Unit-II Transform

Formula

Fourier Transform
∞
Fourier transform of f(x) defined in the
interval −   x   𝐹(𝜆) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 −𝑖𝜆𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
−∞
∞
Fourier cosines transformFc (λ),
𝐹𝑐 (𝜆) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜆 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
0
∞
Fourier sine transform𝐹𝑠 (𝜆),
𝐹𝑠 (𝜆) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜆 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
0

Inverse Fourier transform f (x ) defined in 1 

 F ( )e d
ix
f ( x) =
−   x   ,if F () is given 2 −

Inverse Fourier cosine transform f(x) of 𝐹𝑐 2

(𝜆) f ( x) =
  F ( ) cos xd
0
c

∞
Inverse Fourier sine transform f(x) of 𝐹𝑠 2
(𝜆) 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝐹𝑠 (𝜆)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜆𝑥𝑑𝜆
𝜋
0

e ax
 e sin bxdx = (a sin bx − b cos bx)
ax

a2 + b2

e ax
 e cos bxdx =
Basic integration formula ax
(a cos bx + b sin bx)
a2 + b2

∞
𝑏
∫ 𝑒 −𝒂𝒙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
0 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

∞
𝑎
∫ 𝒆−𝒂𝒙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
0 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
 Z- Transform

𝑍(𝑎𝑘 ), 𝑘 ≥ 0 𝑧
, |𝑧| > 𝑎
𝑧−𝑎
𝑧
𝑍(𝑎𝑘 ), 𝑘 < 0 - , |𝑧| < 𝑎
𝑧−𝑎
𝑓(𝑘) = sin 𝛼 𝑘, 𝑘 ≥ 0 𝑧 sin 𝛼
, |𝑧| > 1
𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝛼+1

𝑓(𝑘) = cos 𝛼 𝑘, 𝑘 ≥ 0 𝑧(𝑧 − cos 𝛼)

|𝑧| > 1
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos 𝛼 + 1

Change of Scale :

If Z{f(k)}= F(z) then 𝑍[𝑎𝑘 𝑓(𝑘)] 𝑧

{𝑍[𝑓(𝑘)]}𝑧= 𝑧 = 𝐹 ( )
𝑎 𝑎

Multiplication by k :  d 
Z{kf (k )} =  − z Z [ f (k )]
If Z{f(k)}= F(z) then
 dz 

∞
Division by k : 𝑓(𝑘) 1
𝑍[ ] = ∫ (𝑍[𝑓(𝑘)])𝑑𝑧
𝑘 𝑧 𝑧
If Z{f(k)}= F(z) then
Inverse Z- Transform

 z 
Z −1  z  a = ak , k  0
 z − a 
z  a = −a k , k  0
 1  z  a = a k −1 , k  1
Z −1 
 z − a  z  a = −a k −1 , k  0
Method of finding IZT by inversion Integral method

Step:1 Find poles of F(z)

Step:2 Find residue of at poles

Step:3 Sum of all the residues gives f(k)

Residue at z=a of order 1 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒛→𝒂 (𝒛 − 𝒂)𝑭(𝒛)𝒛𝒌−𝟏

Residue at z=a of order 2 𝒅

𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒛→𝒂 (𝒛 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝑭(𝒛)𝒛𝒌−𝟏
𝒅𝒛
solution of Difference equation by ZT

 Step:1 Take ZT on both sides of difference

equation

❑ Step:2 By using these formula and initial

conditions simplify the equation

 Step:3 Find the expression for F(z)

 Step:4 Take IZT on both sides in step:3 expression.

By using partial fraction method and

inversion integral method find f(k)

Z  f (k ) = F (z )
Z  f (k + 1) = zF (z ) − zf (0)

Z  f (k + 2) = z 2 F (z ) − z 2 f (0) − zf (1)

Z  f (k − 1) = z −1 F (z )