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Chapter 3

The document discusses various SQL operations for joining data, focusing on UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT. It provides syntax examples and practical applications using tables of monarchs and prime ministers. The document also includes Venn diagrams to illustrate the concepts of set theory in relation to SQL joins.

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Meli Mayless
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6 views28 pages

Chapter 3

The document discusses various SQL operations for joining data, focusing on UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT. It provides syntax examples and practical applications using tables of monarchs and prime ministers. The document also includes Venn diagrams to illustrate the concepts of set theory in relation to SQL joins.

Uploaded by

Meli Mayless
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Set theory for SQL

Joins
J O I N I N G D ATA I N S Q L

Maham Faisal Khan


Senior Content Developer, DataCamp
Venn diagrams and set theory

JOINING DATA IN SQL


Venn diagrams and set theory

JOINING DATA IN SQL


UNION diagram
UNION takes two tables as input, and returns all records from both tables

JOINING DATA IN SQL


UNION ALL diagram
UNION ALL takes two tables and returns all records from both tables, including duplicates

JOINING DATA IN SQL


UNION and UNION ALL syntax
UNION syntax UNION ALL syntax
SELECT * SELECT *
FROM left_table FROM left_table
UNION UNION ALL
SELECT * SELECT *
FROM right_table; FROM right_table;

JOINING DATA IN SQL


UNION and UNION ALL syntax

JOINING DATA IN SQL


UNION and UNION ALL syntax

JOINING DATA IN SQL


To the monarchs table
SELECT *
FROM monarchs;

| country | continent | monarch |


|----------------|-------------|-------------------------|
| Brunei | Asia | Hassanal Bolkiah |
| Oman | Asia | Haitham bin Tarik |
| Norway | Europe | Harald V |
| United Kingdom | Europe | Charles III |

JOINING DATA IN SQL


Prime ministers, meet the monarchs
SELECT monarch AS leader, country
FROM monarchs
UNION
SELECT prime_minister, country
FROM prime_ministers
ORDER BY country, leader
LIMIT 10;

JOINING DATA IN SQL


After the UNION
|-------------------------|----------------|
| leader | country |
|-------------------------|----------------|
| Anthony Albanese | Australia |
| Hassanal Bolkiah | Brunei |
| Mostafa Madbouly | Egypt |
| Narendra Modi | India |
| Christopher Luxon | New Zealand |
| Harald V | Norway |
| Jonas Gahr Støre | Norway |
| Haitham bin Tarik | Oman |
| Shehbaz Sharif | Pakistan |
| Luís Montenegro | Portugal |
|-------------------------|----------------|

JOINING DATA IN SQL


UNION ALL with the leaders
SELECT monarch AS leader, country
FROM monarchs
UNION ALL
SELECT prime_minister, country
FROM prime_ministers
ORDER BY leader, country
LIMIT 10;

JOINING DATA IN SQL


UNION ALL result
| leader | country |
|-------------------------|----------------|
| Anthony Albanese | Australia |
| Hassanal Bolkiah | Brunei |
| Hassanal Bolkiah | Brunei |
| Mostafa Madbouly | Egypt |
| Narendra Modi | India |
| Christopher Luxon | New Zealand |
| Harald V | Norway |
| Jonas Gahr Støre | Norway |
| Haitham bin Tarik | Oman |
| Haitham bin Tarik | Oman |

JOINING DATA IN SQL


Let's practice!
J O I N I N G D ATA I N S Q L
At the INTERSECT
J O I N I N G D ATA I N S Q L

Maham Faisal Khan


Senior Content Developer, DataCamp
INTERSECT Venn diagram

JOINING DATA IN SQL


INTERSECT diagram

JOINING DATA IN SQL


INTERSECT syntax
SELECT id, val
FROM left_table
INTERSECT
SELECT id, val
FROM right_table;

JOINING DATA IN SQL


INTERSECT vs. INNER JOIN on two columns
INTERSECT syntax INNER JOIN syntax
SELECT * SELECT *
FROM left_table FROM left_table
INTERSECT INNER JOIN right_table
SELECT * ON left.id = right.id
FROM right_table; AND left.val = right.val

JOINING DATA IN SQL


Countries with prime ministers and presidents
SELECT country as intersect_country
FROM prime_ministers
INTERSECT
SELECT country
FROM presidents;

| intersect_country |
|-------------------|
| Egypt |
| Portgual |
| Pakistan |
| India |

JOINING DATA IN SQL


INTERSECT on two fields
SELECT country, prime_minister AS leader
FROM prime_ministers
INTERSECT
SELECT country, president
FROM presidents;

|-----------|----------|
| country | leader |
|-----------|----------|
|-----------|----------|

JOINING DATA IN SQL


Countries with prime ministers and monarchs
SELECT country, prime_minister AS leader
FROM prime_ministers
INTERSECT
SELECT country, monarch
FROM monarchs;

|---------|--------------------|
| country | leader |
|---------|--------------------|
| Brunei | Hassanal Bolkiah |
| Oman | Haitham bin Tarik |
|---------|--------------------|

JOINING DATA IN SQL


Let's practice!
J O I N I N G D ATA I N S Q L
EXCEPT
J O I N I N G D ATA I N S Q L

Maham Faisal Khan


Senior Content Developer, DataCamp
EXCEPT Venn diagram

JOINING DATA IN SQL


EXCEPT diagram

JOINING DATA IN SQL


EXCEPT syntax
SELECT monarch, country
FROM monarchs
EXCEPT
SELECT prime_minister, country
FROM prime_ministers;

|------------------|------------------|
| monarch | country |
|------------------|------------------|
| Harald V | Norway |
| Charles III | United Kingdom |
| Willem-Alexander | Netherlands |
|------------------|------------------|

JOINING DATA IN SQL


Let's practice!
J O I N I N G D ATA I N S Q L

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