18 EXPONENTS AND POWERS

large numbers Such as

We use exponents to read, comprehend and compare very
289,000,000,000,000,000,000,000; 49.856.000,000,000,000,000,000,000;
9,576,085,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, etc.
In this chapter, we are going to learn about exponents and their usage.

EXPONENTS
When a number has to be multiplied by itself several times, it can be expressed in a special form
called exponential form.

Product Exponential form Read as

10 x 10 102 10 squared or 10 raised to the power2

10 x 10 x 10 10 10 cubed or 10 raised to the power 3
10 x 10 x10 x 10
10 10 raised to the power 4
and so on

Thus, 10 means that 10 is multiplied by itself 4 times

10 = 10 x 10 x 10 x 10= 10000
Here, 10, the number that is multiplied, iscalled the base and 4, thenumber of times it is
multiplied by itself, is called the exponent, power or index.
In all aforementioned examples, the base is 10. However, the base can be any other number also.
For example:
1. 2 x2 x 2x 2 x 2 = 2, where 2 is the base and 5 is the exponent.
OA ) x(3) x(3) x(-3) =(-3, where (-3) is the base and 4is the exponent.
This,notaion for writing the product of an integer by itself a number of times is called the
exponential form or power notation.
Hence, if ais any integer, then a x a xax ... n times=a, where a is called the base and n is
called the exponent, index or power.
Any number raised to power 1.gives the number itself.
For example: 2 = 2,334= 4 and so on.

296 | EXPONENTS AND POWERS

(-)odd positive integer I and
For eample: (-npoxitihe integer

ii. (I-())-1
Apositive integer
iv, ( I - ) ) x ) ( ) = land so on.
raised to an odd or even
For cxample: positive power is always positive.
=2x 2× 2= 8(positive)
ii 24=2 x2 × 2x 2= 16 (positive)
i35 =3× 3x 3 x 3x 3 =
i 30 =3× 3x 3 243 (p0sitive)
x3x 3 x3 =729 (positive)
Anegative integer raised to an odd positive power is
For example: negative.
i-2'= (2) x(-2) x (-2) =
i. (-3)' =(-3) x (-3) x (-3) -8 (negative)
=-27 (negative)
Anegative integer raised to an even positive
For example:
power is positive.
L (2)= (-2) x(-2) x (2) x (-2) = 16 (positive)
i. (-3) = (3) x (-3) x (-3) x (3) = 81 (positive)
SOLVED EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE
1Write the base and power for each of the following.
a. 3 b. (-2)5
d. (-100? e . (-68)2 f (2 x 2)5
a, 37; base =3 and power 7
b. (-2); base = (-2) and power =5
. (-1)'; base =(-1) and power = |

d. (-100)2: base = (-100) and power - 2

e. (-68)2; base =(-68) and power = 2

f. (2 x 2 = 45; base = 4 and power = 5

EXAMPLE 2 Write the following in exponential form.

x 7x7x 7=z3
-2) x-2) x(-2) x (-2) x; (-2) x(-2) x (-2) : (-2)
A. 55x 7x7 x 7x7 =
. I 2 x*Xx xx XX-2
axa xaüxb xexx d x dxd a'x
a. 7 x 7 x7=73

b. (-2) x (-2) x (-2) x (-2) x (-2) x (-2) x (2) =(-2)

EXPONENTS AND.POWERS | 297
 d. § $x777x7-(5 S)x (7 x7x 7 x 7) - 52 7
e. 2 2 I ( 2 2) x(rxXIX )-2
. axaxaxax bxcxex dx d xd -(axa xux a) hx(c xc) (d x d d

AMP3 Iypres each of the following numbers using exponential notation.

b. 2401 729 d. 625

a. 256 =2 x22 x2 x2x 2 x 2 x2 - 2N b. 2401=7x7 x 7x 7= 74

e. 729 =3× 3x 3 x3x3x3= 30 d. 625 - 5 x5 x 5 x 5 = 54
EXAMPLE A E\pres cach of the following umbers using exponential notation.
LA27 o.-32 c. -343 d. -125

a. -27 =(-3) x (3) x (-3) =(-3

b. -32 = (2) x (-2) x (-2) x(-2) x(-2) = (-2)
c. -343 =(-7) x (-7) x (-7) =(-7
d. -125 =(-5) x (-5) x (-5) = (-5)
EXAMPLE S Find the value of the following.
d. (-5)
a. 3 = 3 x3 x 3 x 3 x 3 = 243 b. (-1)0= (-1)even positive integer =1
c. (-1)3 =(-1)odd positive integer =1 d. (-5) =(-5) x(-5) x(-5) x (5) =625
EXAMPLE 6 Express 64 in exponential form as a power of 2.
64 =2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 26
EXAMPLE 7 Identify the greater number in each of the following.
A. 7 or 27 A. 5 or 45
. 100 or 3l00 d. 210 or 10
a. 7 =7 x 7= 49 b. 5 =5 x 5 x 5x5= 625
27 = 2x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2x 2 = 128 45 = 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 = 1024
Since 128> 49, . 27 > 72. Since 1024 > 625, :. 45 > 5,
Hence, the greater number is 2'. Hence, the greater number is 49.
c. 100* = 100 x 100 x 100 = 1000000
3100 = 3 x 3 x 3 x ... 100 times
= 3x3 x3 x ... x3 x 3 x3 x3 x ... X3
13 times 87 times
= 1594323 x 3 x 3 x3 x... x 3
87 times

298 | EXPONENTS AND POWERS

 Since I594323 x
3x3x}* I000000
CO0L TIP
> 100 87imes
Prime factors of a
Hence, he greater number is number can be expressed
A02 x 2 3m in exponential form.
2× x2 x2 x 2
10° 10x 10 =00 x2x 2 x 2 x2 1024
Since 1024 >100, :. 20 >
Hence, the greater number is10.210,
EXAMPLE 8
Express each
of
of the
following as produet
powers of their prime faetors.
a. 900
Lo. 3600 ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
2 900
b.
2450 2|3600 1. Express 2 x 2 x axaxbx bxb
CHECKPOINT!
2|1800 inexponential form.
3225
2900 2. Express 8 x -16 x-4x 42 in
375 exponential form.
525
21450
3|225 3. Find the value of (-4).
55 4. Evaluate -2 x (-4)2 x0 x (7)12,
375
O 5. Express 16807 as a power of 7.
525
6. Express 124 as product of powers
55
of its prime factors.
Thus, 900 = 2x 2x 3 x 3 x 5 x5 1

=22 x 32x $2 Thus, 3600 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 5 x 5

Hence, 900 = 22 x 32 x 52. = 24 x 32 x 52
Hence, 3600 = 24 x 3² x 52.
EXAMPLE9
Simplify the following.
x3 b0x 105 c. 35 x 52 d. 3' x 103
a. 4 x 3 = 4 x 4 x 4 x4 x 3x 3 =256 x9= 2304
b. 0 x 10 = 0 x 10 x 10 x10 x 10 x 10 = 0 x 100000 = 0

c. 35 x 52 =3 x3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 5 x 5 = 243 x 25 = 6075
d. 32 x 10 = 3x 3x 10 x 10 × 10 =9 x 1000 =9000

EXAMPLE 10 Simplify the following.

a. (-4) b. (-3) x (-2)³ c. (-2)' x (-10)'
a. (-4) =(4) x(4) x(4) x(4) =256
b. (-3 x(-2 =(-3) x(3) x(-2) x(-2) x(-2) =(9) x(-8) =-72
e. (-2) x (-10 =(-2) x (2) x (-2) x(-2) x (-10) x (-10) x (-10)
= 16 x (-1000) = -16000
EXPONENTS AND PoWERS | 299
 Iauate the follow ing.
A. 25) x )" C.
(-3)(4)'
d. (6)'7 1yN 5)+ 5
S"(5)
3' x72= 3x 3 x 7x 7=9 x 49 = 441
(25)° x (-l³l = 25 x 25 x (-1) = -625
C.
(-3) x(4 = (-3) x (-3) x (-3) x (-3) x (-4) x (-4) x (-4)
= 81 x (-64) =-5184
d.
(-6) x 72 x (-18 =(-6) x (-6) x (-6) x 7x 7 x1
=-216 x 49 x | =-10584
e.
(-5) +(-5)² = [(-5) x(-5) x (-5)]+[(5) x (-5)]
= (-125) + 25 =-100
f. 7- 5 = (7 x 7 x 7x 7) -(5 x 5 x 5) = 2401 125 = 2276
g. x(-5) x(-5) x(-5)
(-s)ó +(5) = 5) x(-5) x(-5)(-5)
= (5) x (-5) x (-5) x (-5) x (5) =-3125
EXAMPLE Which is greater 8.7 x 1012 or 9.5 x 108?
8.7 x 1012 = 8.7 x 10 x 10!l =87 x 1011
9,5 x 108 = 9.5 x 10 × 107= 95 x 107
Number of digits in 87 x 10!1 is greater than the number of digits in 95 x 107.
.. 87 x 10!! > 95 x 107
Hence, 8.7 x 1012 > 9.5 x 108, CHECKPOINT!
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
EXA,APLE 131 Find the value of x, when
1. (-2) x -191 =
a. 2x =32 b, (-3} = -243 2. (34 x 35) + (3² x 33) =
a. 2* =32 3. If x = -125, then x =
’ 2* = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 25 4. Simplify [16² + 8] + 28
x=5

b. (3 =-243
’ (-3) = (-3) x (-3) x(-3) x (-3) x (-3) -3)°
X=5

EXERCISE 18A
Write the base and power for each of the following.
ik 65 i. 3)? ii. (-1y iv. (-80)
V (-35)2 s (3 x 3)5 yit: [(-3) x(-3)]+ viii.. (-a)y
300| EXPONENTS AND POWERS
 Write the following in
exponential fom.
i. (3) x(3) x(3) x (-3)=(
5x 5 xaxax a 5Ka
(3) x(3) x
*X**NXyxyx
33 Express cach of the
z xz Xz Xz

i 81 following mumbers in Cxponential form.

i. 1296
Ai. 15625 Lir. 2048
4. Express cach of the
i. -128
following numbers in exponential form.
i. -243 i. -16807
ii. -3125
5: Find the value of the
following.
ii. 132 iii. 53 133
iv. 37
6. Evaluate the following.
Vi (-3) i. (-2) i. (-7 iy, (5)
7. Express 2187 as a power of 3.
8. ldentify the greater number in each of the
following.
i. 2 or 32 ii. 3 or 43 iv. 26 or 62
i. (-2)° or (-3
Find the difference between the following.
34and 43 ii. 2 and 72
i. (-2) and ( - 3 j 1 and (-11
0. Express each of the following as product of powers of their prime factors.
i. 96 ii. 1125 Äii. 2025

1. Simplify the following.

i 4x 102 i. 22 x 34 ii. 34 x 5
iv. 0 x 104 V. 32 x s4 yi 2 x102
12. Simplify the following.
i. (-3)4 i. (5) x(-3) iii (5)x (-7)
iv. -11Y x (-10) (-5) x(2)3 Lit (-10)³ x2x0x(5)
A3. Evaluate the following.
i $2 x72 x(-12 i. 212 x(-1y7 i. (-7? x(-7 x(-1)5
iv. 22 + 32+ 42 (-7) +(3)? v0. 113-73
vü. (-5-(-3) yii. (-7)+7)
Find the value of X, when
Compare 3.6 x 10 and 2.98 x
1. (-3)*1=-243
15/ Find the value of x, when
i./`=625 jK(I=2401 245
2.
B-B1-8
EXPONENTS AND POWERS|301
 POWERS OF RATIONA NUMBERS
Rational numbers also can be Written in the exponential form.
For evanple
Product Read as
Exponential form
2 squared or
B) raised to the power
()--) 3 cubed or -3
4 4 raised to the power 3

2 raised to the power 4

Hence, if is a rational number and is any natural number, then COOLTIP

=P Px P.. n times Exponent 1 is usualls
hidden. Thus, if
ZX = 3, then x = 1 or
= PXp Xp... ntimes ak = a, then = 1.
9 Xq xX q ... ntimes

SOLVEDEXAMPLES
or
Athen x*1
and so On.
EAV PLE 14 Write the base and power for each of the
following.
a.
b.
d.

base = 3 and
4 power =5

b
): base = and power =3

C.
: base = and power =4

d.
(: base and power=5

EXAMPLE15Express the following in

2y
exponential form.
2x 2
a.
3 3
a.

EXAMPE 16
Express each
a.
16
of the following
b.

in B)--)()
exponential form.
81 . -32
3125
a.
2 x2 x 2 x 2
3x 3 x3x3
(3)
302 | EXPONENTS AND POWERS
 -32
125

Tind the \alwe of the

follow ing.

3x3x3 21
$*55125
27
125
C.
(-4) (-4) x(-4)x(-4) x(-4) 256
625
Which is greater

or

and 2x2-4-4
3
V
Since 12 >4,

Thus,

b. 2-)*()x(-2)
3
x(-2) x(-2)2
3x3 x3 x3 x3 243

9
3x3 x3 243
-32
Since -9>-32, 243
>
243

Thus,

EXAMPLE19T Simplify the follovwing.

a. b.

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
a.
x2x3 CHECKPOINT!
2 4'
1. Express
27 27
64 32 exponential form.
2. Evaluate
b. (-4
Which is greater

1,(-2) x 16 2 4. Simplify
125 81 375

EXPONENTS AND POWERS 303

 EXAMPLE 20 simplits
. 25
36

96 -1 95 36 19
25 30
216 36 216 25
RECIPROCAL
If
OF A RATIONAL
NUMBER
Is a non-zero rational number, then its reciprocal is
Since R
q' Therefore, the reciprocal of p'
EXAMPLE21 Find the reciprocal of cach of the following and expreSs each of then :
e\ponential form.
b. C. 57 d. (-7)"

We know that the

reciprocal of Therefore, the
a.
reciprocal of b. reciprocal
c. reciprocal of reciprocal of d. reciprocal of (-7)!" is
EXAMPLE22 Find the value of x, when
a.
81 =27
125

CHECKPoINT!
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
2 x 2 x 2 x2 Select the correct answer.
3x3 x3 x3 1. The reciprocal of is
Hence, x = 4.
2 b. -2 c. 6 d. 6
b. 2. If 5 = 125, then 33
equals
a. 5 b. 0 c. 1 d. 25
(-3) x(-3) x(-3)
5 x 5 x 5
Hence, x=3.

EXERCISE 18B
Write the base and power for each of the following.
ii. iiü

304 | EXPONENTS AND POWERS

 Expressthe
following in exponential fom
x x(-}
)3)x(-3) x(-3)
4x 4 x
44x 4 4 × A x(-3)x-3)
i, (- (-3) 2x2x2
x(-3) x-})2x2x2 x 2x 2
Express Cach of the
*(-})x (-3)*-)x (-})
following rational nunbers in lorm. Express the answer
in the
lowest tems.
108
cxponential
S00 243 iii 64 - 625
-1 729 1296
vi, l000
100000 -25 -100
343 vii. viji
36 256
Evaluate the following.
i.
iji.

Which is greater?

Find the value of the following.

Simplify the following.

Z. Find the reciprocal of each of the following and express each in exponential form.
i. 23 i. (-5)+ iv.

Evaluate

-32
2 Find the value of x if 243
If a= 2 and b = 3, then find the value of

IXPONENTS AND POWERS | 305

LAWS OF EXPONENTS
If a and h are non-zero rational nunmbers and mand n are whole numbers.
then we have
If m>n, then a + a= an-n
If m< then +d (a"y = dn
a x (aby'

MORE SOWED EXAMPLES

EXAMPI 3 Sinplify and express the result in exponential form.
5 5 193 x 33 x 34
x (-7) x (-7)0

a. $' x 55 = 57+ 5= s12 b. 32 x 33 x 34 =32 + 3+4 29

c. (-3)* >x (3)l = (-3)4+ 11 = (-3)15 d. (-7² x (-7) x(-7)° =(-72
*4+6=(-T)2
e.

g.
f.
-"
EXAMP
Simplify and express the following in exponential form.
a.49 + 45 b. (-3)5 + (3)2
a. 4 + 45 = 49-5= 44 b. (-3 + (-3) = (-3)-2= (-3
d.

EXAMPLFS Simplify and express the following as a rational number.

a. 5'+ 57 b. (-4) + (-4)5 c.

52 + 57 =
5 x 5x 5x5 x5

b. (-4)³ * (-4) = 1
(45-3 (-4)2 16

C. 1
64
27 27
64

306 | EXPONENTS AND POWERS

 |81
16 16
81
EMPLE26
Simplily and express the
a. (3'
following in exponential
C.

ENRICHMENT ACTIVJTY
b. 3 - ( 3 = (3)
1. Simplify and express (343) + 49
in exponential form.
2. Simplify and express the following
as rational numbers.

d.

EXAMPLE Evaluate the following.

a. 2 x 5
b. (2) x (-3}'

e.

a. 23 x 5 = (2 x 5) = 10 = 10 x 10 x 10 = 1000
b. (-2) x (-3 = [(-2) x (3)] = 6 =6 x 6= 36

C. -2) -6X-6 X-6 -216

5x5X5 125
d.
B--6--(g 10 10 x 10
929x9
100
81

e.
Sx 5 x5 125

(-3)3) x(-3) x(-3) x(-3) 81

5x 5 x5 x5 625

EXAMPLE 28 Findthe value of the following.

a, 330 Lb. (-3)
20-30 + 40
(-s) (3)"
.y(3-2") (30 +29) j.

EXPONENTS AND PoWERS 307

 a. 30
b. (-3)= 1

d.

e. 20 - 30 +40 = =1
|-|+|=|
g. $ x 8 = | x | = 1
h. +=|+1 =1
(3'- 20) (30 + 20) =(| - )(1 +) =0 x 2 =0 COOLTIP
Any non
(-5) - (3)°
=0
raised ton-zero number
powero
equals 1.

EXAMPLE 29
Simplity and express each of the following in exponential form.
2 x 3 x4
3x 32 25 - 53
2x7° x 39
14 x 11 3° x3*
t20+ 30 - 4
g2x 50 x 70 1 5 + 7) x 30 3 x a'
g x

3² xa'b' (3 x 3)2
2 x 3° x 4 2x 3 x 2 2+2 x 35 2 x35
3x 32 3 x 25 2 x3!
=25-5 x 35-l = 20 x 34 = 1 x 34 =34
b. (S2y x 55] + 510 = [52x4 x55] + 510
= (58 x 55) + s10 = (58+5) + 510 = 5l3 s10 = 513 -10 = 53
253 + 53 = (52) + 53 = 52x3 + 53 = 56 + 53 =
56-3 = 53
d. 2 x70 x 118 2 x 70 x 118
14 x 113 2 x7x 113 2 7 11
=20 x 75 x 115 = l x 75 x 115 = 75 x
115 = (7 x 11) = 775
39 39 39 = 39-9 = 30 = 1
e.
30 x 33 36 +3 3
f. 20 + 30 40
=+|-l=1
g. 2° x 50 x 70=| x | x 1=1
h. (50+ 70) x 30 =(| + 1) x 1=2 x 1
=2
38 X a' 3 xa?
i
g3 x a'
3° xa' 38
= 38-6 x a'-5 = 32 x a=
(3²) x a 3ó x (3a?
j. x aB = o-4 x a = ax a8 =
at8 = al0
308 | EXPONENTS AND POWERS
 3
30 x a'x h!
3 =(33y (34 = 34 2
FNAMPLE
30
then find the value of

4 4
9
b

(9) 9 x9x9
-729
(4). x 4 x 4 64
4
EXAMPLE 32 Simplify the following.
10 x25
27 x5 14x s x14
35*2 x 5
a. 310-9 x 53-1 =3 x 52 = 3 x 25 = 75
27 x 5 (3 xs x5
49 x 7 x 6 7 x 7 xo 7x
b.
14 x2 (2 x7° xP x7x? 23 8
7x 10' x25 7 x(2 x5)' x $'7x2 x5? x$? 7x2 xs
C.
$° x 14
= 75-5 x 27-5 x 59-9 = 70 x 22 x 50 = 1 x 4 x 1 = 4
EXAMPLE 32_ Find the value of n if
2 +6
b. J-8* = (-8)2r

A9-I + 6 = 72i1-! d.
4" x2? x 2". - (8Y
2Fx3 24

b.
a.
(-82x4 =(-8jr
’ 8 =2n

n = =4

n=4
12 =n +6
n =6

EXPONENTS AND PoWERS 309

 EXERCISE 18C
1lsing lawS O1 exponents,
simplify and write the answer in
3441 cxponcntial tom (-8)
i.(3* 3)' (3)

.Simplify and express the result in

exponcntial
i 13 133 form.a :d6
13 (5
/ind the value of the S6)'6:
followingahnia
3 i. (3 +(-3 ,?
G

WSimplify and express the result in exponential form.

i (52

$/Evaluate the following.

i 25 x 33

v.

Find the value of the following.

i 20 ii. (5)0 iii.

vi. 120+ 130 + 140

vii. (8°-7) (80 +70) 17° -(-8) 3 x5° x 70

3 4 s° + 70

7 Write i 25 x 25 x 25 x 25 in exponential form with base 5, i. (5 x 5°) + 5 as a power of 2.

8. Evaluate the following.
712 x 9 x 4 2 x25 x9.x 15
6° x 8² x 27
25

Find the value of n in each of the following.

(, ii}27 x3u+2 =243 + 25 = 53
Ix(-1Ý =(-1y
vi.

EXPONENTS AND POWERS | 311

 a. 390218)
3x 1000000 +9x 100000 +0 x
3x 10* + 9 x10° + 0 x10 + |0000 +2 x 1000
2x
3x 100 +9x 10 +2 x 10 + 10+Ix 102 8 10 2 "
|x 10 + 8 x10+2 x10
h. S07012534 =8 x
100000000 + 0 x10000000 + 7 x \000000 +0 x T000
+|x 10000 + 2 x 1000 + S x 100 + 3 x 10
=8x 10 + 0 x 10 +4 X
+7 x 10 + 0x105 +|x 10
+2 x 10 +5 x 10 +3 x
10! + 4x 10"
= 8 x 10 +7 x 100 + | x 10 + 2 x10-+5x 10² + 3 x 10'+44 x 100
EXAMPLE38
Find the number from cach of
A. 9x 10 +7 x 10 +|x
the'following expanded forms.
102+ 5x 10! + 6 10"
b. 9 x 105 + 3 x 10 + 4 x 10!
9. 9x 10* + 7 x10 + 1 x 10 + 5 x
10! + 6x 100 ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
= 90000 + 7000 + 100 + 50 + 6 CHECKPOINT!
= 97156 1. Express 2300000 in standard form.
2. Evaluate 2 x 10547x 10 +
h. 9x 10 +3 x 10 + 4x 10! 3 x 10 +9x 10 + 4 x 101 + 1 x 10°.
3. Write 2.23 x 10 in usual form.
= 900000 + 300 + 40
4. How can you express the population
= 900340 of Uttar Pradesh which is 199000000
in standard form?

EXERCISE 18D

. Express the following numbers in standard form.

7590087 jit. 4186500000 j 60030op0000
Write each of the fóllowing numbers in usual
4.32 x 10$ ii $.94 x 107 jK 9.346 x 10!! i. 5.9 x 108
standard form.
. Express the number appeáring in the following statements in
rayo?
VA city has a population of 1678000000.. 1.6 1439000000000
jK The distance between the Sun and Saturn is
m. ircilalon
i According to 2011 census, the male population in ndiais bz310000 1 / 0 i :
iy Mass ofthe Earth is about 5970000000000000000000000 kg..?z
Diameter of Uranus is 57152000 m. 5.7182 y10
Express the following numbers in expanded form. AiH 6908395
ii. 795603
60085
the fslioind expanded form.
Findthe number from each of
x 100
K7x 10 + 4x 10 + 0 x 10 + 8 x 10 +9
+3 x 10? + 5 x 10!+ | x 100
j 8x 10 + 6 x 105 + 0 x 10f +2 x 10
10 +9 x 10! +7 x 100
,ij9 x 105 +7 x 104 x 5 x 10 + 3x
EXPONENTS ANDPOWERS 313