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Introduction Final

Chapter 1 provides an overview of engineering drawing, emphasizing the importance of graphics language in accurately representing objects. It discusses various drawing methods including freehand, instrument, and computer drawing, as well as projection techniques like orthographic and axonometric projections. The chapter also covers traditional drawing tools and line types used in engineering drawings.

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10 views39 pages

Introduction Final

Chapter 1 provides an overview of engineering drawing, emphasizing the importance of graphics language in accurately representing objects. It discusses various drawing methods including freehand, instrument, and computer drawing, as well as projection techniques like orthographic and axonometric projections. The chapter also covers traditional drawing tools and line types used in engineering drawings.

Uploaded by

Arduino Basic
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1

Overview of an
Engineering Drawing
TOPICS
Graphics language

Engineering drawing
Traditional Drawing Tools

Orthographic projection
Orthographic projection
GRAPHICS
LANGUAGE
Effectiveness of Graphics Language
1. Try to write a description of
this object.

2. Test your written description


by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.

You can easily understand that …


The word languages are inadequate for describing the
size, shape and features completely as well as
concisely.
Composition of Graphic Language
Graphic language in “engineering application” use
lines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours
of objects.

The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting” .

A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments


or computer methods.
Freehand drawing
The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.

Example
Instrument drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.

Example
Computer drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, solid works etc.

Example
Engineering
Drawing
Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.

Graphics
language
Describe a shape
(mainly).

Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object.
Traditional
Drawing Tools
DRAWING TOOLS
DRAWING TOOLS

1. Drawing Board 2. Mini Drafter


DRAWING TOOLS

3. T-Square 4. Triangles
DRAWING TOOLS

2H or HB for thick line


4H for thin line

5. Adhesive Tape 6. Pencils


DRAWING TOOLS

7. Protector 8. Scale
DRAWING TOOLS

9. Roller Scale 10. French curve


DRAWING TOOLS

11. Sandpaper 12. Compass


DRAWING TOOLS

13. Pencil Eraser 14. Erasing Shield


DRAWING TOOLS

15. Circle Template 16. Drawing Clip


DRAWING TOOLS

17. Sharpener 18. Clean paper


PROJECTION
METHOD
PROJECTION THEORY

The projection theory is used to graphically represent


3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).

The projection theory is based on two variables:


1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)
PROJECTION METHOD

Perspective Parallel

Oblique Orthographic

Axonometric Multiview
Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an
observer’s eye and an object.

There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge

Parallel projection Perspective projection


Line of sight
Line of sight
Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which
the image is created.

The image is produced by connecting the points where


the LOS pierce the projection plane.

Parallel projection Perspective projection


Plane of projection Plane of projection
Disadvantage of
Perspective Projection
Perspective projection is not
used by engineer for manu-
facturing of parts, because

1) It is difficult to create.
2) It does not reveal exact
shape and size.
Width is distorted
Orthographic
Projection
MEANING
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique
in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the
projection plane

Object views from top


1

2
1 5 2 3 4

5
3

Projection plane
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object
to the line of sight.
Rotate

Two dimensions of an
object is shown. Tilt
More than one view is needed
to represent the object.

Multiview drawing

Three dimensions of an object is shown.

Axonometric drawing
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
NOTES

Orthographic projection technique can produce either


1. Multiview drawing
that each view show an object in two dimensions.
2. Axonometric drawing
that show all three dimensions of an object in one view.

Both drawing types are used in technical drawing for


communication.
Axonometric (Isometric) Drawing
Advantage Easy to understand

Disadvantage Shape and angle distortion

Example Distortions of shape and size in isometric drawing

Circular hole
becomes ellipse.

Right angle becomes obtuse angle.


Multiview Drawing
Advantage It represents accurate shape and size.

Disadvantage Require practice in writing and reading.

Example Multiviews drawing (2-view drawing)


Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections

First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method


Here views are drawn Here views are drawn
by placing object by placing object
in 1st Quadrant in 3rd Quadrant.
( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y ) SYMBOLIC ( Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )
PRESENTATION
OF BOTH METHODS
WITH AN OBJECT
STANDING ON HP ( GROUND) TV
FV ON IT’S BASE.
X Y NOTE:- X Y
HP term is used in 1st Angle method
& FV
TV
For the same
G L
Ground term is used
in 3rd Angle method of projections
FIRST ANGLE
PROJECTION
FOR T.V.
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.

OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.

VP PP

FV LSV
X Y
TV
HP

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS
THIRD ANGLE
FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT


AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.

TV
X Y
LSV FV

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
OF
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS
Basic Line Types
Name according
Types of Lines Appearance
to application

Continuous thick line Visible line

Continuous thin line Dimension line


Extension line
Leader line

Dash thick line Hidden line

Chain thin line Center line

NOTE : We will learn other types of line in later chapters.


Meaning of Lines
Visible lines represent features that can be seen in the
current view
Hidden lines represent features that can not be seen in
the current view

Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers


of circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts

Dimension and Extension lines indicate the sizes and


location of features on a drawing
Example : Line conventions in engineering drawing

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