.17.5.160 255.255.255.224 host address range 161 to 190
204.17.5.192 255.255.255.224 host address range 193 to 222
204.17.5.224 255.255.255.224 host address range 225 to 254

For more details, please check the below reference.

Reference:
• Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, "Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach," 8th edition, Pearson,
2020.
• https://www.studocu.com/en-ca/document/western-community-college/network/1155-packet-
tracer-subnet-an-ipv4-network/21586427
• https://www.ciscopress.com/store/ip-subnetting-from-beginning-to-mastery-livelessons-
9780135497777
• https://ipcisco.com/lesson/ip-subnetting-and-subnetting-examples/
• https://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/ccna-study-guide/subnetting-tutorial-subnetting-
explained-with-examples.html

1. Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

1 20 Low CLO-6
127
 2 25 Low CLO-6
3 20 Medium CLO-6

Activity 1
In this activity, you will subnet the Customer network into multiple subnets. The subnet
scheme should be based on the number of host computers required in each subnet, as well as
other network considerations, like future network host expansion.
After you have created a subnetting scheme and completed the table by filling in the missing
host and interface IP addresses, you will configure the host PCs, switches and router
interfaces.
After the network devices and host PCs have been configured, you will use the ping
command to test for network connectivity.

128
 Topology

Addressing Table
Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway
CustomerRouter G0/0 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.192 N/A
CustomerRouter
G0/1 192.168.0.65 255.255.255.192 N/A

CustomerRouter
S0/1/0 209.165.201.2 255.255.255.252 N/A

LAN-A Switch VLAN1 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.192 192.168.0.1

LAN-B Switch VLAN1 192.168.0.66 255.255.255.192 192.168.0.65
PC-A NIC 192.168.0.62 255.255.255.192 192.168.0.1
PC-B NIC 192.168.0.126 255.255.255.192 192.168.0.65
ISPRouter G0/0 209.165.200.225 255.255.255.224 N/A
ISPRouter
S0/1/0 209.165.201.1 255.255.255.252 N/A

ISPSwitch VLAN1 209.165.200.226 255.255.255.224 209.165.200.225

ISP Workstation NIC 209.165.200.235 255.255.255.224 209.165.200.225
ISP Server NIC 209.165.200.240 255.255.255.224 209.165.200.225
Blank Line, No additional information

129
Activity 1: Subnet the Assigned Network
Create a subnetting scheme that meets the required number of subnets and required
number of host addresses.
In this scenario, you are a network technician assigned to install a new network for a customer. You must create
multiple subnets out of the 192.168.0.0/24 network address space to meet the following requirements:
The first subnet is the LAN-A network. You need a minimum of 50 host IP addresses.
The second subnet is the LAN-B network. You need a minimum of 40 host IP addresses.
You also need at least two additional unused subnets for future network expansion.
Note: Variable length subnet masks will not be used. All of the device subnet masks should be the same length.
Answer the following questions to help create a subnetting scheme that meets the stated network requirements:
Questions:

How many host addresses are needed in the largest required subnet?
Type your answers here.
50
What is the minimum number of subnets required?
Type your answers here.
The requirements stated above specify two company networks plus two additional
networks for future expansion. So, the answer is a minimum of four networks.
The network that you are tasked to subnet is 192.168.0.0/24. What is the /24 subnet mask in binary?
Type your answers here.
1111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
The subnet mask is made up of two portions, the network portion, and the host portion. This is represented in
the binary by the ones and the zeros in the subnet mask.
Questions:

In the network mask, what do the ones represent?

Type your answers here.
The ones represent the network portion.
In the network mask, what do the zeros represent?
Type your answers here.

130
 The zeroes represent the host portion.
To subnet a network, bits from the host portion of the original network mask are changed into subnet bits. The
number of subnet bits defines the number of subnets.
Questions:

Given each of the possible subnet masks depicted in the following binary format, how many subnets and
how many hosts are created in each example?
Hint: Remember that the number of host bits (to the power of 2) defines the number of hosts per subnet
(minus 2), and the number of subnet bits (to the power of two) defines the number of subnets. The subnet
bits (shown in bold) are the bits that have been borrowed beyond the original network mask of /24. The /24
is the prefix notation and corresponds to a dotted decimal mask of 255.255.255.0.
(/25) 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
Dotted decimal subnet mask equivalent:
Type your answers here.
255.255.255.128
Number of subnets? Number of hosts?
Type your answers here.
Two subnets (2^1) and 128 hosts (2^7) – 2 = 126 hosts per subnet
(/26) 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
Dotted decimal subnet mask equivalent:
Type your answers here.
255.255.255.192
Number of subnets? Number of hosts?
Type your answers here.
Four subnets (2^2) and 64 hosts (2^6) – 2 = 62 hosts per subnet
(/27) 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
Dotted decimal subnet mask equivalent:
Type your answers here.
255.255.255.224
Number of subnets? Number of hosts?
Type your answers here.
131
 Eight subnets (2^3) and 32 hosts (2^5) – 2 = 30 hosts per subnet
(/28) 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
Dotted decimal subnet mask equivalent:
Type your answers here.
255.255.255.240
Number of subnets? Number of hosts?
Type your answers here.
Sixteen subnets (2^4) and 16 hosts (2^4) – 2 = 14 hosts per subnet
(/29) 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
Dotted decimal subnet mask equivalent:
Type your answers here.
255.255.255.248
Number of subnets? Number of hosts?
Type your answers here.
Thirty two subnets (2^5) and 8 hosts (2^3) – 2 = 6 hosts per subnet
(/30) 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
Dotted decimal subnet mask equivalent:
Type your answers here.
255.255.255.252
Number of subnets? Number of hosts?
Type your answers here.
Sixty four subnets (2^6) and 4 hosts (2^2) – 2 = 2 hosts per subnet
Considering your answers above, which subnet masks meet the required number of minimum host
addresses?
Type your answers here.
/25, /26
Considering your answers above, which subnet masks meets the minimum number of subnets required?
Type your answers here.
132
 /26, /27, /28, /29, /30 will give the required number of subnets.
Considering your answers above, which subnet mask meets both the required minimum number of hosts
and the minimum number of subnets required?
Type your answers here.
/26 will give you the four subnets that are required, and 62 hosts per subnet, which is
greater than the 50 hosts required for the first subnet.
When you have determined which subnet mask meets all of the stated network requirements, derive each of
the subnets. List the subnets from first to last in the table. Remember that the first subnet is 192.168.0.0
with the chosen subnet mask.

Subnet Address Prefix Subnet Mask

192.168.0.0 /26 255.255.255.192
192.168.0.64 /26 255.255.255.192
192.168.0.128 /26 255.255.255.192
192.168.0.192 /26 255.255.255.192
Blank Line, No additional information

Fill in the missing IP addresses in the Addressing Table

Assign IP addresses based on the following criteria: Use the ISP Network settings as an example.
Assign the first subnet to LAN-A.
Use the first host address for the CustomerRouter interface connected to LAN-A switch.
Use the second host address for the LAN-A switch. Make sure to assign a default gateway address for the
switch.
Use the last host address for PC-A. Make sure to assign a default gateway address for the PC.
Assign the second subnet to LAN-B.
Use the first host address for the CustomerRouter interface connected to LAN-B switch.
Use the second host address for the LAN-B switch. Make sure to assign a default gateway address for the
switch.
Use the last host address for PC-B. Make sure to assign a default gateway address for the PC.

Activity 2: Configure the Devices

Configure basic settings on the PCs, switches, and router. Refer to the Addressing Table for device names and
address information.
133
Configure CustomerRouter.
Set the enable secret password on CustomerRouter to Class123
Set the console login password to Cisco123.
Configure CustomerRouter as the hostname for the router.
Configure the G0/0 and G0/1 interfaces with IP addresses and subnet masks, and then enable them.
Save the running configuration to the startup configuration file.

Configure the two customer LAN switches.

Configure the IP addresses on interface VLAN 1 on the two customer LAN switches. Make sure to configure
the correct default gateway on each switch.

Configure the PC interfaces.

Configure the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway settings on PC-A and PC-B.

Activity 3: Test and Troubleshoot the Network

In Part 3, you will use the ping command to test network connectivity.
Determine if PC-A can communicate with its default gateway. Do you get a reply?
Type your answers here.
If you answered no, then you should go back and check your IP address and subnet mask
configurations, and ensure that the default gateways have been correctly configured on
PC-A and PC-B.
Determine if PC-B can communicate with its default gateway. Do you get a reply?
Type your answers here.
If you answered no, then you should go back and check your IP address and subnet mask
configurations, and ensure that the default gateways have been correctly configured on
PC-A and PC-B.
Determine if PC-A can communicate with PC-B. Do you get a reply?
Type your answers here.
If you answered no, then you should go back and check your IP address and subnet mask
configurations, and ensure that the default gateways have been correctly configured on
PC-A and PC-B.

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Device Configs

CustomerRouter
enable
configure terminal
hostname CustomerRouter
enable secret Class123
line con 0
password Cisco123
login
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
ip address 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.192
no shutdown
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
ip address 192.168.0.65 255.255.255.192
no shutdown
interface Serial0/1/0
ip address 209.165.201.2 255.255.255.252
no shutdown
end

LAN-A
enable
configure terminal
interface Vlan1
ip address 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.192
no shutdown
ip default-gateway 192.168.0.1
end

LAN-B
enable
configure terminal
interface Vlan1
ip address 192.168.0.66 255.255.255.192
no shutdown
ip default-gateway 192.168.0.65
end

135
PC-A
IP address: 192.168.0.63 /26
Default gateway: 192.168.0.1

PC-B
IP address: 192.168.0.126 /26
Default gateway: 192.168.0.65

2. Graded Lab Tasks

Given the Class C network of 204.15.5.0/24, subnet the network in order to create the
network in Figure 3 with the host requirements shown.

Figure 3

Looking at the network shown in Figure 3, you can see that you are required to create five
subnets. The largest subnet must support 28 host addresses. Is this possible with a Class C
network? And if so, then how?

You can start by looking at the subnet requirement. In order to create the five needed subnets you
would need to use three bits from the Class C host bits. Two bits would only allow you four
subnets (22).

Since you need three subnet bits, that leaves you with five bits for the host portion of the address.
How many hosts does this support? 25 = 32 (30 usable). This meets the requirement.

136
Therefore you have determined that it is possible to create this network with a Class C network.
An example of how you might assign the subnetworks is:

netA: 204.15.5.0/27 host address range 1 to 30

netB: 204.15.5.32/27 host address range 33 to 62
netC: 204.15.5.64/27 host address range 65 to 94
netD: 204.15.5.96/27 host address range 97 to 126
netE: 204.15.5.128/27 host address range 129 to 158

137
 LAB 11
Static Routing
Objective:
The objective of this lab is that the students get acquainted with configuring static routing on
routers. Learn how to create and manage static routes on routers through a packet tracer example.

Activity Outcomes:
The activities provide hands - on practice with the following topics
• Creating the Network Topology
• Configure PC Hosts, switches, routers
• Static route configuration

Useful Concepts

The static or manual method to add entries to the routing table is known as static or manual
routing. In static or manual routing, the administrator manually adds entries to the routing table.
The administrator creates a virtual map of all routes and manually adds them to each router’s
routing table. Routes that are manually added by an administrator to the routing table are known
as static routes. In other words, a static route is a route that you manually add to the router’s
routing table.

Static routing allows the administrator to save money. In static routing, the router does not use
CPU and RAM to learn the routes and calculate the best route to each destination. Since static
routing does not put overhead on the router's CPU and RAM, the administrator can use a cheaper
router. In static routing, routers do not exchange routing information. Since routers do not
exchange routing information, they save the network bandwidth. If in a network, routers are
connected through a paid WAN link, static routing can reduce the bill amount that the network
pays for WAN connectivity. Static routing is the safest method of routing. The administrator
manually adds routes for authorized networks. Since the administrator manually decides which
network can reach which network, a network can only access the authorized network. In static
138
routing, since the administrator adds and manages all routes, the administrator must have in-depth
knowledge of the internetwork. To add all routes correctly, the administrator has to learn how each
router is connected to the network.

The process of adding each route on each router is tedious. If the administrator changes the location
of a router in the network, the administrator has to update routing information on all routers
manually. If a link goes up or down, the administrator has to manually update this information on
all routers. On a flipping link, this will cause a huge problem. If you have a backup route, the router
doesn't automatically switch to the backup route if the main route fails. The administrator must
have to reconfigure the router to use the backup route.

For more details, please check the below reference.

Reference:
• Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, "Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach," 8th edition, Pearson,
2020.
• https://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/ccna-study-guide/static-routing-configuration-guide-
with-examples.html.
• https://ipcisco.com/lesson/static-route-configuration-on-cisco-routers-ccna/
• https://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/ccna-study-guide/static-routes-and-static-routing-
explained.html
• https://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2180209&seqNum=4

1. Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

1 10 Low CLO-6
2 15 Low CLO-6

139
Activity 1
Create a packet tracer lab or download it from here Packet Tracer Lab with Initial IP
Configuration (https://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/ccna-study-guide/static-routing-
configuration-guide-with-examples.html).

In this activity, you will use various show commands to display the current state of the router. You will
then use the Addressing Table to configure router Ethernet interfaces. Finally, you will use commands to
verify and test your configurations.

Topology

In this lab, each network has two routes to reach. We will configure one route as the main route
and another route as the backup route. If the link bandwidth of all routes is the same, we use the
route that has the least number of routers as the main route. If the link bandwidth and the number
of routers are the same, we can use any route as the main route and another route as the backup
route. If we specify two routes for the same destination, the router automatically selects the best
route for the destination and adds the route to the routing table. If you manually want to select a
route that the router should add to the routing table, you have to set the AD value of the route lower
than other routes. For example, if you use the following commands to create two static routes for
network 30.0.0/8, the route will place the first route to the routing table.

140
#ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.2 10
#ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 40.0.0.2 20

If the first route fails, the router automatically adds the second route to the routing table.

Creating, adding, verifying static routes

Routers automatically learn their connected networks. We only need to add routes for the networks
that are not available on the router’s interfaces. For example, network 10.0.0.0/8, 20.0.0.0/8 and
40.0.0.0/8 are directly connected to Router 0. Thus, we don’t need to configure routes for these
networks. Network 30.0.0.0/8 and network 50.0.0.0/8 are not available on Router0. We have to
create and add routes only for these networks.

The following table lists the connected networks of each router.

Let's create static routes on each router for networks that are not available on the router
• Create two routes for network 30.0.0.0/8 and configure the first route (via -Router1) as
the main route and the second route (via-Router2) as a backup route.
• Create two routes for the host 30.0.0.100/8 and configure the first route (via -Router2) as
the main route and the second route (via-Router1) as a backup route.
• Create two routes for network 50.0.0.0/8 and configure the first route (via -Router2) as
the main route and the second route (via-Router1) as a backup route.
• Verify the router adds only main routes to the routing table.
Router0 configuration

Access the CLI prompt of Router0 and run the following commands.

141
142
 Router1 requirements

• Create two routes for network 10.0.0.0/8 and configure the first route (via -Router0) as
the main route and the second route (via-Router1) as a backup route.
• Create two routes for network 40.0.0.0/8 and configure the first route (via -Router0) as
the main route and the second route (via-Router2) as a backup route.
• Verify the router adds only main routes to the routing table.

Router2 requirement

Router Requirements
Create static routes for network 10.0.0.0/8 and network 30.0.0.0/8 and verify the router adds both
routes to the routing table.
143
 Step 1: Verifying static routing
On Router0, we configured two routes for network 30.0.0.0/8. These routes are via Router1 and
via Router2. We set the first route (via-Router1) as the main route and the second route as the
backup route. We can verify this configuration in two ways. By sending ping requests to a PC of
network 30.0.0.0/8 and tracing the path they take to reach the network 30.0.0.0/8. For this, you can
use 'tracert' command on a PC of network 10.0.0.0/8. The 'tracert' command sends ping requests
to the destination host and tracks the path they take to reach the destination. By listing the routing
table entries on Router0. Since a router uses the routing table to forward data packets, you can

144
check the routing table to figure out the route the router uses to forward data packets for each
destination.
The following image shows the above testing.

145
We also configured a backup route for network 30.0.0.0/8. The router must put the backup route
to the routing table and use it to forward data packets to network 30.0.0.0/8 when the main route
fails. To verify this, we have to simulate the failure of the main route. To simulate the failure of
the main route, you can delete the link between Router0 and Router1. After deleting the link, do
the same testing again for the network 30.0.0.0/8.

146
Deleting a static route

To delete a static route, use the following steps.

• Use the 'show ip route static' command to print all static routes.
• Note down the route you want to delete.
• Use the 'no ip route' command to delete the route.

If you have a backup route, the backup route becomes the main route when you delete the main
route.

147
In our example, we have a backup route and a main route for the host 30.0.0.100/8. The
following image shows how to delete both routes.

3. Graded Lab Tasks

Topology

148
Note that R1 knows about the two directly connected networks: 10.0.0.0/24 and
172.16.0.0/24. What it doesn’t know about, however, is the 192.168.0.0/24 network directly
attached to R2. Configure static routes to ping a host in that network:

149
 LAB 12

Network Address Translation (NAT) Configuration

Objective:
The objective of this lab is that the students would learn how to configure static NAT, map
address, debug and verify Static NAT translation step by step with practical examples in packet
tracer.

Activity Outcomes:
The activities provide hands - on practice with the following topics
• Configure static NAT
• Map IP addresses
• Debug and verify Static NAT translation

Useful Concepts
There are several situations where we need address translation such as, a network which do not
have sufficient public IP addresses want to connect with the Internet, two networks which have
same IP addresses want to merge or due to security reason a network want to hide its internal IP
structure from the external world. NAT (Network Address Translation) is the process which
translates IP address. NAT can be performed at firewall, server and router. In this lab we will
understand how it is performed at router. Let’s understand these terms with an example. Suppose
a user is browsing a website from his home computer. The network which connects his computer
with internet is considered as a local network for him. Same as the network which connects the
webserver where the website is located with internet is considered as a local network for
webserver. The network which connects both networks on internet is considered as a global
network.

150
On router the interface which is connected with local network will be configured with inside
local IP address and the interface which is connected with global network will be configured
with inside global IP address. Inside and outside depend on where we are standing right now. For
example in above network for user router R1 is inside and router R2 is outside.

For more details, please check the below reference.

Reference:
• Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, "Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach," 8th edition, Pearson, 2020.
• https://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/ccna-study-guide/how-to-configure-static-nat-in-cisco-
router.html
• https://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/ccna-study-guide/basic-concepts-of-nat-explained-in-easy-
language.html
• https://ipcisco.com/lesson/nat-network-address-translation/
• https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/ipaddr_nat/configuration/xe-16/nat-xe-16-
book/iadnat-addr-consv.html
• https://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=1725268

1. Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

1 25 Low CLO-6
2 20 Low CLO-6
151
 3 20 Medium CLO-6

Activity 1: Create a practice lab as shown in following figure

Initial IP Configuration
Device / Interface IP Address Connected With
Laotop0 10.0.0.10/8 Fa0/0 of R0
Laptop1 10.0.0.20/8 Fa0/0 of R0
Laptop2 10.0.0.30/8 Fa0/0 of R0
Server0 192.168.1.10/24 Fa0/0 of R1
Serial 0/0/0 of R1 100.0.0.1/8 Serial 0/0/0 of R2
Serial 0/0/0 of R2 100.0.0.2/8 Serial 0/0/0 of R2

To assign IP address in Laptop click Laptop and click Desktop and IP configuration and Select
Static and set IP address as given in above table.

Following same way configure IP address in Server.

152
To configure IP address in Router1 click Router1 and select CLI and press Enter key.

Two interfaces of Router1 are used in topology; FastEthernet0/0 and Serial 0/0/0.

By default interfaces on router are remain administratively down during the start up. We need to
configure IP address and other parameters on interfaces before we could actually use them for
routing. Interface mode is used to assign the IP address and other parameters. Interface mode can
be accessed from global configuration mode. Following commands are used to access the global
configuration mode.

Router>enable
Router# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#

Before we configure IP address in interfaces let’s assign a unique descriptive name to router.

Router(config)#hostname R1
R1#

Now execute the following commands to set IP address in FastEthernet 0/0 interface.

R1(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#exit

interface FastEthernet 0/0 command is used to enter in interface mode.

ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 command assigns IP address to interface.

no shutdown command is used to bring the interface up.

exit command is used to return in global configuration mode.

153
Serial interface needs two additional parameters clock rate and bandwidth. Every serial cable has
two ends DTE and DCE. These parameters are always configured at DCE end.

We can use show controllers interface command from privilege mode to check the cable’s end.

R1(config)#exit
R1#show controllers serial 0/0/0
Interface Serial0/0/0
Hardware is PowerQUICC MPC860
DCE V.35, clock rate 2000000
[Output omitted]

Fourth line of output confirms that DCE end of serial cable is attached. If you see DTE here
instead of DCE skip these parameters.

Now we have necessary information let’s assign IP address to serial interface.

R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#interface Serial0/0/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 100.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
R1(config-if)#clock rate 64000
R1(config-if)#bandwidth 64
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#

Router#configure terminal Command is used to enter in global configuration mode.

Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/0 Command is used to enter in interface mode.

Router(config-if)#ip address 100.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Command assigns IP address to interface.

Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000

In real life environment this parameter controls the data flow between serial links and need to be
set at service provider’s end. In lab environment we need not to worry about this value. We can
use any valid rate here.
154
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64

Bandwidth works as an influencer. It is used to influence the metric calculation of EIGRP or any
other routing protocol which uses bandwidth parameter in route selection process.

Router(config-if)#no shutdown Command brings interface up.

Router(config-if)#exit Command is used to return in global configuration mode.

We will use same commands to assign IP addresses on interfaces of Router2. We need to

provided clock rate and bandwidth only on DCE side of serial interface. Following command
will assign IP addresses on interface of Router2.

Initial IP configuration in R2
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#hostname R2
R2(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0
R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no shutdown
R2(config-if)#exit
R2(config)#interface Serial0/0/0
R2(config-if)#ip address 100.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
R2(config-if)#no shutdown
R2(config-if)#exit
R2(config)#

That’s all initial IP configuration we need. Now this topology is ready for the practice of static
nat.

Activity 2: Configure Static NAT

Static NAT configuration requires three steps: -

1. Define IP address mapping

2. Define inside local interface
155
 3. Define inside global interface

Since static NAT use manual translation, we have to map each inside local IP address (which
needs a translation) with inside global IP address. Following command is used to map the inside
local IP address with inside global IP address.

Router(config)#ip nat inside source static [inside local ip address] [inside

global IP address]

For example in our lab Laptop1 is configured with IP address 10.0.0.10. To map it with
50.0.0.10 IP address we will use following command

Router(config)#ip nat inside source static 10.0.0.10 50.0.0.10

In second step we have to define which interface is connected with local the network. On both
routers interface Fa0/0 is connected with the local network which need IP translation.

Following command will define interface Fa0/0 as inside local.

Router(config-if)#ip nat inside

In third step we have to define which interface is connected with the global network. On both
routers serial 0/0/0 interface is connected with the global network. Following command will
define interface Serial0/0/0 as inside global.

Router(config-if)#ip nat outside

Following figure illustrates these terms.

156
Let’s implement all these commands together and configure the static NAT.

R1 Static NAT Configuration

R1(config)#ip nat inside source static 10.0.0.10 50.0.0.10

R1(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/0
R1(config-if)#ip nat inside
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#
R1(config)#interface Serial 0/0/0
R1(config-if)#ip nat outside
R1(config-if)#exit

For testing purpose I configured only one static translation. You may use following commands to
configure the translation for remaining address.

R1(config)#ip nat inside source static 10.0.0.20 50.0.0.20

R1(config)#ip nat inside source static 10.0.0.30 50.0.0.30

R2 Static NAT Configuration

R2(config)#ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.10 200.0.0.10
R2(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/0
R2(config-if)#ip nat inside
R2(config-if)#exit
R2(config)#
R2(config)#interface Serial 0/0/0
R2(config-if)#ip nat outside

157
R2(config-if)#exit

Before we test this lab we need to configure the IP routing. IP routing is the process which
allows router to route the packet between different networks.

Configure static routing in R1

R1(config)#ip route 200.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 100.0.0.2

Configure static routing in R2

R2(config)#ip route 50.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 100.0.0.1

Testing Static NAT Configuration

In this lab we configured static NAT on R1 and R2. On R1 we mapped inside local IP address
10.0.0.10 with inside global address 50.0.0.10 while on R2 we mapped inside local IP address
192.168.1.10 with inside global IP address 200.0.0.10.

Device Inside Local IP Address Inside Global IP Address

Laptop0 10.0.0.10 50.0.0.10
Server 192.168.1.10 200.0.0.10

To test this setup click Laptop0 and Desktop and click Command Prompt.

• Run ipconfig command.

• Run ping 200.0.0.10 command.
• Run ping 192.168.1.10 command.

158
First command verifies that we are testing from correct NAT device.

Second command checks whether we are able to access the remote device or not. A ping reply
confirms that we are able to connect with remote device on this IP address.

Third command checks whether we are able to access the remote device on its actual IP address
or not. A ping error confirms that we are not able to connect with remote device on this IP
address.

Let’s do one more testing. Click Laptop0 and click Desktop and click Web Browser and access
200.0.0.10.

Above figure confirms that host 10.0.0.10 is able to access the 200.0.0.10.
159
Now run ping 200.0.0.10 command from Laptop1.

Why we are not able to connect with the remote device from this host?

Because we configured NAT only for one host (Laptop0) which IP address is 10.0.0.10. So only
the host 10.0.0.10 will be able to access the remote device.

To confirm it again, let’s try to access web service from this host.

We can also verify this translation on router with show ip nat translation command.

Pay a little bit extra attention on outside local address filed. Have you noticed one interesting
feature of NAT in above output? Why actual outside local IP address is not listed in this filed?

The actual IP address is not listed here because router is receiving packets after the translation.
From R1’s point of view remote device’s IP address is 200.0.0.10 while from R2’s point of view
end device’s IP address is 50.0.0.10. This way if NAT is enabled we would not be able to trace
the actual end device.
160
3. Graded Lab Tasks

Consider the following example:

Host A requests a web resource from S1. Host A uses its private IP address when sending the
request to the router R1, which serves as a default gateway. Router R1 receives the request,
changes the private IP address to the public one and sends the request to S1. S1 responds to R1.
R1 receives the response, looks up in its NAT table and changes the destination IP address to the
private IP address of Host A. Configure static NAT in the example above.

161
 LAB 13

RIP Protocol configuration

Objective:
This tutorial explains how to configure RIP Routing protocol step by step in detail. RIP is the
simplest and one of the oldest Distance Vector routing protocol. Learn how to enable and
configure RIP routing in router with practical example in packet tracer.

Activity Outcomes:
The activities provide hands - on practice to configure RIP Routing protocol on router.

Useful Concepts
RIP routing protocol uses the concept of distance-vector routing. Routers running RIP protocol
learn about the destination networks from neighboring routers through broadcast messages.
Routers running RIP protocol periodically broadcast the configured networks from all ports.
Routers also receive broadcasts (routing updates) on their active interfaces. Routers compare their
routing tables with routing updates to learn about new IP subnets. RIP uses distance to select the
best route for each destination subnet. Distance is calculated in the term of hops. Each instance
where a packet goes through a router is called a hop, and the route with the least number of hops
to the destination subnet is selected as the best route for that destination subnet.

For more details, please check the below reference.

Reference:
• Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, "Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach," 8th edition, Pearson,
2020.
• https://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/ccna-study-guide/rip-protocol-configuration-guide-
with-examples.html
• https://ipcisco.com/lesson/routing-information-protocol-rip/
• https://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2262897&seqNum=3
162
 • https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/lan/catalyst9300/software/release/16-
8/configuration_guide/rtng/b_168_rtng_9300_cg/b_168_rtng_9300_cg_chapter_0100.pdf

1. Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

1 35 Medium CLO-6
2 30 High CLO-6

Activity 1: Initial IP configuration

Device Interface IP Configuration Connected with
PC0 Fast Ethernet 10.0.0.2/8 Router0’s Fa0/1
Router0 Fa0/1 10.0.0.1/8 PC0’s Fast Ethernet
Router0 S0/0/1 192.168.1.254/30 Router2’s S0/0/1
Router0 S0/0/0 192.168.1.249/30 Router1’s S0/0/0
Router1 S0/0/0 192.168.1.250/30 Router0’s S0/0/0
163
Router1 S0/0/1 192.168.1.246/30 Router2’s S0/0/0
Router2 S0/0/0 192.168.1.245/30 Router1’s S0/0/1
Router2 S0/0/1 192.168.1.253/30 Router0’s S0/0/1
Router2 Fa0/1 20.0.0.1/30 PC1’s Fast Ethernet
PC1 Fast Ethernet 20.0.0.2/30 Router2’s Fa0/1

Assign IP address to PCs

Double click PC0 and click Desktop menu item and click IP Configuration. Assign IP address
10.0.0.2/8 to PC0.

Assign IP address to interfaces of routers

Double click Router0 and click CLI and press Enter key to access the command prompt of
Router0. Three interfaces FastEthernet0/0, Serial0/0/0 and Serial0/0/1 of Router0 are used in
this topology. By default interfaces on router are remain administratively down during the start
up.

We need to configure IP address and other parameters on interfaces before we could actually use
them for routing. Interface mode is used to assign IP address and other parameters. Interface
mode can be accessed from global configuration mode. Following commands are used to access
the global configuration mode.

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#

From global configuration mode we can enter in interface mode. From there we can configure
the interface. Following commands will assign IP address on FastEthernet0/0.

Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0

Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown

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Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#

interface fastEthernet 0/0 command is used to enter in interface mode.

ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 command will assign IP address to interface.

no shutdown command will bring the interface up.

exit command is used to return in global configuration mode.

Serial interface needs two additional parameters clock rate and bandwidth. Every serial cable
has two ends DTE and DCE. These parameters are always configured at DCE end.

We can use show controllers interface command from privilege mode to check the cable’s end.

Router#show controllers serial 0/0/0

Interface Serial0/0/0
Hardware is PowerQUICC MPC860
DCE V.35, clock rate 2000000
[Output omitted]

Fourth line of output confirms that DCE end of serial cable is attached. If you see DTE here
instead of DCE skip these parameters.

Now we have necessary information let’s assign IP address to serial interface.

Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.249 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/1
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.252

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Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#

Router#configure terminal Command is used to enter in global configuration mode.

Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/0 Command is used to enter in interface mode.

Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.249 255.255.255.252 Command assigns IP address to

interface. For serial link we usually use IP address from /30 subnet.

Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000 And Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64 In real life

environment these parameters control the data flow between serial links and need to be set at
service providers end. In lab environment we need not to worry about these values. We can use
these values.

Router(config-if)#no shutdown Command brings interface up.

Router(config-if)#exit Command is used to return in global configuration mode.

We will use same commands to assign IP addresses on interfaces of remaining routers. We need
to provided clock rate and bandwidth only on DCE side of serial interface. Following command
will assign IP addresses on interface of Router1.

Router1
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.250 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/1
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.246 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
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Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit

Use same commands to assign IP addresses on interfaces of Router2.

Router2
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.245 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/1
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.253 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit

Now routers have information about the networks that they have on their own interfaces. Routers
will not exchange this information between them on their own. We need to implement RIP
routing protocol that will insist them to share this information.

Configure RIP routing protocol

Configuration of RIP protocol is much easier than you think. It requires only two steps to
configure the RIP routing.

• Enable RIP routing protocol from global configuration mode.

• Tell RIP routing protocol which networks you want to advertise.

Let’s configure it in Router0

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Router0
Router0(config)#router rip
Router0(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0
Router0(config-router)# network 192.168.1.252
Router0(config-router)# network 192.168.1.248

router rip command tell router to enable the RIP routing protocol.

network command allows us to specify the networks which we want to advertise. We only need
to specify the networks which are directly connected with the router.

That’s all we need to configure the RIP. Follow same steps on remaining routers.

Router1
Router1(config)#router rip
Router1(config-router)# network 192.168.1.244
Router1(config-router)# network 192.168.1.248
Router2
Router2(config)#router rip
Router2(config-router)# network 20.0.0.0
Router2(config-router)# network 192.168.1.252
Router2(config-router)# network 192.168.1.244

That’s it. Our network is ready to take the advantage of RIP routing. To verify the setup we will
use ping command. ping command is used to test the connectivity between two devices.

Access the command prompt of PC1 and use ping command to test the connectivity from PC0.

RIP protocol automatically manage all routes for us. If one route goes down, it automatically
switches to another available. To explain this process more clearly we have added one more
route in our network.

Currently there are two routes between PC0 and PC1.

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Route 1

PC0 [Source / destination – 10.0.0.2] <==> Router0 [FastEthernet0/1 – 10.0.0.1] <==> Router0
[Serial0/0/1 – 192.168.1.254] <==> Router2 [Serial 0/0/1 – 192.168.1.253] <==> Router2
[FastEthernet0/0 – 20.0.0.1] <==> PC1 [Destination /source – 20.0.0.2]

Route 2

PC0 [Source / destination – 10.0.0.2] <==> Router0 [FastEthernet0/1 – 10.0.0.1] <==> Router0
[Serial0/0/0 – 192.168.1.249] <==> Router1 [Serial 0/0/0 – 192.168.1.250] <==> Router1 [Serial
0/0/1 – 192.168.1.246] <==> Router2 [Serial 0/0/0 – 192.168.1.245] <==> Router2
[FastEthernet0/0 – 20.0.0.1] <==> PC1 [Destination /source – 20.0.0.2]

By default RIP will use the route that has low hops counts between source and destination. In our
network route1 has low hops counts, so it will be selected. We can use tracert command to
verify it.

Now suppose route1 is down. We can simulate this situation by removing the cable attached
between Router0 [s0/0/1] and Router2 [s0/0/1].

Okay our primary route went down. What will be happen now?

So far we are running RIP routing protocol and have another route to destination, there is no
need to worry. RIP will automatically reroute the traffic. Use tracert command again to see the
magic of dynamic routing.

3. Graded Lab Tasks

Build the network topology and configure RIP in packet tracer.

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170
 LAB 14
Configure a Wireless Network
Objective:
This lab explains how to configure and connect wireless network in packet tracer step by step with
examples. Learn how to secure a wireless network with WAP key and enable static routing in router with
packet tracer.

Activity Outcomes:
 Connect to a wireless router
 Configure the wireless router
 Connect a wired device to the wireless router
 Connect a wireless device to the wireless router
 Add an AP to the network to extend wireless coverage
 Update default router settings
The activities provide hands - on practice to configure RIP Routing protocol on router.

Useful Concepts
WLANs (Wireless LANs) are very common in today’s World. Everywhere there are a lot of wireless
networks. Even now, you are in many of these wireless signals. It is not an healthty life but they are in
our lives. This lab explains how to configure and connect wireless network in packet tracer step by step
with examples. Learn how to secure a wireless network with WAP key and enable static routing in router
with packet trace.

For more details, please check the below reference.

Reference:
• Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, "Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach," 8th edition, Pearson, 2020.
• https://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/ccna-study-guide/how-to-configure-wireless-network-in-
packet-tracer.html

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 • https://ipcisco.com/lesson/wlan-configuration-on-packet-tracer/
• https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/wireless-mobility/wireless-lan-wlan/68005-wlan-connect.html

1. Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

1 45 Medium CLO-6

Activity 1: Create a practice lab as shown in following figure.

In this practice lab we have three pc connected from Linksys Wireless routers with following
configuration.

• DHCP is configured and enabled on Wireless router

• IP pool for DHCP is 192.168.0.100 to 192.168.0.150
• PC are configured to receive IP from DHCP Server
• No security is configured
• Default SSID is configured to Default
• Topology is working on infrastructure mode
• Default user name and password is admin
• IP of wireless is set to 192.168.0.1

Now your task is to:-

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 • Configure Static IP on PC and Wireless Router
• Change SSID to MotherNetwork
• Change IP address of router to 10.0.0.1 and 10.0.0.2 of PC0 10.0.0.3 of PC1 10.0.0.4 of
PC2
• Secure your network by configuring WAP key on Router
• Connect PC by using WAP key

Step 1: Initial IP Configuration

To complete these tasks follow these step by step instructions

As given in question our network is running on 192.168.0.0 network and all PC's are DHCP
clients and functioning properly. So we will first connect to Wireless router to off DHCP.

Double click on PC and select Web Browser. As given in question IP of Wireless router is
192.168.0.1 so give it in Web browser and press enter, now it will ask for authentication which is
also given in question. Give user name admin and Password to admin

This will bring GUI mode of Wireless router. Scroll down screen to Network Step and Select
Disable DHCP

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Go in end of page and click on Save setting this will save setting click on continue for further
setting

Now select Administration from top Manu and change password to test and go in the end of page
and Click on Save Setting

Again go in the end of page and Click on Save Setting

Now we have completed all given task on Wireless router. Now configure the static IP on all
three PC's

Double click on pc select Desktop tab click on IP configuration select Static IP and set IP as
given below

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PC IP Subnet Mask Default Gateway
PC0 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1
PC1 192.168.0.3 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1
PC2 192.168.0.4 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1

Now it's time to connect PC's from Wireless router. To do so click PC select Desktop click on
PC Wireless

Click on connect tab and click on Refresh button

As you can see in image that Wireless device is accessing MotherNetwork on CH 6 and signal
strength is 100%. In left side you can see that WEP security is configured in network. Click on
connect button to connect MotherNetwork

It will ask for WAP key insert 0123456789 and click connect

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It will connect you with wireless router.

As you can see in image below that system is connected. And PCI card is active.

176
Repeat same process on PC1 and PC2.

Click on continue for further setting. This time it will ask you to authenticate again give new
password test this time

Now click on wireless tab and set default SSID to MotherNetwork

Now Select wireless security and change Security Mode to WEP

Set Key1 to 0123456789

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It will connect you with wireless router.
As you can see in image below that system is connected. And PCI card is active.

Repeat same process on PC1 and PC2

Home Task

Configure the wireless network

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Task 1: Build a Simple Network in the Logical Topology Workspace
Task 2: Configure the Network Devices
Task 3: Test Connectivity between Network Devices
Task 4: Save the File and Close Packet Tracer

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 LAB 15
Configure IPv4 Access Control List (ACL)

Objective
This lab explains how to configure, view, edit, update and delete a standard named access
control. Learn how to create and manage a standard access list through a packet tracer example.

Activity Outcome
• Plan an ACL Implementation
• Configure, Apply, and Verify a Standard ACL

1. Useful Concepts
An Access Control List (ACL) is a list of network traffic filters and correlated actions used to improve
security. It blocks or allows users to access specific resources. ACLs are characterized by single or
multiple permit/deny statements. The purpose is to filter inbound or outbound packets on a selected
network interface. This activity focuses on defining filtering criteria, configuring standard ACLs, applying
ACLs to router interfaces, and verifying and testing the ACL implementation. There are two types of IPv4
ACLs:

• Standard ACLs: These ACLs permit or deny packets based only on the source IPv4
address.
• Extended ACLs: These ACLs permit or deny packets based on the source IPv4 address
and destination IPv4 address, protocol type, source and destination TCP or UDP ports,
and more.

This lab will concentrate on standard ACL. For more details, please check the below reference.
Reference:
• Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, "Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach," 8th edition, Pearson,
2020.
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 • https://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=3089353&seqNum=7
• https://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/ccna-study-guide/configure-standard-access-control-
list-step-by-step-guide.html
• https://ipcisco.com/lesson/access-control-lists/

Addressing Table
Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway
R1 G0/0 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0 N/A
R1 G0/1 192.168.11.1 255.255.255.0 N/A
R1 S0/0/0 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.252 N/A
R1 S0/0/1 10.3.3.1 255.255.255.252 N/A
R2 G0/0 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0 N/A
R2 S0/0/0 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.252 N/A
R2 S0/0/1 10.2.2.1 255.255.255.252 N/A
R3 G0/0 192.168.30.1 255.255.255.0 N/A
R3 S0/0/0 10.3.3.2 255.255.255.252 N/A
R3 S0/0/1 10.2.2.2 255.255.255.252 N/A
PC1 NIC 192.168.10.10 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.1
PC2 NIC 192.168.11.10 255.255.255.0 192.168.11.1
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 PC3 NIC 192.168.30.10 255.255.255.0 192.168.30.1
WebServer NIC 192.168.20.254 255.255.255.0 192.168.20.1

1. Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

1 10 Medium CLO-6

Activity 1: Initial Configuration

Part 1: Plan an ACL Implementation
Step 1: Investigate the current network configuration.
Before applying any ACLs to a network, it is important to confirm that you have full connectivity. Verify that
the network has full connectivity by choosing a PC and pinging other devices on the network. You should be
able to successfully ping every device.

Step 2: Evaluate two network policies and plan ACL implementations.

a. The following network policies are implemented on R2:
 The 192.168.11.0/24 network is not allowed access to the WebServer on the 192.168.20.0/24
network.
 All other access is permitted.
To restrict access from the 192.168.11.0/24 network to the WebServer at 192.168.20.254 without
interfering with other traffic, an ACL must be created on R2. The access list must be placed on the
outbound interface to the WebServer. A second rule must be created on R2 to permit all other traffic.
b. The following network policies are implemented on R3:
 The 192.168.10.0/24 network is not allowed to communicate with the 192.168.30.0/24 network.
 All other access is permitted.
To restrict access from the 192.168.10.0/24 network to the 192.168.30/24 network without interfering with
other traffic, an access list will need to be created on R3. The ACL must be placed on the outbound
interface to PC3. A second rule must be created on R3 to permit all other traffic.

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 Part 2: Configure, Apply, and Verify a Standard ACL
Step 1: Configure and apply a numbered standard ACL on R2.
a. Create an ACL using the number 1 on R2 with a statement that denies access to the 192.168.20.0/24
network from the 192.168.11.0/24 network.
Open configuration window
R2(config)# access-list 1 deny 192.168.11.0 0.0.0.255
b. By default, an access list denies all traffic that does not match any rules. To permit all other traffic,
configure the following statement:
R2(config)# access-list 1 permit any
c. Before applying an access list to an interface to filter traffic, it is a best practice to review the contents of
the access list, in order to verify that it will filter traffic as expected.
R2# show access-lists
Standard IP access list 1
10 deny 192.168.11.0 0.0.0.255
20 permit any

d. For the ACL to actually filter traffic, it must be applied to some router operation. Apply the ACL by
placing it for outbound traffic on the GigabitEthernet 0/0 interface. Note: In an actual operational network,
it is not a good practice to apply an untested access list to an active interface.
R2(config)# interface GigabitEthernet0/0
R2(config-if)# ip access-group 1 out

Step 2: Configure and apply a numbered standard ACL on R3.

a. Create an ACL using the number 1 on R3 with a statement that denies access to the 192.168.30.0/24
network from the PC1 (192.168.10.0/24) network.
R3(config)# access-list 1 deny 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255
b. By default, an ACL denies all traffic that does not match any rules. To permit all other traffic, create a
second rule for ACL 1.
R3(config)# access-list 1 permit any
c. Verify that the access list is configured correctly.
R3# show access-lists
Standard IP access list 1
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 10 deny 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255
20 permit any

d. Apply the ACL by placing it for outbound traffic on the GigabitEthernet 0/0 interface.
R3(config)# interface GigabitEthernet0/0
R3(config-if)# ip access-group 1 out

Step 3: Verify ACL configuration and functionality.

a. Enter the show run or show ip interface gigabitethernet 0/0 command to verify the ACL placements.
b. With the two ACLs in place, network traffic is restricted according to the policies detailed in Part 1. Use
the following tests to verify the ACL implementations:
 A ping from 192.168.10.10 to 192.168.11.10 succeeds.
 A ping from 192.168.10.10 to 192.168.20.254 succeeds.
 A ping from 192.168.11.10 to 192.168.20.254 fails.
 A ping from 192.168.10.10 to 192.168.30.10 fails.
 A ping from 192.168.11.10 to 192.168.30.10 succeeds.
 A ping from 192.168.30.10 to 192.168.20.254 succeeds.
c. Issue the show access-lists command again on routers R2 and R3. You should see output that indicates the
number of packets that have matched each line of the access list. Note: The number of matches shown for
your routers may be different, due to the number of pings that are sent and received.
R2# show access-lists
Standard IP access list 1
10 deny 192.168.11.0 0.0.0.255 (4 match(es))
20 permit any (8 match(es))

R3# show access-lists

Standard IP access list 1
10 deny 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255 (4 match(es))
20 permit any (8 match(es))
Close configuration window

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Answer Configurations

Router R2

enable
configure terminal
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
ip access-group 1 out
access-list 1 deny 192.168.11.0 0.0.0.255
access-list 1 permit any
end

Router R3

enable
configure terminal
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
ip access-group 1 out
access-list 1 deny 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255
access-list 1 permit any
end
End of document

Create and implement a standard access list that blocks the Students section from accessing the
Server section. Students section uses IP subnet 10.0.0.0/8. All packets originating from this
section have an IP address from this subnet. If we create a standard ACL with a deny statement
for this subnet, all packets having an IP address from this subnet in their source address will be
dropped.

In our network, we have seven locations where we can implement the ACL. The following
image shows these locations and the direction in which they can be used to filter traffic.

185
The following table lists the above locations and the effect of the ACL on each location.

Location Interface Direction Effect

Router1's The Students section will not be able to access the Server and the
1 In
Gig0/0 Teachers section.
Router1's The Students section will not be able to access the Server and Teachers
2 Out
Gig0/2 section.
Router0's The Students section will not be able to access the Server and Teachers
3 In
Gig0/2 section.
Router0's The Students section will not be able to access the Server section but it
4 Out
Gig0/0 will be able to access the Teachers section.
Router0's The Students section will not be able to access the Teachers section but it
5 Out
Gig0/1 will be able to access the Server section.
Router1's The Students section will not be able to access the Teachers section but it
6 In
Gig0/1 will be able to access the Server section.
Router1's The Students section will not be able to access the Teachers section but it
7 Out
Gig0/0 will be able to access the Server section.

186