Operating Systems

Sumedha Yadav
Assistant Lecturer
Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences
NITK, Surathkal

Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,

NITK, Surathkal
Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,
NITK, Surathkal
Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,
NITK, Surathkal
 Introduction to Operating Systems
An operating system is a system software that acts as an interface
between a user of a computer and the computer hardware.

Operating system goals:

Convenience (Easy to use)
Efficiency(Performing best possible manner with least waste of time)

Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,

NITK, Surathkal
 Computer System Structure
(Components of Computer System)

Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,

NITK, Surathkal
 Computer System Structure
(Components of Computer System)
Computer system mainly consists of four components:
Hardware: provides basic computing resources CPU,
memory, I/O devices
Operating system: controls and coordinates use of
hardware among various applications and users
Application programs: define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users, Word processors, compilers, web browsers,
database systems, video games
Users: People, machines, other computers
Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,
NITK, Surathkal
Functions of Operating System

Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,

NITK, Surathkal
 1. Processor Management
A process is a program in execution.
A process needs certain resources, including CPU time, memory,
files, and I/O devices to accomplish its task.
Simultaneous execution leads to multiple processes. Hence
creation, execution and termination of a process are the most basic
functionality of an OS
Based on priority, it is important to allow more important
processes to execute first than others.

Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,

NITK, Surathkal
 2. Memory management
• Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own
address.
• The operating system is responsible for the following activities in
connections with memory management:
• Keep track of which parts of memory are currently being used and
by whom.
• Decide which processes to load when memory space becomes
available.
• Allocate and de-allocate memory space as needed.

Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,

NITK, Surathkal
 3. Device Management or
I/O Management
It performs the following activities for device management.
Keeps tracks of all devices connected to system.
Designates a program responsible for every device known as
Input/output controller.
Decides which process gets access to a certain device and for how
long.
Allocates devices in an effective and efficient way.
Deallocates devices when they are no longer required.

Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,

NITK, Surathkal
 4. File Management
A file is a collection of related information.
The operating system is responsible for the following activities in
connections with file management:
✦ File creation and deletion.
✦ Directory creation and deletion.
✦ Support of primitives for manipulating files and directories.
✦ Mapping files onto secondary storage.
✦ File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media.

Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,

NITK, Surathkal
 5. Security & Protection
The operating system uses password protection to
protect user data and similar other techniques.
It also prevents unauthorized access to programs
and user data by assigning access right permission
to files and directories.

Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,

NITK, Surathkal
 6. User Interface Mechanism
An user interface (UI) controls how you enter data
and instructions and how information is displayed on
the screen
There are two types of user interfaces
1. Command Line Interface
2. Graphical user Interface

Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,

NITK, Surathkal
 1. Command-line interface
In a command-line interface, a user types commands
represented by short keywords or abbreviations or presses
special keys on the keyboard to enter data and instructions
 2. Graphical User Interface
• With a graphical user interface (GUI), one can interact with menus
and visual images
 Types of Operating Systems
1. Multiprogramming Operating System
2. Multitasking Operating System
3. Multiprocessing OS
4. Real Time OS
1. Multiprogramming Operating System
Multiprogramming Operating Systems can be simply illustrated as
more than one program is present in the main memory and any
one of them can be kept in execution.

Advantages of Multi-Programming Operating System

It helps in reducing the response time.
CPU Utilization is maximum.
Short time jobs are executed faster.
Disadvantages of Multi-Programming Operating System
Due to high load of tasks ,long time jobs have to wait long.

Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,

NITK, Surathkal
2.Multitasking Operating System
Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks
work smoothly.
These systems are also known as Multi-tasking Systems.
The task can be from a single user or different users also.
 The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum.
 After this time interval is over OS switches over to the next
task.

Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,

NITK, Surathkal
Advantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System
Multiple Programs can be executed simultaneously in Multi-
Tasking Operating System.
It comes with proper memory management.
Disadvantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System
The system gets heated in case of heavy programs runs multiple
times.

Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,

NITK, Surathkal
3. Multiprocessing operating systems
Multi-Processing Operating System is a type of Operating System
in which more than one CPU is used for the execution of
resources. It betters the throughput of the System.
Advantages of Multi-Processing Operating System
It increases the throughput of the system.
As it has several processors, so, if one processor fails, we can proceed with
another processor.
Disadvantages of Multi-Processing Operating System
Due to the multiple CPU, it can be more complex and somehow difficult to
understand.

Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,

NITK, Surathkal
4.Real Time Operating System
Is a special-purpose operating system used in computers
that has strict time constraints for any job to be
performed.
Real-time systems are used when there are time
requirements that are very strict like
 Airline traffic control systems
 robots, etc.

Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,

NITK, Surathkal
Advantages of RTOS
Maximum Consumption
Task Shifting
Focus on Application
Error Free
Memory Allocation

Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,

NITK, Surathkal
Disadvantages of RTOS
Limited Tasks
Use heavy system resources
Complex Algorithms
Device driver and interrupt signals
Thread Priority

Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,

NITK, Surathkal
Operating-System Services

Program execution
I/O operation
File-system manipulation
Communications
Error detection

Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences,

NITK, Surathkal