The Coordination Committee formed by GR No, Abhyas -2116/(Pra.Kru.43/16) SD -4 Dated 25.4.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on 04.05.2020 and ithas been decided to implement it from the educational year 2020-21. - Mathematics and Statistics f Arts:and Science Part - I and a STANDARD TWELVE _ Practical Book _ Student’s Name : — Junior College Name: ~ Division: BCLeNnce Study material about practicals can be obtained through DIKSHA App on your || smartphone by using the Q.R Code. given alongside. cae oee The converse, inverse and contrapositive of the implication pq are: Let us Recall Converse :q>p Inverse :~po~q Contrapositive ; ~q>~ p * Quantifiers and quantified Statements : Look at the following statements : p : “There exists an even prime number in the set of natural numbers”. q : “All natural numbers are positive”. Each of them asserts a condition for some or all objects in a collection. Words “there exists” and “for all” are called quantifiers. “There exists” is called existential quantifier and is denoted by symbol 3. “For all” is called universal quantifier and is denoted by y. Statements involving quantifiers are called quantified statements. Every quantified statement corresponds to a collection and a condition, In statement ? the collection is ‘the set of natural numbers’ and the condition is ‘being even prime’. © What is the condition in the statement 7 ? A statement quantified by universal quantifier y is true if all objects in the collection satisfy the condition. And it is false if at least one object in the collection does not satisfy the condition. A statement quantified by existential quantifier 3 is true if at least one object in the collection satisfy the condition. And it is false if no object in the collection satisfy the condition. Idempotent Law |p a p =p, PYp=p Commutative Law |p vg =4 Vp pAq=qap Associative Law |p a (q@An=@AQ Ar=pagar PY @Gvn=Ppvgvrepvavr Distributive Law [pa (qv r)= (pag v@an PY GAN= PV gap De Morgan’s Law [~(p 0 9) = ~ p v ~g. ~p Vg) = pa ~q Identity Law PAT=pprAFakpvFap, pv 1 [Complement Law |p A~p eh pv-p=T eT=P Absoption Law [pv @AgepPAPV Ost Conditional Law |p > g = ~pv 4 2 oo Biconditional Law |pog= Por @> y= (pv D r iti the negation of Ex. (1) Write the converse, inverse, contrapositive and 9) ° “If two sides of a triangle are congruent then the implication : it’s two angles are congruent. Solution : a + then ie Converse : If two angles of a triangle are congruent then it’s two sides are congruent. / Inverse + If two sides of a triangle are not congruent then it’s two angles are not congruent. : Contrapositive : If two angles of a triangle are not congruent then | it’s two sides are not congruent. Negation : Two sides of a triangle are congruent but it’s two angles are not congruent. Ex. (2) Write (a) truth values and (b) negations of the following statements : i) VxeR,x? is positive. ii) areR,x° is not positive. | iii) Every square is a rectangle. iv) Some parallelograms are rectangles. Solution : ' a). Truth values i) false because the square of 0 is not positive ii) true because the square of 0 is not Positive iii) true iv) ‘true b) Negations i) areR,x? is not positive, iv) No parallelogram is q rectangle, Ex. (3) Without using truth table Solution : LHS. ={[(pvq)n~p]o~ a} = Levan pony aye Prove that {[(pva)a ~p)l>~¢q=[+(pva)yp]y~a (De maxgan's..lace.......) s[(-pr~avelv-e — (.Qe..nAeArg An!s....lacw...) e[-pvnacave)lv-a (Distibubve..law.....) sfoseavny-1- (camplement. lace...) =(-aypjy~q ¢E.dentity...ae es ) = avpy a c.Assoctative.lace.....) nase (dempotentlaw........) sap ¢.cenditional..lacw...... LHS.=R HS. Ex. (4) Using truth table prove | that ~(pq) equivalent to (~p)e>q ? Justify. Solution : = = = x= x P14 lop peg [e(Ped@PG 4] [tlt p | rr ie | {eat r To ree TET Sa Whee aboye..table..we abeenve the colamn no. s.ond..6...ane..identical LPONE=.CP.24 ——————p—____Q-G| grow the switching Gircuiis and Prepare the ; . Q) CPAdy (PAW) bd (PVA LG i Sole ON" Y os Pathe switch Sis clazed 1! the awiisch ai cal © Ps th lich Sig claaeel 14. the sviitch S i6 closed — [PT |we [va] pnd [weawalienayviepava) | —. 2 h t}afofo] 4 ° 1 | ti 1 6 fo 1 o oO a ate os ‘fot fi folo ° ° Pol efi fifo f 1 De a re P [alwal pve [Pvaynve ps i}i}e | ° ells Ty feola 1. 1 ol; lo 1 ° if loti O° ° |Ex..(7) Using truth table prove that (paq)vr=(pvr)a(qvr) Saintione: ee x «rw “ot ao P19 |e | Png |(eaa)vel eva [gyee] (Pye a Cave) ee TITIPE LT Tal Uy TIE IT LT it. TIFF UP Tal P| Title mor Tot Fy Ti ven Til Tt P eLet us Recall ¢ If A and B are square matrices of the same order such that AB = BA =I then A and B are called inverses of cach other. We denote inverse of A by 4". . ; t 1 e If A is a non singular matrix then eae 101 123 Ex. (1) If 4=/0 2 3] and B=|1 1 5{ then find matrices X and Y such that L! 2 1 247 AX = B and YB = A. Solution : Consider the matrix equation AX = B 101 123 0 2 3/X¥=/1 1:5 121 247 ROR-R 12 3|xX=/1 1 5 i) 124 ROL, 2 10 1 123 3 115 Ol srt 2 2 020 12 4101 123 3 113 ol S\X*)0 2 2 0033 ot ot ata, Zh rol 12 3 3Jy_j1 1 5 01 5/k-|5 5 2 001 a 9-33 8 Ts 100 1 ojx=|- 1 2 oo |? pak tes 3.3 7 8 1728 3.3 142 2 5 o i 3 3. Now consider the equation YB = A 23 10 ¥ 1 S5|=|0 2 47 12 we C, 4 C, -2C,,C, > C-36, 100 1-2 -2 Y{J -1 2/=}0 2 3 201 1 0 -2 G>-Ic,100 12 -2 Y}1 1 2/=|0 -2 3 201 1.0 2 GG-G, 5 G>AG-2C, 1 0 0] [-1 2 -6 YjO 1 Oj=|}2 -2 7 201 1 0 -2 G7 G-2¢, 100) ful 2 -6 ylo 1 of=|-12 2 7 oo1}[s 0 2 uN o2 6 2Y=|-12 -2 7 5 0 2 Ex. (2) Show that following system of equations has unique solution. Find its solution by the reduction method. xt+y+z=2, x-2y+z=8, Bx+y+z=4 : Solution : We write the given system of equations in matrix equation as : 1it x 2 AX =B, where 4=|1 -2 1], X¥=|y] and B=/8 3.11 Zz 4 1 1 Iffx 2 2 1} yl=/8 31 Ilz] [4 11] |aj=|l_ -2. )=1(-3)-1(-2)+1(7)=6 Boi | As |A| # 0, A is non-singular.*. Given system has unique Ee R,>R,-Rsy RAR-3R 11 iyfx] f2 0 -3 o}y|=| 6 0 -2 -2IL2} | solution. 1-1 2 Ex. (3) If A= 3 0 2| then verify that , a «1 Bea ee ee 1(0)+1(7)+2(0)=7Z.Let us find minors and cofactors. 4, =(-1)"" M, =9 A, = cof 1 5 "1 on 4, = lg 3 3[-1 2| 4, = N'{) -3 4, = The transpose of the cofactor matrix is the adjoint of A. 0 32 adj A=|-7 1 4 7 sapere 0 00 7 0) = 71 = |A] x1... (2) 07 From (1) and (2) we get A x adj A = (adj A) x A = |A| x I a =1 Ex. (4) IfA= Solution ; A = | 2 1 4 1 1 2 transformations, then find A” 1 py elementary column 123 bis = fs 2 4 7. ' 1 ey - 26 +39 = h As |A| # 0, A is non singular. -. At exist. A'A=T at1302 -7 » At=/-3 -1 2 . 201 001 Ex. (5) Show that matrix ° 1 is invertible. Find its inverse by adjoint 100 , method. Solution : A = “IAL = (0) o jAp=c! As |A| # 0, A is invertible. ©. A? exist. Let us find minors and cofactors. 4, =(-1)"/ M, A, “cyEx. (6) If A = : Solution: AX=B whee t= [3] - Re? RatRa | feel Ra R,-R| etey tz. oy 462 oo rtped -3 B= s and AX = B then find X. Put. 22.78..in.eqr |. a9 t.6Ce.e-!s. Vi DY nr POE Qos mye ISHS En 3y = 2|100 LEx. (7) If A= F 1 1 then find matrix B such that AB = I. Verify 131 that BA = I, cies a \ ° 6 t Solution : a= le7 ra fal.s.J42 . | 3g =1C-9)-0(F2) 4016-0 | Sl-o+o a lt ae a is, non:..siagalarr 2 flexie ow. Now.coe..wnill| Bi id. mabix.2...cach, that... Ro Re ER Re>ReRI 1 oo a\s| oo Oo} o “310 os jt afore rats” ay ee | — Rom ® ale ‘irons that conn REE, oat pls. >A re Vemified.Let us Recall on is called a principal solution © A solution a of a trigonometric equation Is if Osa<2n, | is 0 = nn + (-1)" G, where n © The general solution of sin 0 = sin & IS eZ = ; is Qz2nnta» Where neZ- © The general solution of cos =cosa 18 0 =2nt 7 is 0= ;where neZ- © The general solution of tan@=tana is O=nt +o © The general solution of gin?@=sin?a iS 0 = nm tax where nez- * The general solution of cost@=cos?a i8 O=neta, where neZ. © The general solution of tan?@-tan?a 18 O=nnta, Where neZ. a_b_e ——=2R, where R is the sind sinB sinC ° The Sine Rule : In A ABC, circumradius of A ABC. Following are the different forms of the Sine rule. @ vi oo a=2R (ii) @=2Rsin 4, b+2RsinB, c=2RsinC sind sinB sin (iii) sind _sinB _sinC _, (iv) 2 ind b _sinB ; a b c b sinB’c sinC (v) bsin A= asin B,csin B = bsinC,csin A=asinC ¢ The Cosine Rule : In A ABC, ‘ @ =b' +c? —2becos A> b* =c? +a*—2cacosB> c =a’ +b? —2abcosC | ¢ The Projection Rule ; In A\ABC, a=beosC+ccosB, b=ccosA+acosC, c=acosB+bcos A ¢ Half angle formulae : In\A ABC, if a+b+c=25 then © sin feed), sind = fe-e)e-e) sine Coa)Ex. (1) In A ABC, prove that a’ sin(B—C) +5" sin(C- 4) +c’ sin(A~B)=0. Solution : Method I We know that by Sine Rule, in A ABC, — 7 sind sind sind=ak, sinB=bk, sinC =ck By Cosine Rule, 5? 4¢~a? = 2hccosd» ¢? +a? —b? =2cacosB> ' @ +b’ —c? =2abcosC Consider the expression, a’sin(B-C), a sin(B-C) = a° (sin Bcos C~cos BsinC) = a’ (bk cos C—ck cos B) = ka® (abcos C—accos B) 4 (2abcasC-2accosB) = ke (et +b? -c)-(c? +a*-b*)) a Ae (ap* 204) tad? hac a@sin(B-C)=b?- Kc? ...(1) Similarly we can prove that Psin(C— A) =ko*b? hab? ...(2) c’sin(A-B)=ka°c* kb’? ...(3) Adding (1), (2) and (3) , we get a sin(B—C) +b’ sin(C- A) +c’ sin(A~B) =0 Method If : By using identity sin(4+B)sin(A-B)=sin? A-sin’? B Consider the expression, a’sin(B-C), ‘@'sin(B—C)=a?asin(B-C) =a’ksin Asin(B-C)* =a’ksin(B+C)sin(B-C) =ark(b? -c?) @ sin(B-C) = ta’b*-katc? ...(1)Similarly we can prove that DP sin(C—A) =ke*6? kab? 2) Csin(4=B)= hate? -kb?e? «--G) we get Adding (1), (2) and (3) » @sin(B—C)+6>sin(C-A) +6 sin(A~B)= Ex. (2) In A ABC prove that : ; (8 +6? -«)tand =(a' +0? ~6*)sanB=(0" +4 -c?)tanC Solution : By Cosine Rule, g? =5?+c?-2bccos A b? =c? +a? —2cacosB ¢ =a’ +b? —2abcosC Consider the expression (c* +5" —a’)tand 5 (c?+6*-a*)tan A= 2bce0s Ax S24 =2bexsin A =2bexak ( by Sine Rule) = 2abck 1. (e+5?=a")tand=2abck .... (1) Similarly we can prove that (a? +c? -5?)tanB =2abck .» (2) (6? +a? -c?)tanC =2abek .. QB) From (1), (2) and (3) , we get (c? +0* -a* rand = (a? +0? —6*)tanB =(6? +a? —c*)tanC A Ex.(3) In A ABC, prove that ll)-(- (s22%)om( 4) b+c-a 2 Solution : We know that van = |{s=b)(s=e) B_ |(s-a)(s—c s(s-a) ane “Ss: Cc tan—= 2 3(s-c) LHS. = cot +cot2 reo 2 2 20 + =| 26-4), | se=i) , [S-fere) fences" (SF al S-0) "V-A(o=a) s(s-c)* gn0)= S(S=b) , (s—b)(s—a)(s—e) WON s— (=a) "VE=aNlo-5-B) 7 ear tee hots _ {35-25}* Ex.(4) If peavet and sin‘ x+sin'2x=5 then find x. Solution : Let sin'x=0 » sitbex and cod= Vo b=.Sin*@ x As \ sin x+sin'2x=> sin” ‘veh sinks a sin"'2 = Hg as 3 2x=sin( ~®) . 2x=sinZcos@—cos~ sind 3 3 » 2x=. “Beco. sino 2. 4x=3cos6-sind 4x=3ViR8In@- x 2. 25x? =3-3x? 28 =3 xst. Y2/o \Poe Pee But 0<2x<1, . x=). Ex.(5) Find the general solution of (a) sin@ +cos@ +1=0 (b) tan? @—3tan@ =0 Solution : (a) Given sin@+cos@+1=0 +. sin@+cos@=-1 Solution : aa ie e- (e-*/a = cose%) @aiveng sine +ase+|=0 @s 6 = cosy Ree 2n RE néz o- ly = anne 3% ee , 8. F(y= 2nK4+3x @.o- % ana ax ea 4- *.SiN.O.+..COS..O..5 es maltply.both. sicle.by ‘Aa. ge wse tk sine = Ka (os Fy @S0 +sin7/q sine ws 7, cos (6 -*/y) = cos (K- *u) \-@s © = ws Geo neé2m @= on wr4.g% 4% @ o= an SZ 4h, ner . = 2NKAT @ Oranr-t nee (©) tan’9-31an0 =0 a tan O(tan? 9-3) =0 Solution : aiven : tan26 - atano= ° tome Chart -3)= iene ens tan* 9 = fon? tme =O oR ton%o-3= =O tanto = tan 3 © = mN+K consider tan 6<0 mee =m? =< Fy Nee ass 1% OR O=mxti Ss Ex. (6) Using Cosine rule prove the Sine rule. Solution (a =... Sina. = (obctb 402) Gbe- b2ckd q d= 4a*b?c? — = bob ct cta®) (arbzabeté 4a?be 2 b 4 ct a> — | [ere = o> fat (b- o)4) = von ldd®b2ee =Catbtc) Catb-oC(b+ c-a) 292)* Ca-btc) ee Oz eae —o Soe (bea?) sin)" _ = Sinks = boets ee ==(atb-4c)Ca+b-9 (b+c-a) ca-bte) 4ab?c™. ——-@ ees e oy GabteXaitbre) t- [ese b> = 2¢a b> = [2co™ CoM ate) ] EDI c Got ate rn 5 [email protected] aeetesE CAGE 89 Veina\"/orng\ a = 2Cate oo ace acq~c¥a \e2*)- ~(epe)' sine) = (cta-b)tetatb) Cb+.c-0).(b=c# . ~__4a*b3c2 _ sind “Sine Ex. (7) Write principal solutions of | tan5@=-1 Solution : tm.O.=. 7... ton.s0.= ten 7/4 ten s@ = tan(X- 7/y) “-tmé.= tan Css 2). tance = ton 3% “ete aa) ten 62 ton a €- nr, nez ‘aze Ee “Se =n tse nee “er nk az, nez. — ioe 3x € (0, 2%) Patnsl, cea ae LE [0,27] ,-\0, o= oF 434 48e = aca futne> ona +ae 22 OF d (28 Sign of Teacher : a eee i+ 4. Trigonometric Let us Recall © Inverse Trigonometric functions : (i) sin(sintx)=x, for re[-1,1] (ii) sin (sin y) = y, for y € “4.4 2 (iii) cos(costx)=x, for xe[-1l] (iv) cost (cos y) = y, for y € [0,7] (v) tan(tan“'x)=x, for xe R (vi) tan“ (tan y) = y, for ve(-£.4] (vii) see(sec"'x)=x, for x0,y>0 then prove that fan x—tan“! y= Solution : Let tan*x=@ and tan" ya tand tang =As x>0 and y>0, we have O<<5 and o stan, @ .=-x Where -x€ Roo 2 ohm. o.tan(~ 8) = tan =x, xeRand-Z<-0<5 » TO.stn'x eta’ ben's estan" (—x) =—tan"x r 4 Ex. (4) Prove that : tan” cots) cosé sind cone sine | Solution ; LH.S.=tan" . cos —sin8 =r 1+tan@ I=. Fan. +0 As ie fume orf. + ©. 3] tan| = tant We have, tan“(tan0)=@ for ~F0<5, a Since -2<0< 44 LL ee 94 tc 54k 44. 4°44 .O .<0+2<, 4 a From equation (1) we get, LHS.= tan [+0 = Bite From equation (2), ee ae —Sa +sind] 5 . Thus, tan ‘| ne = 240 for oe(-7,2 =sino | 4 a4 Ex. (5) If sin" (1—x)=2sin ‘w= then find the value of x. Solution : Sint! (\-2),- 28in eso, Put e=sing six! (cing) - 2-sin'Gins) =u. sing (asing “mo 4 1 3 ORasiny+ =o Sin (ising) - =29> M/o. AR... Stay e/a. OR xel/o 3, sing ° Vay is observed that sin’ GQ 3) - 2 Sinty soe Sind. Clelig) ~2Sin)..C/2) ews at sint(Ve) —asinl Cle) Fsing -osiny =O We Me = — Yet Ta esin’d Sing =O To PHS RHE BEET 7a TS Kebgo!) 1 v=o Soe Ex. (6) Show that sin” (2x19?) = 22 +2c08""x if-isxs-L v2 We know that Solution: .Sin'(eine) =~ ESace Sia e = Jee? ule have +o Rin alia’ eae ie =sint eon y which..= TL go. z “ ° aa Pa 2e sine Jkt... Shin! ! Cain. 12.6)... n-gage gest Sin* fein Cre 28)] ‘eind=—sinare) gee Ede Sait Es Teens 5) sin (sin én 26)] asin! (SSine | casey) ) Ree eet peeg aa oe : ara ne ot divides ABin the vata cA. cB te bia —— Pda tbh (aibyp= aa + bb ™ atb a “ETO Toa = _Ceaye TOE _ GOP Te Tae: Tena) +c) +a “CtO4+b @tby © atbtc~ Ex. (6) Using vect ‘i, of ‘ots prove that a quadrilateral is a rectangle if its gonals are congruent and bisect cach other. D nes : Leb. ABCD. be.q.... gle. Wet b,c. dy @ be Wwe Yesto®. Of. points..8,B..c.P, e. aespectiyely - singe ABCD is rectangle |” mB = pe occa 6 Perea) shows >that: the pint OF BD-and--Ae- “ScThe dia: 16 BD o —pisest éach othe abe. the dtagonel..o&9. ‘rectangle pisos eaah-othe) AEB (BE 4AS)... le lo+ o+lne| * (6/9 [Shisect, cones Faince dita. bisect- Be. Be- Be AB- ARSC TAB HAE =o xo} 98) * + 168 — : -\epl? 2. ac=BD — fom@ 4.6 fhe diagonals ote ; os me congsuent ectangle—4 ye debdio— ae (sel 2 Re and Bp oft ABC @nguent- and bi et Sh cothexat aight angles se hae a i pasallelogsam NaW..weL B&D fer tee EO SERB eo cadpabent STE AB FEC cD_are ‘S shombus YON), (ae eral pet “ A8cD IS =a gt cent sid@s_ofO. Bue te3 are paxpandiinlor BD.....BP... (SS A (Be- BD : eee ABCD Ts a square. Dapep —ts-a-mectengle- _ oeEx. (7) Using veetots prove that the perpendicular bisector one SESS ofa triangle are, concurrent. , Solution Let DE eb! | ‘ atdpareb abate: Le. Onec... det the [= Bee lob... = cand Acmest | (pxe\ (€-b)=O_} —t a! Sign of Teacher : alos ———— SECS ceLine and Plane >.-- Ex. (1) Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from A(L2.1) to the line joining” b(1,4,6)° ahd O(S44).°" Solution : Let M be the foot of the Perpendicular sdrawns from A: to line PQ. A P M Q Let k : 1 be the ratio in which’ M_ divides PQ. (2 4k+4 4k+6 k+l? k+l’ kat - Direction ratios of AM are 5+, 4k+4_». 4k +6 = -1 k+l OR+1 7 +1 4k 2k+2 3k+5 keV kal +1 And the direction a of PQ are: 4, As AM LPO, (x6 {HO 16k -6k-10=0 kel The co-ordinates of mM are G 4,5). (3-1 +(4-2)' +(S-1f = V4+4ri6 = “Ph =2V6. unit, Ex. (2) If @ is the angle between the line = and the plane. ax+Py+yz+5=0 | prove that axa+bxP+exy, Hence find the angle between the line “x=y=z and the XY plane. Solution :