FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

Versatility
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS  A computer is a very versatile machine.
 A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done.
 This machine can be used to solve the problems relating to various different fields.
(UNIT I)  At one instant, it may be solving a complex scientific problem and the very next moment it
may be playing a card game.
Definition Reliability
 A computer is a reliable machine.
 Modern electronic components have failure free long lives.
Computer System is an electronic and programmable device which does the following:
 Computers are designed to make maintenance easy.

 Accept and store an input data. Automation

 Process the data input.  Computer is a automatic machine.
 And output the processed data in required format.  Automation means ability to perform the task automatically.
 Once a program is given to computer i.e stored in computer memory, the program and
Advantages or characteristics instruction can control the program execution without human interaction.

Following list demonstrates the advantages of Computers in today's arena. Reduction in Paper Work
 The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to reduction in paper
High Speed work and speeds up the process.
 Computer is a very fast device.  As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required,the problem of
 It is capable of performing addition of very big data. maintenance of large number of files gets reduced.
 The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond and even the picoseconds.
 It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man who can spend Reduction in Cost
many months for doing the same task.  Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high but it substantially reduces
the cost of each of its transaction.
Accuracy
 In addition to being very fast, computer are very accurate. Disadvantages
 The computer has performed calculations 100% error free.
 Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy. Following list demonstrates the disadvantages of Computers in today's arena.

Storage Capability No I.Q

 Memory is a very important characteristic of computers.  A computer is a machine and has no intelligence of its own to perform any task.
 The computer has much more storage capacity than human beings.  Each and every instruction has to be given to computer.
 It can store large amount of data.  A computer can not take any decision on its own.
 It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio and any other type.
Dependency
Diligence  It can perform function as instructed by user.So it is fully dependent on human being.
 Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness and lack of Environment
concentration.  The operating environment of computer should be dust free and suitable to it.
 It can work continuously without creating any error and boredom. No Feeling
 It can do repeated work with same speed and accuracy.  Computer has no feeling or emotions.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 1

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

 It cannot make Judgment based on feeling, taste, experience and knowledge unlike a  survival benefits
human being.  bonus

applications / USES of Computers in today's.. Education

Business The computer has provided a lot of facilities in the Education System.

The computer's characteristic as high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or  The uses of computer provide a tool in the Education system is known as CBE (Computer
versatility has made it an integrated part in all business organizations. Based Education).
 CBE involves Control, Delivery and Evaluation of learning.
Computer used in business organization for:  The computer education is very familiar and rapidly increasing the graph of computer
students.
 Payroll Calculations  There are number of methods in which educational institutions can use computer to educate
the students.
 Budgeting
 It is used for prepare a database about student performance and analysis are carried out.
 Sales Analysis
 Financial forecasting
Marketing
 Managing employees database
 Maintenance of stocks etc.
In Marketing uses of computer are following:
Banking
 Advertising: With computers, advertising professionals create art and graphics, write and
revise copy, and print and disseminate ads with the goal of selling more products.
Today Banking is almost totally dependent on computer.
 At Home Shopping: At home shopping has been made possible through use of
computerized catalogues that provide access to product information and permit direct entry
Banks provide following facilities: of orders to be filled by the customers.

 Banks on-line accounting facility, which include current balances, deposits, overdrafts, Health Care
interest charges, shares and trustee records.
 ATM machines are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks. Computers have become important part in all Medical Systems.

Insurance The computers are being used in hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines. It is also used
in scanning and diagnosing different diseases. ECG, EEG, Ultrasounds and CT Scans etc. are also
Insurance companies are keeping all records up to date with the help of computer. The Insurance done by computerized machines.
Companies, Finance houses and Stock broking firms are widely using computers for their concerns.
Some of major fields of health care in which computer are used:
Insurance Companies are maintaining a database of all clients with information showing
 Diagnostic System: Computers are used to collect data and identify cause of illness.
 how to continue with policies  Lab-diagnostic System: All tests can be done and reports are prepared by computer.
 starting date of the policies  Patient Monitoring System:These are used to check patient's signs for abnormality such
 next due installment of a policy as in Cardiac Arrest, ECG etc.
 maturity date  Pharmacy Information System:Computer checks Drug-Labels, Expiry dates, harmful
 interests due drug side effects etc.
 Nowadays, computers are also used in performing surgery.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 2

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

Engineering Design  Sales tax department

 Income tax department
Computers are widely used in Engineering purposes.  Male/Female ratio
 Computerization of voters lists
One of major areas is CAD(Computer aided design).CAD provides creation, edition, and  Computerization of Driving Licensing system
modification of image. Some fields are:  Computerization of PAN card
 Weather Forecasting.
 Structural Engineering: Requires stress and strain analysis required for design of Ships,  Computer Generations
Buildings, Budgets, Airplanes etc.
 Industrial Engineering: Computers deals with design, implementation and improvement
of Integrated systems of people, materials and equipments. Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used.
Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But
 Architectural Engineering: Computers help in planning towns, designing buildings,
nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire
determining a range of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D drawings.
computer system.

Military
There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been discussedin
detail along with their time period, characteristics. We've used approximate dates against each
Computers are largely used in defence.Modern tanks, missiles, weapons etc.employ computerized generations which are normally accepted.
control systems.Some military areas where a computer has been used are:
Following are the main five generations of computers
 Missile Control
 Military Communication S.N. Generation & Description Term Technology
 Military operation and planning First Generation
 Smart Weapons 1 The period of first generation : 1946-1955. Vaccum tube based.
Second Generation
2 The period of second generation :1956-1965. Transistor based.
Communication
Third Generation
3 The period of third generation : 1966-1975. Integrated Circuit based.
Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture or speech that is received and
understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant.Some main areas in this category Fourth Generation
4 The period of fourth generation : 1976-1985. VLSI microprocessor based.
are:
Fifth Generation
5 The period of fifth generation : 1986-onwards.ULSI microprocessor based
 E-mail
 Chatting
 Usenet
 FTP
First Generation
 Telnet
 Video-conferencing
The period of first generation was 1945-1955.

Government Applications
First generation of computer started with using vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory
and circuitry for CPU(Central Processing Unit). These tubes like electric bulbs produced a lot of heat
Computers play an important role in government applications.Some major fields in this category are: and were prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could be
afforded only by very large organizations.
 Budgets

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 3

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

In this generation mainly batch processing operating system were used. In this generation Punched The main features of Second Generation are:
cards, Paper tape, Magnetic tape Input & Output device were used.
 Use of transistors
There were Machine code and electric wired board languages used.  Reliable as compared to First generation computers
 Smaller size as compared to First generation computers
The main features of First Generation are:  Generate less heat as compared to First generation
computers
 Vacuum tube technology  Consumed less electricity as compared to First
 Unreliable generation computers
 Supported Machine language only  Faster than first generation computers
 Very costly  Still very costly
 Generate lot of heat  A.C. needed
 Slow Input/Output device  Support machine and assembly languages
 Huge size
 Need of A.C. Some computer of this generation were:
 Non portable
 Consumed lot of electricity  IBM 1620
 IBM 7094
Some computer of this generation were:  CDC 1604
 CDC 3600
 ENIAC : Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator.  UNIVAC 1108
 EDVAC: Electronic Discreet Variable Automatic Computer.
 UNIVAC: UNIVersal Automatic Computer Third Generation
 IBM-701
 IBM-650 The period of third generation was 1966-1975.

Second Generation The third generation of computer is marked by the use of Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of
transistors. A single I.C has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated
circuitry. The I.C was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size,
The period of second generation was 1956-1965.
reliable and efficient.

This generation using the transistor were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more
In this generation Remote processing, Time-sharing, Real-time, Multi-programming Operating
reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vaccum tubes.In this generation,
System were used.
magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary
storage devices.
High level language (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were
used during this generation.
In this generation assembly language and high level programming language like FORTRAN,
COBOL were used.

There were Batch processing and Multiprogramming Operating system used.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 4

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

The main features of Third Generation are: The main features of Fourth Generation are:

 IC used  VLSI technology used

 More reliable  Very cheap
 Smaller size  Portable and reliable
 Generate less heat  Use of PC's
 Faster  Very small size
 Lesser maintenance  Pipeline processing
 Still costly  No A.C. needed
 A.C needed  Concept of internet was introduced
 Consumed lesser electricity  Great developments in the fields of networks
 Support high level language  Computers became easily available

Some computer of this generation were: Some computer of this generation were:

 IBM-360 series  DEC 10

 Honeywell-6000 series  STAR 1000
 PDP(Personal Data Processor)  PDP 11
 IBM-370/168  CRAY-1(Super Computer)
 TDC-316  CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

Fourth Generation Fifth Generation

The period of Fourth Generation was 1976-1985. The period of Fifth Generation is 1986-till date.

The fourth generation of computers is marked by the use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration)
circuits.VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their associated technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic
circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth components.
Generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave
rise to personal computer (PC) revolution. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software.

In this generation Time sharing, Real time, Networks, Distributed Operating System were used. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and method of making
computers think like human beings.
All the Higher level languages like C and C++, DBASE etc. were used in this generation.
All the Higher level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc. are used in this generation.

AI includes:

 Robotics
 Neural networks
 Game Playing
 Development of expert systems to make decisions in real life situations.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 5

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

 Natural language understanding and generation. PC (Personal Computer)

A PC can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an individual user. PCs
are based on the microprocessor technology that enables manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one
chip. Businesses use personal computers for word processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and
The main features of Fifth Generation are:
for running spreadsheet and database management applications. At home, the most popular use for
personal computers is for playing games and surfing the Internet.
 ULSI technology
 Development of true artificial intelligence Although personal computers are designed as single-user systems, these systems are normally linked
 Development of Natural language processing together to form a network. In terms of power, now-a-days High-end models of the Macintosh and
 Advancement in Parallel Processing PC offer the same computing power and graphics capability as low-end workstations by Sun
 Advancement in Superconductor technology Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, and DELL.
 More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features
 Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates

Some computer types of this generation are:

 Desktop
 Laptop
 NoteBook
 UltraBook WorkStation
 ChromeBook
Workstation is a computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop publishing,
Computer can be broadly classified by their speed and computing power. software development, and other such types of applications which require a moderate amount of
computing power and relatively high quality graphics capabilities.
 BASED ON SIZE OR CAPACITY:
Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, large amount of RAM,
inbuilt network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have a mass storage
Sr. No. Type Specifications device such as a disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called a diskless workstation, comes
Single user computer system. Moderately powerful without a disk drive.
1 PC (Personal Computer)
microprocessor.
Single user computer system. Similar to Personal Computer but Common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT. Like PC, Workstations are
2 WorkStation also single-user computers. However, workstations are typically linked together to form a local-area
have more powerful microprocessor.
Multi-user computer system. Capable of supporting hundreds of network, although they can also be used as stand-alone systems.
3 Mini Computer
users simulaneously.
Multi-user computer system. Capable of supporting hundreds of
4 Main Frame users simulaneously.Software technology is different from
minicomputer.
An extremely fast computer which can perform hundreds of
5 Supercomputer
millions of instructions per second.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 6

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

Minicomputer All types of computer follows a same basic logical structure and perform the following five basic
operations for conve
It is a midsize computer. A minicomputer is a multi-processing system capable of supporting from up
to 250 users simultaneously. rting raw input data into information useful to their users

Sr. No. Operation Description

The process of entering data and instructions into the computer
1 Take Input
system.
Saving data and instructions so that they are available for
2 Store Data
processing as and when required.
Performing arithmetic , logical operations on data in order to
Mainframe 3 Processing Data
convert them into useful information.
The process of producing useful information or results for the
Mainframe is a very large in size and is an expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or 4 Output Information
user,such as a printed report or visual display.
even thousands, of users simultaneously. Mainframe executes many programs concurrently.
Mainframes support many simultaneous programs execution. Direct the manner and sequence in which all of the above
5 Control the workflow
operations are performed

BLOCK DIAGRAM(or STRUCTURE) OF COMPUTER

CPU
CONTROL
UNIT

Supercomputer ARITHMATIC &

LOGIC UNIT

Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers currently INPUT OUTPUT

DIVICE
available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed DEVICE
for specialized applications that require immense amounts of
mathematical calculations (number crunching). For example, weather forecasting , scientific MAIN MEMORY

simulations, (animated) graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic
design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting).
SECONDARY
MEMORY

 BASED ON DATA HANDLING TECHNIQUE

DATA
1) ANALOG COMPUTER: these works on “continuos data” which may be SYSTEM UNIT
temperature, or some other measurement units.
2) DIGITAL COMPUTER: which works on “descrete data”, such as digital formed
numbers, letters etc. Input Unit
3) HYBRID COMPUTER: These include features of both ANALOG & DIGITAL
computer. This unit contains devices with the help of which we enter data into computer.This unit makes link
between user and computer.
 BASIC OPERATION OF COMPUTER:
The input devices translate the human being information into the form understandable by computer.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 7

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

CPU (Central Processing Unit) This unit can store instruction, data and intermediate results. This unit supplies information to the
other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal storage unit or main memory or
CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU perform all types of data processing operations. primary storage or Random access memory (RAM).
It stores data , intermediate results and instructions(program).It controls the operation of all parts of
computer. Its size affects speed, power and capability. There are primary memory and secondary memory two
types of memories in the computer. Function of Memory Unit are:
CPU itself has following three components
 It stores all the data to be processed and the instructions required for processing.
 ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)  It stores intermediate results of processing.
 Memory Unit  It stores final results of processing before these results are released to an output device.
 Control Unit  All inputs and outputs are transmitted through main memory.

Output Unit Control Unit

Output unit consists of devices with the help of which we get the information from computer. This This unit controls the operations of all parts of computer. It does not carry out any actual data
unit is a link between computer and users. processing operations.

Output devices translate the computer's output into the form understandable by users. Functions of this unit are

 CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.  It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of a
 CPU performs all types of data processing operations. computer.
 It stores data , intermediate result and instructions(program).  It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
 It controls the operation of all parts of computer.  It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them and directs the operation of the
computer.
 It communicates with Input/output devices for transfer of data or results from storage.
 It does not process or store data.

ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)

This unit consists of two subsection namely

CPU itself has following three components.
 Arithmetic section
 Memory Or Storage Unit:  Logic Section
 Control Unit
 ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit) Arithmetic section

Function of Arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division. All complex operations are done by making repetitive use of above
operations.

Memory Or Storage Unit:

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 8

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

Logic Section directional arrow key.Control keys also include Home,

End,Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl),
Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting, matching and Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).
merging of data. Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter,
5 Special Purpose Keys
Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.
Following are few of the important input devices which are used in
Computer Systems

 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joy Stick
 Light pen
 Track Ball
 Scanner
 Graphic Tablet
 Microphone
 Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)
 Optical Character Reader(OCR)
 Bar Code Reader
 Optical Mark Reader

Keyboard

Most common and very popular input device is keyboard. The keyboard helps in inputting the data to TYPES OF KEYBOARD:
the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are TYPES OF KEYBOARD
some additional keys provided for performing some additional functions.
BASED ON KEYS BASED ON
TECHNOLOGY CONNECTIVITY
Keyboard is of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now 104 keys or 108 keys keyboard is also
available for Windows and Internet.
STANDARD MULTIMEDIA WIRED WIRELESS
KEYBOARD KEYBOARD
The keys are following

PS/2 KEYBOARD U.S.B. KEYBOARD BLUETOOTH

Sr. No. Keys Description
These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digits keys (0-9)
1 Alphabets Keys
which are generally give same layout as that of typewriters.
It is used to enter numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it
2 Numeric Keypad consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same
configuration used by most adding machine and calculators.
The twelve functions keys are present on the keyboard. These are
3 Function Keys arranged in a row along the top of the keyboard.Each function
key has unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose.
4 Control keys These keys provides cursor and screen control. It includes four

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 9

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

Mouse Light Pen

Mouse is most popular Pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device. It is a small palm Light pen is a pointing device which is similar to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item or
size box with a round ball at its base which senses the movement of mouse and sends corresponding draw pictures on the monitor screen.It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small
signals to CPU on pressing the buttons. tube.

Generally it has two buttons called left and right button and scroll bar is present at the mid. Mouse When light pen's tip is moved over the monitor screen and pen button is pressed, its photocell sensing
can be used to control the position of cursor on screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the element detects the screen location and sends the corresponding signal to the CPU.
computer.

Advantages

 Easy to use
 Not very expensive
 Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of keyboard. Track Ball

Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop computer, instead of a mouse.
TYPES OF MOUSE
This is a ball which is half inserted and by moving fingers on ball, pointer can be moved.
BASED BASED ON
TECHNOLOGY CONNECTIVITY Since the whole device is not moved, a track ball requires less space than a mouse. A track ball
comes in various shapes like a ball, a button and a square.
OPTICAL MECHANICAL WIRED WIRELESS

PS/2 KEYBOARD U.S.B. KEYBOARD BLUETOOTH

Joystick

Joystick is also a pointing device which is used to move cursor position on a monitor screen. It is a Scanner
stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a
socket.TheJoystic can be moved in all four directions.
Scanner is an input device which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some
information is available on a paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disc of the computer for
The function of joystick is similar to that of a mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing further manipulation.
(CAD) and playing computer games.
Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into the digital form that can be
stored on the disc.These images can be edited before they are printed.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 10

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

Types: 1) FLAT BED SCANNER

2) SHEET FED SCANNER
3) HANDHELD SCANNER
4) DRUM SCANNER.

Digitizer

Digitizer is an input device which converts analog information into a digital form. Digitizer can Optical Character Reader(OCR)
convert a signal from the television camera into a series of numbers that could be stored in a
computer. They can be used by the computer to create a picture of whatever the camera had been
pointed at. OCR is an input device used to read a printed text. OCR scans text optically character by character,
converts them into a machine readable code and stores the text on the system memory.

Digitizer is also known as Tablet or Graphics Tablet because it converts graphics and pictorial data
into binary inputs. A graphic tablet as digitizer is used for doing fine works of drawing and images
manipulation applications.

Bar Code Readers

Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in form of light and dark lines).
Bar coded data is generally used in labelling goods, numbering the books etc. It may be a hand held
Microphone scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner.

Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in digital form. The microphone is Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image, converts it into an alphanumeric value which is then fed to
used for various applications like adding sound to a multimedia presentation or for mixing music. the computer to which bar code reader is connected.

Magnetic Ink Character Reader(MICR)

MICR input device is generally used in banks because of a large number of cheques to be processed
every day. The bank's code number and cheque number are printed on the cheques with a special type
of ink that contains particles of magnetic material that are machine readable.

This reading process is called Magnetic Ink Character Recognition(MICR). The main advantages of
MICR is that it is fast and less error prone.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 11

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

The most screens are capable of displaying 80 characters of data horizontally and 25 lines vertically.
Optical Mark Reader(OMR) There are some disadvantage of CRT

OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of mark made by pen or pencil. It  Large in Size
is used where one out of a few alternatives is to be selected and marked. It is specially used for  High Power consumption
checking the answer sheets of examinations having multiple choice questions.

Flat-Panel Display Monitor

Following are few of the important output devices which are used in Computer Systems
The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight and power
 Monitors requirement compare to the CRT. You can hang them on walls or wear them on your wrists. Current
uses for flat-panel displays include calculators, videogames, monitors, laptop computer, graphics
 Graphic Plotter display.
 Printer
The flat-panel display are divided into two categories
Monitors

 Emissive Displays - The emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy into
Monitor commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU) is the main output device of a computer. It
light. Example are plasma panel and LED(Light-Emitting Diodes).
forms images from tiny dots, called pixels, that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness of
the image depends upon the no. of the pixels.  Non-Emissive Displays - The Non-emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight
or light from some other source into graphics patterns.Example is LCD(Liquid-Crystal
Device)
There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.

 Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)

 Flat- Panel Display

Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor Printers

In the CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels for short.The smaller the Printer is the most important output device, which is used to print information on paper.
pixels, the better the image clarity, or resolution.It takes more than one illuminated pixel to form
whole character, such as the letter e in the word help.
 Impact Printers
A finite number of character can be displayed on a screen at once.The screen can be divided into a
 Non-Impact Printers
series of character boxes - fixed location on the screen where a standard character can be placed.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 12

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

Dot Matrix Printer

TYPES OF
PRINTER In the market one of the most popular printer is Dot Matrix Printer because of their ease of printing
features and economical price. Each character printed is in form of pattern of Dot's and head consists
of a Matrix of Pins of size(5*7, 7*9, 9*7 or 9*9) which comes out to form a character that is why it is
called Dot Matrix Printer.

SERIAL SERIAL NON- PARELLEL PARELLEL

Advantages
IMPACT IMPACT IMPACT NON-IMPACT
 Inexpensive
 Widely Used
 Other language characters can be printed
EX: 1) DOT EX: 1) THERMAL EX: 1) CHAIN EX: 1) LASER
MATRIX PRINTER PRINTER PRINTER PRINTER Disadvantages
2) DAISY WHEEL 2) ELECTRO 2) DRUM 2) INK JET
PRINTER RESISTIVE PRINTER PRINTER
PRINTER  Slow Speed
 Poor Quality
Impact Printers
3)
The printers that print the characters by striking against the ribbon and onto the paper, are called
impact printers.

Characteristics of Impact Printers are following

 Very low consumable costs

 Impact printers are very noisy Daisy Wheel
 Useful for bulk printing due to low cost
 There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image Head is lying on a wheel and Pins corresponding to characters are like petals of Daisy(flower name)
that is why it is called Daisy Wheel Printer. These printers are generally used for word-processing in
offices which require a few letters to be send here and there with very nice quality representation.
These printers are of two types
Advantages
 Character printers
 Line printers
 More reliable than DMP's
 Better quality
Character Printers:  The fonts of character can be easily changed.

Character Printers are printers which print one character at a time. Disadvantages

These are of further two types

 Slower than DMP's
 Noisy
 Dot Matrix Printer(DMP)  More expensive than DMP's
 Daisy Wheel

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 13

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

Advantages

 Character fonts can easily be changed.

 Different languages can be used with the same printer.

Disadvantages

Line Printers  Noisy

 Do not have the ability to print any shape of characters.
Line printers are printers which print one line at a time.
Non-impact Printers

The printers that print the characters without striking against the ribbon and onto the paper, are called
Non-impact Printers. These printers print a complete page at a time, also called as Page Printers.

These printers are of two types

These are of further two types  Laser Printers

 Inkjet Printers
 Drum Printer
 Chain Printer Characteristics of Non-impact Printers

Drum Printer  Faster than impact printers.

 They are not noisy.
This printer is like a drum in shape so it called drum printer. The surface of drum is divided into  High quality.
number of tracks. Total tracks are equal to size of paper i.e for a paper width of 132 characters, Drum  Support many fonts and different character size.
will have 132 tracks. A character set is embossed on track. The different characters sets are available
in market 48 character set, 64 and 96 characters set.One rotation of drum prints one line. Drum
Laser Printers
Printers are fast in speed and speed in between 300 to 2000 lines per minute.

These are non-impact page printers. They use laser lights to produces the dots needed to form the
Advantages
characters to be printed on a page.

 Very high speed Advantages

Disadvantages
 Very high speed.
 Very high quality output.
 Very expensive  Give good graphics quality.
 Characters fonts can not be changed  Support many fonts and different character size.

Chain Printer: In this printer chain of character sets are used so it called Chain Printers.A standard Disadvantage
character set may have 48, 64, 96 characters.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 14

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

 Expensive. The memory is divided into large number of small parts. Each part is called cell. Each location or cell
 Cannot be used to produce multiple copies of a document in a single printing. has a unique address which varies from zero to memory size minus one.

For example if computer has 64k words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024=65536 memory
location. The address of these locations varies from 0 to 65535.

Memory is primarily of three types

Inkjet Printers  Cache Memory

 Registers, Flip Flops
Inkjet printers are non-impact character printers based on a relatively new technology. They print  Primary Memory/Main Memory
characters by spraying small drops of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers produce high quality output with  Secondary Memory
presentable features.
Cache Memory
They make less noise because no hammering is done and these have many styles of printing modes
available. Colour printing is also possible. Some models of Inkjet printers can produce multiple
Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up CPU. It acts as a
copies of printing also.
buffer between the CPU and main memory.

Advantages
It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by CPU. The parts
of data and programs are transferred from disk to cache memory by operating system, from where
 High quality printing CPU can access them.
 More reliable
Advantage
Disadvantages
 Cache memory is faster than main memory.
 Expensive as cost per page is high  It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.
 Slow as compare to laser printer  It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.
 It stores data for temporary use.

Disadvantage:

 Cache memory has limited capacity.

 It is very expensive.

MEMORY UNITS OF COMPUTER Primary Memory (Main Memory)

A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instruction. Computer memory is the Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which computer is currently working. It
storage space in computer where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are has limited capacity and data get lost when power is switched off.
stored.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 15

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

It is generally made up of semiconductor device. These memories are not as fast as registers. The Because of the extra space in the matrix, SRAM uses more chips than DRAM for the same amount of
data and instruction required to be processed earlier reside in main memory. It is divided into two storage space, thus making the manufacturing costs higher.
subcategories RAM and ROM.
Static RAM is used as cache memory needs to be very fast and small.
Characteristic of Main Memory
Characteristic of the Static RAM
 These are semiconductor memories.
 It known as main memory.  It has long data lifetime
 Usually volatile memory.  There is no need to refresh
 Data is lost in case power is switch off.  Faster
 It is working memory of the computer.  Used as cache memory
 Faster than secondary memories.  Large size
 A computer cannot run without primary memory.  Expensive
 High power consumption

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be continually refreshed in order for it to maintain the data. This is
done by placing the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times per
fig : RAM second. DRAM is used for most system memory because it is cheap and small. All DRAMs are made
up of memory cells. These cells are composed of one capacitor and one transistor.

A RAM constitutes the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program and program result. It
is read/write memory. It is called random access memory (RAM). Characteristic of the Dynamic RAM

Since access time in RAM is independent of the address to the word that is, each storage location  It has short data lifetime
inside the memory is as easy to reach as other location & takes the same amount of time. We can  Need to refresh continuously
reach into the memory at random & extremely fast but can also be quite expensive.  Slower as compared to SRAM
 Used as RAM
RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer or if there is a power  lesser in size
failure. Hence a backup uninterruptible power system(UPS) is often used with computers. RAM is  Less expensive
small , both in terms of its physical size and in the amount of data it can hold.  Less power consumption

RAM is of two types ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can only read but cannot write on
it. This type of memory is non-volatile. The information is stored permanently in such memories
 Static RAM (SRAM) during manufacture.
 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
A ROM, stores such instruction as are required to start computer when electricity is first turned on,
Static RAM (SRAM) this operation is referred to as bootstrap. ROM chip are not only used in the computer but also in
other electronic items like washing machine and microwave oven.
The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power remains applied.
However, data is lost when the power gets down due to volatile nature. SRAM chips use a matrix of
6-transistors and no capacitors. Transistors do not require power to prevent leakage, so SRAM need
not have to be refreshed on a regular basis.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 16

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

 Its contents are always known and can be verified

Fig : ROM
Secondary Memory

Following are the various types of ROM

This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than main
memory. These are used for storing Data/Information permanently.
MROM (Masked ROM)
CPU directly does not access these memories instead they are accessed via input-output routines.
The very first ROMs were hard-wired devices that contained a pre-programmed set of data or Contents of secondary memories are first transferred to main memory, and then CPU can access
instructions. These kind of ROMs are known as masked ROMs. It is inexpensive ROM. it.For example: disk, CD-ROM,DVD etc.

PROM (Programmable Read only Memory) Characteristic of Secondary Memory/ ADVNTAGE

PROM is read-only memory that can be modified only once by a user. The user buys a blank PROM  These are magnetic and optical memories.
and enters the desired contents using a PROM programmer.Inside the PROM chip there are small
fuses which are burnt open during programming. It can be programmed only once and is not erasable.
 It is known as backup memory.
 It is non-volatile memory.
 Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
EPROM(Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)
 It is used for storage of the data in the computer.
 Computer may run without secondary memory.
The EPROM can be erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for a duration of upto 40 minutes.
Usually, a EPROM eraser achieves this function. During programming an electrical charge is trapped  Slower than primary memories.
in an insulated gate region. The charge is retained for more than ten years because the charge has no  The storage capacity are expressed in terms of Bytes.
leakage path. For erasing this charge, ultra-violet light is passed through a quartz crystal window(lid).
This exposure to ultra-violet light dissipates the charge. During normal use the quartz lid is sealed SECONDARY STORAGES:
with a sticker. 1) MAGNETIC DISKS.: such as Hard Disk , Floppy Disk,
2) MAGNETIC TAPES.
EEPROM(Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory) 3) OPTICAL DISKS.: CD, DVD, VCD, Etc
4) FLASH DRIVES.
The EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically. It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten
thousand times. Both erasing and programming take about 4 to 10 ms (mille second). In EEPROM, MAGNETIC DISKS
any location can be selectively erased and programmed. EEPROMs can be erased one byte at a time,
rather than erasing the entire chip. Hence, the process of re-programming is flexible but slow.
1) HARD DISK
Advantages of ROM

 Non-volatile in nature
 These can not be accidentally changed
 Cheaper than RAMs
 Easy to test
 More Reliable than RAMs FIG : hard disk fig: CD Drive
 These are static and do not require refreshing

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 17

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

 Magnetic disks are group of round flat metal plates. Which are coated with the magnetic
oxide.
 As they are made up of metal/ alluminium its called as HARD DISKS
 Magnetic disks provides long term storage. TRACK
 It is made up of many disk internally alligned and adjusted.
 Each disk has both side read / write heads.
 Disks are made up of concentric circles
 Each circle is divided into tracks and sectors
 Each sector is again consists of blocks where data is stored.
 The speed is generally measured in RPM(Revolutions Per Minute).
 Read / Write heads are responsible for reading or writing data.

2) FLOPPY DISK
Fig: disk
 Floppy disk is thin flexible circular plate coated with magnetic oxide and kept inside a SECTOR design
square plastic jacket.  .
 Floppy disks are made up of Single plastic plate coated with magnetic oxide.
 Which in turn has several track, OPTICAL DISKS
 Tracks are divided into sectors.
 Floppy Disk Drives are used for Floppy.
 Different types of floppy disks  TYPES: CD ROM( compact disk Read Only Memory)
o CD RW( compact disk Read / Write)

Size Type capacity o DVD RW(Digita Versatile Disk Read / Write)

o BLUE RAY
5.25 1) Double sided, double density 360 KB
2) Double sided, high density 1.2MB 1) CD ROM( Compact Disk Read Only Memory)
 These are secondary storage devices.
3.5 1) Double sided, double density 720 KB  Once data is recorded it cannot be changed (so called READ ONLY)
2) Double sided, high density 1.44 MB  It has more memory than floppy.
 About 700 MB can be stored on CD.
 Now a days even CD Re - Writable also available.
 To use CD we need CD Drives.‟
 Data is stored on this by using LASER.

2) DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)

 DVD are high definition optical disks.
 These has more capacity than CD
 About 4.7 GB data can be stored on to the CD.

3) Blue Ray disks

 This is an advanced version of optical disk.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 18

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

 Developed by Blue Ray Disk Association. Few higher storage units are following
 It uses Blue Violet LASER technology.
 It can hold up to 25 GB. Data with single Layer. Sr. No. Unit Description
 It can hold up to 50 GB data with Double Layer.
1 0 or 1 1 bit
2 4 Bits 1 Nibble
FLASH MEMORY 3 2 Nibble or 8 Bits 1 Byte
4 1024 Bytes 1 Kilo Bytes
 These work on semiconductor technology.
5 1024 Bytes Kilobyte (KB)
 Can be carried easily.
 Very small in size. 6 1024 KB Megabyte (MB)
 Which has some limited millions of read or write capacity. 7 1024 MB GigaByte (GB)
 Several GB data can be stored. 8 1024 GB TeraByte (TB
 Usually comes with USB( Universal Serial Bus). 9 1024 TB PetaByte (PB)

Following are the main memory storage units:

Sr. No. Unit Description

A binary digit is logical 0 & 1 representing a passive or an active state Motherboard
1 Bit (Binary Digit)
of a component in an electric circuit.
2 Nibble A group of 4 bits is called nibble. The motherboard serves as a single platform to connect all of the parts of a computer together. A
A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit which can motherboard connects CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives, video card, sound card and other
3 Byte ports and expansion cards directly or via cables. It can be considered as the backbone of a computer.
represent a data item or a character.
A computer word like a byte, is a group of fixed number of bits
processed as a unit which varies from computer but is fixed for each
computer.
4 Word
The length of a computer word is called word-size or word length and
it may be as small as 8 bits or may be as long as 96 bits.
A computer stores the information in the form of the computer words.
fig: Motherboard

Features

 Motherboard varies greatly in supporting various types of components.

 Normally a motherboard supports a single type of CPU and few types of memories.
fig: USB flash drive  Video Cards, Hard disks, Sound Cards have to compatible with motherboard to function
properly.
 Motherboards, cases and power supplies must be compatible to work properly together.

Popular Manufacturers

 Intel
 ASUS

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 19

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

COMPUTER MEMORY
PRIMARY (MAIN) CACHE PROCESSOR SECONDARY
MEMORY REGISTERS MEMORY
MEMORY

RAM ROM MAGNETIC DISK/TAPE FLASH MEMORY OPTICAL DISK

SRAM EROM FLOPPY DISK PEN DRICVE CD-ROM

ZIP DRIVE/ DISK CD-RW

DRAM EEPROM MEMORY CARDS

HARD DISK DVD ROM

DVD RW

BLUE RAY DISK

ABBREVATIONS
PDA Personel Digital Assistant
MMC MultiMedia Card
SD Secure Digital Card
OCR Optical CharacterReader
OMR Optical Mark Reader
MICR Magnetic Ink Character Reader
VDU Visual Display Unit

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 20

 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

The following table highlights the major difference between the RAM memory and ROM memory

Options RAM ROM

Elaboration Random Access Memory Read Only memory

NzÀÄ/§gÀºÀ ¸ÀAUÀæºÀuÉAiÀiÁVzÉ NzÀÄ ªÀiÁvÀæ ¸ÀAUÀæºÀuÉAiÀiÁVzÉ

The processor cannot directly access the information

Accessibility In reference with the processor, the information stored in that is stored in the ROM. In order to access the ROM
information, first the information will be transferred
the RAM is easily accessed
into the RAM and then it gets executed by the
£ÉÃgÀªÁV ºÁUÀÆ ¸ÀÄ®¨sÀªÁV ªÀiÁ»wAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀAUÀ滸ÀlÄÖPÉƼÀÄîvÀÛªÉ processor
sEzÀÄ £ÉÃgÀªÁV ªÀiÁ»wAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀAUÀæºÀ¹lÄÖPÉƼÀÄîªÀÅ¢®è. ªÉÆzÀ®Ä

ªÀiÁ»wAiÀÄ£ÀÄß gÁåªÀiï UÉ ªÀUÁ𻹠£ÀAvÀgÀ QæAiÉÄUÉƼÀ¥ÀlÖ

ªÀiÁ»wAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀAUÀ滸À¯ÁUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ.

Working type (PÁAiÀÄðzÀ The ROM memory only allows the user to read the
§UÉ) Both the read and write operations can be performed information. User cannot make any changes to the

over the information that is stored in the RAM information.

NzÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ §gÀºÀ ¸ÀägÀuÉAiÀiÁVzÉ. QæAiÉÄAiÀÄ°ègÀĪÀ ªÀiÁ»wAiÀÄ£ÀÄß NzÀÄ ªÀiÁvÀæ ¸ÀägÀuÉAiÀiÁVzÉ, §¼ÀPÉzÁgÀ£ÀÄ AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉ jÃw §zÀ¯ÁªÀuÉ

¸ÀAUÀ滸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ. ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä ¸ÁzsÀå«®è.

Storage(¸¸ÀAUÀæºÀuÉ) RAM memory is only used to store the temporary ROM memory is used to store permanent information

information. and cannot be deleted.

EzÀÄ vÁvÁÌ°PÀ ¸ÀägÀuÉAiÀiÁVzÉ EzÀÄ ¢ÃWÀðPÁ°PÀ ¸ÀägÀuÉAiÀiÁVzÉ. ªÀÄvÉÛ C½¸À®Ä ¸ÁzsÀå«®è.

Speed(ªÉÃUÀ) the accessing speed of RAM is faster, it assist the Speed is slower in comparison with RAM, ROM

processor to boost up the speed cannot boost up the processor speed

QæAiÀiÁ ªÉÃUÀ ºÉZÀÄÑ QæAiÀiÁ ªÉÃUÀ PÀrªÉÄ

Structure(gÀZÀ£É) The RAM is an chip, which is in the rectangle form and ROMs are generally the optical drivers, which are

is inserted over the mother board of the computer made of magnetic tapes.
gÁåªÀiï DAiÀiÁvÁPÁgÀzÀ ©¯ÉèAiÀiÁPÁgÀzÀ°è EzÀÄÝ, EzÀ£ÀÄß UÀtPÀAiÀÄAvÀæzÀ gÉÆêÀiï MAzÀÄ D¦ÖPÀ¯ï r¸ïÌ DVzÀÄÝ, PÁAwÃAiÀÄ ¸ÀÄgÀĽUÀ½AzÀ

ªÀÄzÀgï ¨ÉÆÃqÀð£À°è ¸ÉÃj¸À¯ÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ªÀiÁqÀ®ànÖgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 21

 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

Cost(¨É¯É) The price of RAMs are comparatively high The price of ROMs are comparatively low
zÀĨÁj ¨É¯É PÀrªÉÄ ¨É¯É

Chip size(UÁvÀæ) Physically size of ROM chip is smaller than RAM

Physically size of RAM chip is larger than ROM chip chip.

gÁåªÀiï gÉÆêÀiïVAvÀ UÁvÀæzÀ°è zÉÆqÀØzÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. gÉÆêÀiï gÁåªÀiï VAvÀ UÁvÀæzÀ°è aPÀÌzÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ

Types(¥ÀæPÁgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ) The RAM memory is categorized into two types they are The ROM memory is categorized into three types,

the: they are:

gÁåªÀiï£À JgÀqÀÄ ¥ÀæPÁgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ gÉÆêÀiï£À ¥ÀæPÁgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ F PɼÀV£ÀAwªÉ.

Statistic RAM (SRAM) and Dynamic RAM (DRAM) PROM (Programmable Read Only memory), EPROM

(Erasable Programmable Read Only memory) and

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read

Only memory)

The following table list out some of the key differences between the primary and secondary memory:
Primary memory(¥ÁæxÀ«ÄPÀ ¸ÀägÀuÉ) Secondary memory(¢éwÃAiÀÄ ¸ÀägÀuÉ)
The memory devices used for primary memory are semiconductor The secondary memory devices are magnetic and optical
memories memories.
EªÀÅ ¸É«ÄPÀAqÀPÀÖgï ¸ÀägÀuÉUÀ¼ÁVªÉ. EªÀÅ PÁAwÃAiÀÄ ºÁUÀÆ D¦ÖPÀ¯ï ¸ÀägÀuÉUÀ¼ÁVªÉ.
The primary memory is categorized as volatile and non volatile The secondary memory is always non volatile
memories, RAM is the volatile memory and ROM is the non volatile EªÀÅ ¢ÃWÀðPÁ°PÀ ¸ÀägÀuÉUÀ¼ÁVªÉ.
memory
EªÀÅUÀ¼À°è C®àPÁ°PÀ ºÁUÀÆ ¢ÃWÀðPÁ°PÀ JA§ ¸ÀägÀuÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÁt§ºÀÄzÀÄ . gÁåªÀiï
C®¥ÀPÁ°PÀ ºÁUÀÆ gÉÆêÀiï ¢ÃWÀðPÁ°PÀ.

The primary memory is composed of programs and data that are The secondary memory is enough capable to store huge amount

presently being used by the micro processor of information

¸ÀÆPÀëöä ¸ÀA¸ÀÌgÀuÉAiÀÄ°è£À zÀvÁÛA±ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß £ÉgÀªÁV ºÁUÀÆ C®àPÁ°PÀªÁV ±ÉÃRj¹qÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EªÀÅUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÁPÁUÀĪÀµÀÄÖ ªÀiÁ»wAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¢ÃWÀðPÁ°PÀªÁV ±ÉÃRj¹qÀÄvÀÛªÉ.

The primary memories are more effective and fast to interact with the The secondary memories are somewhat slow in interacting with

micro processor the micro processor, when compared with the primary memory.
EªÀÅUÀ¼À ¥ÀjuÁªÀÄPÁjAiÀiÁV ºÁUÀÆ ªÉÃUÀªÁV ¸ÀÆPÀëöä ¸ÀA¸ÀÌgÀt ©¯ÉèAiÉÆA¢UÉ ¥ÀæwQæ¬Ä¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. EªÀÅUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÁæxÀ«ÄPÀ ¸ÀägÀuÉVAvÀ ¤zsÁ£ÀªÁV ¥ÀæwQæ¬Ä¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ.

Primary memory is known as main memory Secondary memory is known as additional memory or back

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 22

 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

EªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀÄÄRå/¥ÀæzsÁ£À ¸ÀägÀuÉ JAvÀ®Æ PÀgÉAiÀÄĪÀgÀÄ. memory

EªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉZÀÄѪÀj ¸ÀägÀuÉ JAvÀ®Æ PÀgÉAiÀÄĪÀgÀÄ.

These memories are also called as internal memory These memories are also called as external memory
DAvÀjPÀ ¸ÀägÀuÉ JAvÀ®Æ PÀgÉAiÀÄĪÀgÀÄ. ¨ÁºÀå ¸ÀägÀuÉ JAvÀ®Æ PÀgÉAiÀÄĪÀgÀÄ.

Primary memory is temporary The secondary memory is permanent

vÁvÁÌ°PÀ ¸ÀägÀuÉUÀ¼ÀÄ PÀÆqÁ DVªÉ. ¢ÃWÀðPÁ°PÀ ¸ÀägÀuÉUÀ¼ÁVªÉ.

Commonly used primary memory (main memory) available in the range Generally secondary memories range between(¸ÀägÀuÉAiÀÄ ¸ÁªÀÄxÀåð)
of (¸ÀägÀuÉAiÀÄ ¸ÁªÀÄxÀåð) 512 MB to 8 GB RAMs. 80 GB to 4 TB Hard Disc Drives.

The secondary memory devices are connected to the computer

The primary memory devices are connected to the computer through through Cables

“slots” EªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß UÀtPÀAiÀÄAvÀæzÀ PÉÃA¢æÃAiÀÄ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌgÀt WÀlPÀ ºÁUÀÆ AiÀÄÄ J¸ï © ¥ÉÆÃmïð

PÉÃA¢æÃAiÀÄ ¸À¸ÀÌgÀt WÀlPÀzÀ ªÀÄzÀgï ¨ÉÆÃqÀð£À°ègÀĪÀ ¸Áèmï UÀ¼À°è eÉÆÃr¸À¯ÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ºÁUÀÆ qÉæöʪïUÀ¼À°è eÉÆÃr¸À§ºÀÄzÀÄ.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 23

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

Application Software

Software (s/w) Application software are the software that are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular
environment. All software prepared by us in the computer lab can come under the category of
Application software.
 defn:” set of programs “, which is designed to perform a well defined function. A program is a
sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem. Application software may consists of a single program, such as a Microsoft's notepad for writing
and editing simple text. It may also consists of a collection of programs, often called a software
package, which work together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet package.
TYPES OF SOFTWARE

Examples of Application software are following

 System Software
 Application Software
 Development s/w
 Payroll Software
 Student Record Software
 Inventory Management Software
System Software
 Income Tax Software
 Railways Reservation Software
The system software is collection of programs designed to operate, control and extend the
processing capabilities of the computer itself. System software are generally prepared by computer  Microsoft Office Suite Software
manufactures.  Microsoft Word
 Microsoft Excel
These softwares comprise of programs written in low level languages which interact with the  Microsoft Powerpoint
hardware at a very basic level. System software serves as the interface between hardware and the
end users.

Some examples of system software are Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter, Assemblers etc.

Features of Application Software are following

 It is close to user.
 It is easy to design.
Features of System Software are following
 More interactive.
 Slow in speed.
 Close to system.
 Generally written in high level language.
 Fast in speed.
 Easy to understand.
 Difficult to design.
 Easy to manipulate and use.
 Difficult to understand.
 Bigger in size and requires large storage space.
 Less interactive.
 Smaller in size.
*Development s/w: used for developing new softwares
 Difficult to manipulate. Such as: C,C++, java etc
 Generally written in low level language.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 24

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

” OPERATING SYSTEM “  File Management -- Allocates the resources. De-allocates the resource. Decides who
gets the resources.
 Defn: “An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the
 Security -- By means of passwords & similar other techniques, preventing unauthorized
software and the computer hardware”. access to programs & data.
 It is an integration set of specialised programs that are used to manage overall resources  Job accounting -- Keeping track of time & resources used by various jobs and/or users.
and operations of the computer.  Control over system performance -- Recording delays between request for a service &
 It is specialised software that controls and monitors the execution of all other programs from the system.
that reside in the computer, including application programs and other system software.  Interaction with the operators -- The interaction may take place via the console of the
computer in the form of instructions. Operating System acknowledges the same, do the
corresponding action and inform the operation by a display screen.
Objectives of Operating System
 Error-detecting aids -- Production of dumps, traces, error messages and other
debugging and error-detecting methods.
 Making a computer system convenient to use in an efficient manner  Coordination between other software and users -- Coordination and assignment of
 To hide the details of the hardware resources from the users compilers, interpreters, assemblers and other software to the various users of the
 To provide users a convenient interface to use the computer system. computer systems.
 To act as an intermediary between the hardware and its users and making it easier for the
users to access and use other resources. Types of O.S.
 Manage the resources of a computer system.
 keep track of who is using which resource, granting resource requests, according for 1: TIMESHARING OS: it allocates resources on time dependent fashion, to serve programs
resource using and mediating conflicting requests from different programs and users. simultaneously. Each user gets CPU for some short period of time. But user feels that he alone is
 The efficient and fair sharing of resources among users and programs using the CPU.

2: ON-LINE OS: the remote terminals and servers working on-line. As Banks , reservations etc

3: REAL TIME OS: controls the operations of a physical systems such as satellite in orbit may be
controlled..

O.S. Interaction: 4: BATCH PROCESSING OS: this kind os uses automated job to job transiton. Each user has to
create his own program and gives to computer, here operator collects similar type jobs and makes
BATCH.

5: JOB CONTROL LANGUAGE: it uses Job Control Language to separate jobs and execute.

Characteristics/ Functions of Operating System

FILE: IS COLLECTION OF RELATED DATA & INFORMATION.
 Memory Management -- It keeps tracks of primary memory i.e what part of it are in use
by whom, what part are not in use etc.Allocates the memory when the process or program
FOLDER / DIRECTORY: IS COLLECTION OF FILES.
request it.
 Processor Management -- Allocate the processor(CPU) to a process. Deallocate
processor when processor is no longer required.
 Device Management -- Keep tracks of all devices.This is also called I/O controller.
Decides which process gets the device when and for how much time.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 25

 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

The following table list out some of the key differences between the Application software

and System software:

Subject Application Software System Software
(«µÀAiÀÄ) C£Àé¬ÄPÀ vÀAvÁæA±À ªÀåªÀ¸ÁÜ¥À£Á vÀAvÁæA±À
Application software is computer
Definition
software designed to help the user to System software is computer software designed to operate the computer
(ªÁåSÉå) perform specific tasks. hardware and to provide a platform for running application software.
§¼ÀPÉzÁgÀ£À CªÀ±ÀåPÀvÉUÉ vÀPÀÌAvÉ gÀa¸À¯ÁzÀ UÀtPÀAiÀÄAvÀæzÀ°è AiÀÄAvÁæA±ÀUÀ¼À PÁAiÀÄðªÉÊRjUÉ ¸ÀA§A¢üvÀ ¤ªÀðºÀuÉUÁV ªÉÆzÀ¯Éà gÀa¸À¯ÁzÀ
vÀAvÁæA±ÀUÀ¼ÁVªÉ. vÀAvÁæA±ÀUÀ¼ÁVªÉ.
Purpose It is specific purpose software. It is general-purpose software.
(§¼ÀPÉ) ¤¢ðµÀÖ §¼ÀPÉAiÀÄ vÀAvÁæA±ÀUÀ¼ÁVªÉ. ¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå §¼ÀPÉAiÀÄ vÀAvÁæA±ÀUÀ¼ÁVªÉ.
Classificati  Package Program,  Time Sharing,
 Resource Sharing,
on  Customized Program  Client Server
(ªÀVðPÀgÀt)  Batch Processing Operating System
 Real time Operating System
 Multi-processing Operating System
 Multi-programming Operating System
 Distributed Operating System

Environme Application Software performs in a System Software Create his own environment to run itself and run other
nt environment which created by application.
(gÀZÀ£É) System/Operating System EzÀÄ vÀ£ÀßzÉà DzÀ gÀZÀ£ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢zÀÄ, vÁ£Éà QæAiÉÄUÉƼÀ¥ÀqÀĪÀÅzÀgÀ eÉÆvÉUÉ ¨ÉgÉ QæAiÉÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß
C£Àé»PÀ vÀAvÁæA±ÀªÀÅ QæAiÉÆÃvÉÛÃfPÀ ªÀåªÀ¸ÉÜAiÀÄ gÀZÀ£É QæAiÉÄUÉƼÀ¥Àr¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
ªÀÄÆSÁAvÀgÀ QæAiÉÄUÉƼÀ¥ÀqÀĪÀ vÀAvÁæA±ÀªÁVzÉ.
Execution It executes as and when required. It executes all the time in computer.
Time CªÀ±Àå«zÁÝUÀ QæAiÉÄUÉƼÀ¥Àr¸À§ºÀÄzÀÄ. EzÀÄ ¸ÀvÀvÀªÁV QæAiÉÄUÉƼÀ¥ÀqÀĪÀÅzÀÄ.
(PÁAiÀÄð
¸ÀªÀÄAiÀÄ)
Essentiality Application is not essential for a
(CªÀ±ÀåPÀvÉ) computer.
UÀtPÀAiÀÄAvÀæPÉÌ F vÀAvÁæA±ÀzÀ CªÀ±ÀåPÀvɬĮè. System software is essential for a computer UÀtPÀAiÀÄAvÀæPÉÌ F vÀAvÁæA±ÀzÀ CªÀ±ÀåPÀvɬÄzÉ.
Number The number of application software is
(¸ÀASÉåUÀ¼ÀÄ) much more than system software.
C£ÉÃPÀ C£Àé»PÀ vÀAvÁæA±ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀåªÀ¸ÁÜ¥À£À The number of system software is less than application software.
vÀAvÁæA±ÀzÀ ¨sÁUÀUÀ¼ÁVªÉ. DzÀgÉ C£Àé»PÀ vÀAvÁæA±ÀUÀ¼À°è ªÀåªÀ¸ÁÜ¥À£À vÀAvÁæA±ÀUÀ¼ÁVgÀĪÀÅ¢®è..

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 26

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

 Symbols are very few

Advantage:
 Easy to understand
“COMPUTER LANGUAGE”  Easy to learn
 Easy to locate errors
 Modification is possible
The language used to communicate with the computers is Binary language.

These are made up of 0‟s and 1‟s. 2) HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE:

HLL is a language which uses English like statements for coding. A familiar statements
Basically there are two types: and words are used for programming.
1. LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE(LLL) Eg: C, C++, JAVA, COBOL, VB, .NET, BASIC, FORTRAN ETC.
2. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE(HLL)

1)LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE: Advantage:

LLL is machine oriented language and machine dependent language, where each instruction is a  Easier to learn
machine code. Its highly known only to machines,  Easier to code
 Requires less coding time
There are 2 types:  Easy to modify, debug
1: machine language  Complexity is reduced
2: assembly language. Limitations;
 Extra time is taken by converters for translation
 Requires a translator software.
i) Machine language:
 Language completely written in binary codes( 0 and 1).
 Used in 1st gen computers. TRANSLATORS
 It has two parts a) command b) operand
 These are s/w used to translate programs written in high level languages to machine level
Limitations:
languages.
 Machine dependent: cannot be used with different designed machine
 Types:
 Difficult to program
 INTERPRETERS
 Difficult to manage
 COMPILERS
 Experts are required
 ASSEMBLERS
 Error prone
 Difficult to modify
 Difficult to detect the errors  INTERPRETER
Advantage  It‟s a kind of translator which translates high level language into machine level
 High speed language.
 No translator required  It takes a single line at a time.& converts to machine code.
 If any error occurs , it stops next line conversion.
ii) Assembly language  Ex: BASIC interpreters, JAVA interpreters
 Language which uses the mnemonic or symbolic instructions.
 COMPILERS
 Known as symbolic programming language.
 Translators are used to translate the symbols into binary language.  It‟s a kind of translator which converts high level language to
Limitations: machine language.
 Machine dependent  It takes complete set of statements to convert at a time.
 Takes more execution time as translation process has to done  If any error occurs, then all errors are listed at once for correcting.
 Knowledge of hardware is needed
 Ex: c compiler, COBOL compiler etc.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 27

 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

ABBREVATIONS
ENIAC Electronic Numeric Integrator & calculator
 Difference between INTERPRETER & COMPILER EDSAC Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer
INTERPRETER COMPILER UNIVAC UNIV Automatic Computer
 Translates one line at a time  Translates whole set a time FORTRAN FORmula TRANslation
 Need less memory  Need more memory COBOL Common Business Oriented Language
 Errors are listed suddenly  Errors are listed at once BASIC Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
MIPS, KIPS, BIPS Million Instruction Per Second( K: Kile, B:Billion)
 Execution is slower  Execution is fast
USB Universal Serial Bus
 Source and machine code both  Only machine code is required
CPU Central Processing Unit
required for execution
PC Personal Computer
ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit
CU Control Unit
 ASSEMBLER BCD Binary Coded Decimal
EBCDIC Extended BCD Interchange Code
 It converts assembly language program to machine language ISCII Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange
 Ex: AUTOCODER, PLAN etc ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
RAM Random Access Memory
Difference between High Level Language (HLL) and Low Level Language (LLL) ROM Read Only Memory
Subject High-level Language Low-level languages EEPROM Electronically Erasable Programmable ROM
1. Learning High-level languages are easy to learn. Low-level languages are difficult to KB, MB, GB, TB Kilo Byte (M:Mega, G:Giga, T:Terra)
§¼ÀPÉ/PÀ°PÉ G£ÀßvÀ ªÀÄlÖzÀ ¨sÁµÉ §¼ÀPÉ Cwà ¸ÀÄ®¨sÀ learn. DOS Disk Operating System
PɼÀªÀÄlÖzÀ ¨sÁµÉ §¼ÀPÉ QèµÀÖPÀgÀ
FAT File Allocation Table
2 Understanding High level languages are near to Low-level languages are far from NTFS New Technology File System
CxÀðªÁUÀÄ«PÉ human languages human languages. RPM, CPM, LPM Revolution Per Minute (C: character, L:Line)
EzÀÄ §¼ÀPÉzÁgÀ¤UÉ ºÀwÛgÀzÀ ¨sÁµÉAiÀiÁVzÉ. EzÀÄ §¼ÀPÉzÁgÀ¤UÉ CxÀðªÁUÀzÀ ºÁUÀÆ CD Compact Disk
£É£À¦lÄÖPÉƼÀî¨ÉÃPÁzÀ ¨sÁµÉAiÀiÁVzÉÉ. DVD Digital Versatile Disk
3. Execution Programs in high-level languages are Programs in low-level languages are CRT Cathode Ray Tube
QæAiÉÄ slow in execution. fast in execution. LCD Liquid Crystal Display
QæAiÀiÁªÉÃUÀ ¤zsÁ£À ºÉaÑ£À QæAiÀiÁªÉÃUÀ TFT Thin Film Transistor
4. Modification Programs in high-level languages are Programs in low-level languages are LED Light Emitting Diode
§zÀ¯ÁªÀuÉ easy to modify. difficult to modify
EªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß §zÀ¯Á¬Ä¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ¸ÀÄ®¨sÀ F ¨sÁµÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß §zÀ¯Á¬Ä¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ PÀµÀÖPÀgÀ
5. Language User Language (just like English) Binary System „0 & 1‟
¨sÁµÉ §¼ÀPÉzÁgÀ¤UÉ ºÀwÛgÀªÁzÀ ¨sÁµÉUÀ¼ÀÄ. GzÁºÀgÀuÉ ¢éªÀiÁ£À ¥ÀzÀÞw „0 & 1‟
EAVèõï
6. Uses These languages are normally used to
§¼ÀPÉ These languages are normally used to
write application programs
F ¨sÁµÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV C£Àé»PÀ write hardware programs.
PÁAiÀiÁðPÀæªÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄ®Ä §¼À¸ÀĪÀgÀÄ. F ¨sÁµÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV AiÀÄAvÁæA±À
PÁAiÀiÁðPÀæªÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄ®Ä §¼À¸ÀĪÀgÀÄ.
7. Language
Compiler and Interpretor Software
Translator
¨sÁµÁAvÀgÀPÀ vÀAvÁæA±À «ªÀgÀtPÀvÀð & PÉÆæÃrPÁgÀPÀ vÀAvÁæA±À Assembler Software
eÉÆÃqÀuÁPÁgÀPÀ vÀAvÁæA±À

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 28

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

As a computer programmer or an IT professional, you should understand the following number

systems which are frequently used in computers.
 NUMBER SYSTEM
Binary Number System
The number system is writing andmathematical notation system, for expressing and
representing numbers of a given set using dedicated symbols consistently.
Characteristics

Types:
 Uses two digits, 0 and 1.
 Also called base 2 number system
Number system Base
number  Each position in a binary number represents a 0 power of the base (2). Example 2 0
1 Binary number system 2  Last position in a binary number represents a x power of the base (2). Example 2x where x
2 Decimal number system 10 represents the last position - 1.
3 Octal number system 8
4 Hexadecimal system 16 Example
S.N
. Binary Number: 101012
Number System & Description
Binary Number System Calculating Decimal Equivalent:
1
Base 2. Digits used: 0, 1
Octal Number System
2 Step Binary Number Decimal Number
Base 8. Digits used: 0 to 7
Step
Hexa Decimal Number System 101012 ((1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) + (1 x 20))10
4 1
Base 16. Digits used: 0 to 9, Letters used: A- F
Step
101012 (16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1)10
2
Step
101012 2110
3
Decimal Number System
Note: 101012 is normally written as 10101.
The number system that we use in our day-to-day life is the decimal number system. Decimal number
system has base 10 as it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9. In decimal number system, the successive
positions to the left of the decimal point represent units, tens, hundreds, thousands and so on. Octal Number System

Each position represents a specific power of the base (10). For example, the decimal number 1234 Characteristics
consists of the digit 4 in the units position, 3 in the tens position, 2 in the hundreds position, and 1 in
the thousands position, and its value can be written as  Uses eight digits, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7.
 Also called base 8 number system
(1x103)+ (2x102)+ (3x101)+ (4xl00). (5x10-1 )  Each position in a octal number represents a 0 power of the base (8). Example 80
 Last position in a octal number represents a x power of the base (8). Example 8 x where x
1000 + 200 + 30 + 1 . 5x0.1 represents the last position - 1.

(1234.5 )10

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 29

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

Example Step
19FDE16 10646210
4
Octal Number: 125708

Calculating Decimal Equivalent:

Step Octal Number Decimal Number Decimal to Other Base System

Step
125708 ((1 x 84) + (2 x 83) + (5 x 82) + (7 x 81) + (0 x 80))10
1 Steps
Step
125708 (4096 + 1024 + 320 + 56 + 0)10
2  Step 1 - Divide the decimal number to be converted by the value of the new base.
Step
125708 549610  Step 2 - Get the remainder from Step 1 as the rightmost digit (least significant digit) of new
3 base number.
 Step 3 - Divide the quotient of the previous divide by the new base.
Note: 125708 is normally written as 12570.  Step 4 - Record the remainder from Step 3 as the next digit (to the left) of the new base
number.
Hexadecimal Number System
Repeat Steps 3 and 4, getting remainders from right to left, until the quotient becomes zero in Step 3.
Characteristics
The last remainder thus obtained will be the most significant digit (MSD) of the new base number.
 Uses 10 digits and 6 letters, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.
Example
 Letters represents numbers starting from 10. A = 10. B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F =
15.
 Also called base 16 number system Decimal Number: 2910
 Each position in a hexadecimal number represents a 0 power of the base (16). Example 16 0
 Last position in a hexadecimal number represents a x power of the base (16). Example 16 x Calculating Binary Equivalent:
where x represents the last position - 1.
Step Operation Result Remainder
Example Step 1 29 / 2 14 1
Step 2 14 / 2 7 0
Hexadecimal Number: 19FDE16
Step 3 7/2 3 1
Step 4 3/2 1 1
Calculating Decimal Equivalent:
Step 5 1/2 0 1

Step Binary Number Decimal Number

As mentioned in Steps 2 and 4, the remainders have to be arranged in the reverse order so that the
Step
19FDE16 ((1 x 16 ) + (9 x 16 ) + (F x 162) + (D x 161) + (E x 160))10
4 3
first remainder becomes the least significant digit (LSD) and the last remainder becomes the most
1
significant digit (MSD).
Step
19FDE16 ((1 x 164) + (9 x 163) + (15 x 162) + (13 x 161) + (14 x 160))10
2
Decimal Number: 2910 = Binary Number: 111012.
Step
19FDE16 (65536+ 36864 + 3840 + 208 + 14)10
3
Other base system to Decimal System

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 30

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

Steps Octal Number: 258 = Decimal Number: 2110

 Step 1 - Determine the column (positional) value of each digit (this depends on the position Step 2: Convert Decimal to Binary
of the digit and the base of the number system). Step Operation Result Remainder
 Step 2 - Multiply the obtained column values (in Step 1) by the digits in the corresponding
Step 1 21 / 2 10 1
columns.
 Step 3 - Sum the products calculated in Step 2. The total is the equivalent value in decimal. Step 2 10 / 2 5 0
Step 3 5/2 2 1
Example Step 4 2/2 1 0
Step 5 1/2 0 1
Binary Number: 111012
Decimal Number: 2110 = Binary Number: 101012
Calculating Decimal Equivalent:
Octal Number: 258 = Binary Number: 101012
Step Binary Number Decimal Number
Step 1 111012 ((1 x 2 ) + (1 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) + (1 x 20))10
4 Binary Number: 101012 = Octal Number: 258
Step 2 111012 (16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1)10
Step 3 111012 2910

BINARY CODING:
Binary Number: 111012 = Decimal Number: 2910

BCD( BINARY CODED DECIMAL)

Other Base System to Non-Decimal System

 It is one of oldest system to represent digits

Steps
 Each digit is translated to binary
 It uses 4 bits for coding.
 Step 1 - Convert the original number to a decimal number (base 10).  Ex: (234)10 = (0010 0011 0100) bcd
 Step 2 - Convert the decimal number so obtained to the new base number.  Here 2 = 0010, 3=0011, 4=0100

Example ASCII CODES

Octal Number: 258  USA based system AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE.
 Almost all manufacture support it.
Calculating Binary Equivalent:  ASCII has 128 codes. & needs only 7 bits.

Step 1: Convert to Decimal ISCII CODES:

Step Octal Number Decimal Number
Step 1 278 ((2 x 81) + (5 x 80))10  It is INDIAN STANDARD CODE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE.
 It is 8 bit system
Step 2 278 (16 + 5 )10  Allows English and Indian scripts.
Step 3 278 2110

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 31

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

EBCDIC:
(UNIT II)
 BCD is mere 6 bit system that can represent only 64 characters.


Which is not sufficient for supporting all symbols.
So 2 extra bits are added so EXTENDED B.C.D. INTERCHANGE CODE.
WORKING WITH WINDOWS XP

 WINDOWS XP is OS developed by Microsoft

 What is Data?  XP is short form of eXPerience.
 WinXP was launched on 25th oct 2001.
Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts or instruction in a formalized manner which  Is has service pack 1, 2 and 3.
should be suitable for communication , interpretation or processing by human or electronic  It has improved User interface with ..
machine.Data is represented with the help of characters like alphabets (A-Z,a-z), digits (0-9) or  1) multimedia support 2) music tasks 3) file handling, 4) best security
special characters(+,-,/,*,<,>,= etc). options available, 5) Remote access, 6) remote assistance 7) multi
programming 8) multi tasking, 9) wireless connectivity,10) net connectivity,
What is Information? 11) power management tools, etc.

Information is processed or organized or classified data so that it has some meaningful values to the SHUT DOWN / TURN OFF SYSTEM
receiver.

Data Processing Cycle This will closes all opened programs and closes the system.
Step to shut down/ turn off system:
Data processing is the re-structuring or re-ordering of data by people or machine to increase their
usefulness & add values for particular purpose.Data processing consists of basic steps input,
processing and output. These three steps constitute the data processing cycle.

1) Click on START button

2) Click on SHUT DOWN button
3) Again click on TURN OFF icon

LOG ON & LOG OFF WINDOWS

 Input - In this step the input data are prepared in some convenient form for processing. The When a user enter windows environment he is said to be logged in.
form will depend on the processing machine. For example, when electronic computers are Step to log off system
used, the input data could be recorded on any one of several types of input medium, such as 1) Click on START button
magnetic disks, tapes and so on. 2) Click on LOG OFF button
 Processing - In this step input data are changed to produce data in a more useful form. For Note: log off closes current user working,
example, pay-checks may be calculated from the time cards, or a summary of sales for the Turn off closes all user working and closes computer completely
month may be calculated from the sales orders.
 Output -Here the result of the proceeding processing step are collected. The particular
form of the output data depends on the use of the data. For example, output data may be
pay-checks for employees.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 32

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

 COMMON TASK: it lists some commonly used tasks such as : system tasks, other places,
details etc.
DEFAULT ICONS ON DESKTOP: Control menu title bar control box

Menu Bar Std tool bar

1) MY 2)MY 3)INTERNET 4)RECYCLE 5)MY
NETWORK COMPUTER EXPLORER BIN DOCUMENT
PLACES

MY DOCUMENTS: it has folders MY MUSIC, MY VIDEOS, MY PICTURES.

MY NETWORK PLACES
 It displays the contents and options related to network .
 Used to show other systems connected to this computer. drives

Common
RECYCLE BIN tasks
 It is system folder, which contains the deleted files and folders from
computer.
 Which can be restored.

MYCOMPUTER

It is a system folder that contains all drives, to which our computer is connected.
It also connects to CONTROL PANEL, etc.
Status bar
 DRIVES: it lists all drives of system, as C:, d:, e: etc Removable disks. Video device
 CD or DVD drives connected to system.
 TITLE BAR: shows the title of opened window ICONS:
 CONTROL BOX: it consist of Minimise button, Maximize button, CLOSE button.  These are picture which represent different application, or shortcuts of programs,
 MENU BAR: it has menus as FILE, EDIT, VIEW, TOOLS, HELP  On clicking on ICON it opens specified application.
 ADDRESS BAR: shows path of opened window  CREATING ICON SHORTCUT:
 STANDARD TOOL BAR: Shows the most used button shortcuts.  OPEN REQUIRED APPLICATION
 STATUS BAR: it shows some important status of window.  RIGHT CLICK ON IT
 CLICK ON “CREATE SHORTCUT”

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 33

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

 DELETE ICON OR SHORTCUT:  Delete folder: (select & press DEL key)
 SELECT ICON PRESS DELETE BUTTON 1. Select desired FOLDER
START MENU: 2. Press DELETE button on KEYBOARD
 OPTIONS AVAILABLE ARE 3. It asks a message for confirmation
4. Say YES
PROGRAMS:used to open MY DOCUMENTS: for  Rename folder: ( press F2 key)
MY PICTURES: opens picturs
applications document folder 1. Select folder
MY MUSIC: opens music MY COMPUTER: opens all MY NET PLACES: opens 2. Right click on it
folder drives and devices. network settings. 3. Select RENAME
4. Change the name
CONTROL PANEL: for PRINTERS: opens printer  Open folder: ( ctrl + O)
SETTINGS: for settings 1. Double click the desired folder OR
settings settings
2. From menu FILE & select OPEN & browse the desired folder
HELP: for offline help SEARCH: for searching files RUN: to open applications

 Creating file:
1. Move to desired directory
2. Click on File menu
3. Click on NEW submenu
4. Click on desired type of file
5. Specify name for file
 Delete f file:
1. Select desired File
2. Press DELETE button on KEYBOARD
3. It asks a message for confirmation
5. Say YES
 Rename file:
1. Select file
2. Right click on it
3. Select RENAME
4. Change the name
 Open file:
1. Double click the desired folder OR
2. From menu FILE & select OPEN & browse the desired folder
 Move file: ( or CUT file)
1. Select desired file
2. Right click on file, select CUT( ctrl + X shortcut)
3. Open destination area, & Right click
4. Select PASTE(ctrl + V shortcut)
NOTE: CUT & PASTE moves the file
COPY & PASTE copies the file and creates a duplicate of same.

WORKING WITH FILES AND FOLDERS: ACCESSORIES

 Creating folder: This option is available in START  ALL PROGRAMS  ACCESSORIES
(1) Move to desired directory The option under this are
(2) Click on File menu 1. ACCESSIBILITY:
(3) Click on NEW submenu i) MAGNIFIER: is used for zooming the onscreen items.
(4) Click Folder ii) NARRATOR: is used to get text to voice programs, which gives text guide
(5) Specify name for file iii) ON SCREEN KEYBOARD: this displays on screen “keyboard”.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 34

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

iv) UTILITY MANAGER: used to configure all accessibility tools.

2) ENTERTAINMENT:
i) VOLUME CONTROL: displays master volume control dialog box.
ii) SOUND RECORDER: Is used to record sound by mic. MENU BAR
3) ADDRESS BOOK: it displays address book , which stores address and other details.
4) CALCULATOR: it opens calculator for calculating.
CONTROL BOX
5) COMMAND PROMPT: it is MS-DOS environment. TOOL BOX
6) NOTEPAD: is a text editor software.
7) PAINT: is a simple graphics editing software.
8) WORDPAD: is a rich text editing software.
9) COMMUNICATION: It opens communication related tools. as TITLE BAR
i) HYPER TERMINAL: it is a program used to connect to other computer. DRAWING AREA
ii) NETWORK CONNECTION: displays network connections
iii) REMOTE DESKTOP WIZARD: used to share desktop remotely.
10) SYSTEM TOOLS:
i) BACKUP: is used to backup system data
ii) CHARACTER MAP: shows all characters of system
iii) DISK CLEANUP: is used to free disk space.
COLOR BOX
iv) SCAN DISK: it is used to scan errors of disk.
STATUS BAR
v) SYSTEM RESTORE: is used to set setting to earlier time.

CONTROL PANEL:

This is a system folder, which lists all system settings.

Steps: START  CONTROL PANEL
Settings under this are, TOOL BOX
1) Accessability options: is used to change settings of keyboard, mouse, display, sound. 1) FREE FORM SELECT: used for selecting freely
2) Add hardware: is used to add new H/W to computer. 2) ERASER: used to erase
3) Add/Remove Programs: used to add new program or remove installed program. 3) PICK COLOR: used to pick color
4) Date and Time: used to set time or date of system. 4) PENCIL: used for drawing with pencil
5) Display: used to change the display related settings. 5) AIRBRUSH: used to spray color
6) Folder options: displays folder related options
6) LINE: used to draw straight line
7) Fonts: lists all fonts installed in system
8) Mouse: used to set mouse related options. 7) RECTANGLE: used to draw rectangle
9) Keyboard: used to change keyboard settings. 8) ELLIPSE: used to draw ellipse or circle
10) Printer & Faxes: used to add or remove printer or fax machines 9) SELECT: used to select
11) Power management: setting related to power schemes. 10) FILL WITH COLOR: used to fill with color
12) User accounts: used to add or delete users, their password etc 11) MAGNIFIER: used to zoom the diagram
13) Sound & Audio devices: used to change how sound signals are used 12) BRUSH: used to paint by brush
14) Mail: used to setup services related to mail. 13) TEXT: used to type text.
15) Regional & language options: used to set language of system 14) CURVE: used to draw curved line.
15) POLYGON: used to draw polygon
MS PAINT
It is a simple graphics editing software, comes with windows operating system. 16) ROUND RECTANGLE: draws rounded rectangle
Steps to open:
START  PROGRAMS  ACCESSORIES  PAINT

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 35

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

DESKTOP & ITS COMPONENTS

1) START BUTTON: allows to access all programs

2) DEFULT ICONS: these are only icons which are available on desktop, when computer is
freshly installed with OS.
3) TASK BAR: bar which is available on desktop, which has some parts such as
 Minimized applications,
 Notification area: which allows to set date and time.
 Start button.
 Quick launch buttons.
4) SHORTCUT ICONS: which are created to open program, directly from desktop.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 36

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

RFC-822 ADDRESSING:

Its an addressing format for emails. It contains 2 parts local and domain parts as: username@domain
name: ex: [email protected]
ELECTRONIC MAIL(UNIT III) COMMON E MAIL SERVICE PROVIDERS:
Definition: Electronic Mail is mailing system for sending and receiving messages electronically
Gmail.com, yahoo.com, rediffmail.com, msn.com, hotmail.com, india.com, etc.
WORKING OF E-MAIL
Email allows to create, send, and receive messages from one system to other system. An email ADVANTAGES OF EMAIL:
contains USER AGENT, MESSAGE STORE, & MESSAGE TRANSFER divisions. 1. EASY TO USE: sending and receiving message is easy
2. HIGH SPEED: fastly it sends the messages.
1) USER AGENT: (UA): it allows to generate the actual message or mail. It 3. HUGE SPACE: save lots of mails in the inbox
4. BULK MESSAGING: single message can be sent to many users.
involves all user tasks such as typing, editing, sending new messages,
5. TIME SAVING: easy use and instant transfer saves the time.
viewing letters, forwarding, replying, etc INBOX, OUTBOX, DRAFTS, 6. LOW COST: saves the money. As mailing is free of cost.
THRASH, SENT folders are helpful here. 7. VERSATILITY: many kinds of messages including multimedia can be transferred.
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: suddenly we get the delivery or pending message.
2) MESSAGE TRANSFER AGENT ( MTA): This is responsible for routing the 9. ADDRESS BOOK: can store address need not to remember.
mails to their destination. Collections of interconnected MTAs form a 10. ACTIVE ALERTS: we even can get messages on mobiles.
message transfer system. Message received from originator is delivered to
MTA by MTS.
DIS-ADVANTAGES OF EMAIL:
1) Harmfull virus or data may be sent.
2) Un necessary data and messages may irritate the user.
3) MESSAGE STORE: (MS): here electronic mail can be stored till the recipient 3) Physical things can not be sent.
picks it up. 4) Must use email regularly.
5) Long day gap may delete or blocks the mail account.
6) If password is stolen, there may be chance of data miss use.

sender U.A. M.S M.T.A. M.S U.A. receiver

.
CREATING EMAILS
 Two most popular e-mail system are: 1) First have the access to internet with all basic requirements( as PC, NET connection,
I/O device)
1) X.400 based message handling system supported by OSI standards. 2) Open the web browser( Firefox, Chrome, internet explorer etc)
3) In address bar type any desired email provider web address.( ex: www.yahoo.com,
2) System Mail Transfer Protocol (S.M.T.P.) gmail, rediffmail, etc)
4) Find the option to create new email ( ex: sign up, create mail etc)
5) It opens detailed application form
X.400 Message Handling System: it enables users to exchange messages on a store & forward
6) Fill details such as FIRST NAME, MIDDLE NAME, LAST NAME, DOB, MOBILE
basis with objective of enabling a standard message format .
NUMBER, ADDRESS,
7) Enter the email address of your wish in [email protected] format.
X.435 Message Handling System: it helps in business communication as EDI. 8) Usually user name is in lower cases.
9) Enter password, Re- confirm password.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): it is member of TCP/IP protocol, that governs the 10) And click on “SUBMIT” button, further details may be asked enter duly.
exchange of electronic mail between MTAs. This protocol is used in TCP/IP networks for 11) Mobile confirmation, photo upload may be also asked.
transferring email between end user & mail servers. 12) Refer below figure.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 37

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

SENDING MAIL:
OPENING MAIL BOX  In mail box we have options to create mails.
1)open web browser  Select “COMPOSE” or “WRITE” mail option.
 ( Below diagram shows complete idea of an mail box.)

2)enter web address of

your mail provider

3)now find LOG IN or

SIGN IN option

4)enter Username &

TO:

password CC:
BCC:

SUB:

Compose
5)if data is correct, it button
opens the mail box
Received
6)it will have all options mails

related to emailing. folders

As inbox, compose,
mail, draft etc

Send button Attaching files


 It open a compose box with TO field, CC field, BCC field, mail area, send button, attach button,
and other options.
 Here TO: is recipient to whom we want to send mail
 CC: carbon copy (used to add multiple recipients list, but all people will know to whom same
message has been sent )
 BCC: Blind Carbon Copy(used to add multiple recipients list, other people will not come to
know to whom same message is sent)
 SUBJECT: add subject of mail.
 Message Area: here we write the mail text.
Fig: Creating e-mail  If we want to attach file, then follow these steps
1. Prepare the file which you want to send. For ex: ORDER.XLS,
LETTER.doc,PHOTO.jpg etc

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 38

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

2. Click on attach button ( usually a pin symbolic)

3.
4.
Now it opens a FILE UPLOAD box.
Select required file.
INTRODUCTION TO
5. If multiple files has to be uploaded then follow steps 2-4 repeatedly. (MAX 25 MB can
be uploaded)
6. Finally say DONE.
INTERNET (UNIT IV)
7. It will add your files to mail.
 Now make any other changes required. Defn: it stands for : INTERconnectedNETwork
 Finally click on SEND button. “Network of networks” or “ interconnection of computer networks through communication
 A copy of sent mail will be saved in your sent folder systems where information flow is controlled by some protocols”

READ,FORWARD, DELETE
1) Open mail box, go to INBOX, click on MAIL to read mails.
2) Select FORWARD button to forward selected mail.
3) Select mail, & click on DELETE button to delete mail.

History of INTERNERNET
First it was developed by US army as ARPANET(Advanced Research Project Agency Network).
“Tim Berners Lee” is called as Father of Internet.
Internet in India
Its started in 15th August 1995 by VSNL with speed 56 Kbps

Internet Organization &Committees

1. ISOC(internet society)
2. IETF(internet engineering task force)
3. IAB(internet architecture board)
Functions of IAB
 Reviewing internet standards.
 Managing the publication process.
 Performing strategic plan for the internet.
 Acting as an international technical policy liaison & representative.
 Resolving technical issues that cannot be treated within IETF, IRTF
National organizations:
 The ministry of information & broadcasting.
 Communication and IT.
 National informatics Centre(NIC).
 Internet & Mobile Authority of India.

Basic Terms of NET

 HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language)
Its formatting language used to design the weg page.It‟s a protocol used to access the web
contents that are linked to hyper links on web page.
 HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
Is protocol which helps to access hyper text& transfer.
 Hyper TEXT: is underlined linkable text.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 39

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

 Home page: GEOGRAPHICAL DOMAINS

The first page of any web page. It links to all other pages of the web site. Name of country domain name
 Website: India .in
Collection of web pages makes website. Which is placed on server and can be accessed any United States .us
time. United Kingdom .uk
 Protocol: Etc
Its set of rules or regulations used for communication, data transmission etc. each protocol
has its own set of rules and task. INTERNET SERVICES:
Eg TCP/IP , SMTP etc. E-MAIL
 TCP/.IP: Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol WORLD WIDE WEB
Is most common reference to internet . its responsible for end to end transmission. SEARCH
 Upload: TELNET
The process of transferring data from private system to public server or net user can FTP
upload data on net. CHAT
 Download: NEWSGROUP
The process of receiving data from other system to our system. We can download BLOG
software,music, etc. SOCIAL NETWORK
 Gateway:
A special software or hardware which allows different electronic networks to communicate each WORLD WIDE WEB:
other on internet. It connects different networks. Its large collection of web sites, interconnected by HTTP, FTP and other protocols.
Its also known as “web”, “w3”, “www”
 DomainName:
Its mechanism for providing addresses for computers on the internet. These are of two forms 1) FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL(FTP):
human understandable 2) machine understandable. It‟s helps in file transferring across the internet from one computer to other.
Eg: www.google.com, www.kud.ac.in etc To download , to upload , to send , to receive we need compulsorily FTP.

 Sub Domains: TELNET:

These are part of domain name which used to classify the geographical or types of It‟s a protocol that allows our computer to logon to a remote computer and use that computer as if we
networks. are physically present at that terminal.
These are two types 1) Geographical and 2) Non- Geographical It helps one computer to communicate with other computer.
Eg. .com, .org, .net etc Remote access is possible .

 Domain Name System(DNS): NEWSGROUP:

Is a database of domain names and their related IP‟s . These are internet discussion group devoted to specific topics. In which people can post comments or
A DNS server converts the name into its equivalent IP address. information.

NON-GEOGRAPHICAL DOMAINS VIDEO CONFERENCE:

DOMAIN TYPE PURPOSE Its two way communication between people at different places with the help of video.
1. .COM used for COMMERCIAL purpose EX: www.facebook.com Here people see faces of each other on video screen an through multimedia.
2. .net used for NETWORK related purpose EX: www.satyam.net Some special equipments such as audio, video and multimedia devices are required.
3. .org used for NON-COMMERCIAL EX:www. htvss. Org
4. .edu used for EDUCATION purpose EX: www. brtcollege. Edu
5. .gov used for GOVERNMENT purposes E X:www. nasa .gov CHATTING:
6. .mil used for MILITARY purposes EX: www.af.mil It‟s a form of interaction online. It allows us to communicate at real time, even we stay far away. As
we use phone for calling in same manner we can chat on time with text messages.
Some chatting providers are msn messenger, yahoo messanger, indiatimes, rediffmail, facebook etc.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 40

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

INTERNET RELAY CHAT(IRC):  Telephone line

It‟s a series of networks that enables us to chat in real time with other people in other parts of the  Internet service provider
world through internet.  Web browser
When we talking on IRS whatever we type is instantly transmitted around the user who are online.
IRS is multi user, multi channel network. MODEM:
it‟s a hardware device, which is connected to a computer either as an external or internal device.
MESSANGER SERVIECE: MODEM stands for Modulator and Demodulator.
This is similar to chatting service but in a restricted manner. Only some predefined friends can chat Modulation is the process of converting digital electronic data into analog signals that can be
with each other, not others here. transmitted through telephone lines.
Eg: facebook messager, rediffbol, yahoo messangers. Demodulation is process of converting analog signal into digital signal.

BLOG: INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER (ISP)

It‟s a collection of thoughts , ideas, facts quotes etc. posted on website. An ISP is the” Software stored in a high speed 24 hour online PC that has facility to read
The term blog came into existence in 1991. Its short form of web blog. Blogs are usually maintained requests sent by the remote client and to send required webpage back to the user computer”
by blog owners. Its run by a group which provides access to user on pay basis.
Some blog sites are: blogger.com, tumblre.com , wordpress.com, squarespace.com posterous.com Eg: BSNL, VSNL, MSN, Sathyam Reliance Infocom, etc.
etc.
WEB BROWSER:
GOPHER: Its software that opens web pages and display them in proper manner.
It‟s a first web browser. It understands URL and provides a graphical interface.
Its the web application or a protocol service or browser that was used to distribute, search on the
internet. Eg: internet explorer, netscape navigator, Hotjava, opera , Mozilla‟s Firefox, Google Chrome, etc.
It was created by Paul Linder and Mark P McCahil in 1991.
It was showing the menus or list for linking. HOW TO CONNECT PC TO INTERNET?
Using gopher the well organized files can be brought from servers all over the world. Follow the below steps
Gopher is well suited for text based information access. 1) We need a standard modem, an active phone line
Later “Hypher Gopher ” was developed to display the graphics on web page 2) Then create link a as below
 Click start button, point to program- accessories-communication and click new connection
WIDE AREA INFORMATION SERVER(WAIS): wizard.
WAIS is a client server text searching system that is used to search index databases on remote  Follow the instructions in the wizard and provide details like type and method of
computers. WAIS provides an interface for answering questions posted by a user on the information connection.
in large databases which may physically remote from one another and the user.  Click finish button to close. Now we will see dial up icon on desktop.
WAIS was developed as a join project of Thinking Machines, Apple Computer, Draw Jones, KPMG
 Click this dial up connection to connect.
Peat Marwick in 1989. Since 1989 WAIS servers have been established in the US an other countries.
 Click dial button , automatically system gets connected.
SOCIAL NETWORKS:  Now start using the internet.
This is latest popular internet service that resembles news group and chatting. In this service a user
can become member of a social network site and can create his own profile or account. Social
networking site provides a platform to project oneself. People can find friends, create groups, etc.. TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTION:
Generally these sites are linked to email or phone no. the sites offer to share photo, albums, 1) DIAL UP CONNECTION
comments, messages videos, etc. 2) BROAD BAND CONNECTION.
Some social networking sites: facebook, nimbuzz, orkut, twitter etc.
DIAL UP NETWORKING:
CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET: The dial up connection contains analog and digital communication method
 REQUIREMENTS: a) Dial up connection: it is most common and widely used method of connecting. This service
 Computer with serial or parallel port.
is actually a low speed method of connecting to internet through an analog telephone line.
 Modem
There are 3 kinds of modems available for dial up- internal, external, and onboard.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 41

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

b) ISDN( integrated services digital network):

“SEARCH ENGINES” (UNIT V)

ISDN service actually involves a high speed digital telephone line installed by any
telephone company.
ISDN connection is much faster than normal dialup connection.
ISDN may have internal or external modem.  SURFING:
Defn: Surfing is process of working with WWW or navigating the web pages for some specific
reason.
BROADBAND CONNECTION: Hyperlinked pages are main object of surfing.
Broadband is high speed network connectivity service allowing data flow of 256Kbps of Ex: opening & searching information in Wikipedia, watching youtube videos, etc.
higher.
Broadband service includes DSL modem or cable modem as follows
a) Cable connection: it uses a broadband connectivity device used by cable television  Search Engines
Infrastructure. It is capable of exchanging high capacity of data. External or Internal These are web pages which helps the user to get information about any thing what user wishes.
These usually have the search tool, which accepts a word or phrase or query for searching. And
adapter is required.
searches details in webpages about it.
b) Digital Subscriber Line(DSL) Connection: It is also kind of broadband connection Some search engines are:
involving DSL modem and Standard telephone line. Google.com, ask.com, yahoo.com, khoj.com, rediff.com, amazon.com, etc.
c) Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line(ADSL): It is a high bandwidth digital transmission
technology that uses existing phone lines and also allows voice transmission over the same  Indexing
line. It is the process of creating indexes to help researches for finding information easily.
Web indexing: is the process of creating a list of keywords or phrases present in a website to make
INTERNET APPLICATION OR USES search easy for search engines.
 E-Shopping is possible.
 Meta data: is structured information which describes, locates, makes easier to retrieve
 E-fund transfer or online banking can be done.
information.
 Find the information about any topics. It is also known as data about data.
 Communication, mailing, chatting is possible.
 Download or upload the required data.  Types of metadata:
 All field all data can be accessed.‟ 1) Descriptive metadata.
 Web site can be launched. 2) Structural metadata.
3) Administrative metadata.
 We can book train, airways, movies, rooms, etc online only.
 Functions of metadata:
 We can apply for any work online. 1) Resource discovery: is which helps to find out resources.
 Online help can be taken from the experts about any topics. 2) Organizing web based resources.
3) Promoting interoperability: some information generated are understood by both humans
and machines.
INTERNET SECURITY 4) Digital identification: metadata uses digital identifier to locate resources.
 Better to use firewalls. 5) Archiving and preservation: metadata keeps data for future use.
 Using good antiviruses.  Categoris of metadata
 Using passwords. 1) Technical metadata: it defines the data model & data structure. Such as display, reports
 Filter and block unwanted sites. etc.
 Enforcing cyber acts. 2) Business metadata: deals with the type of data, its location, its purpose, its meaning.
3) Process metadata: deals with the operations. Such as start time, end time etc.
 Using cryptography
 Some search engines
1) Yahoo!
It‟s a popular search engine, launched in 1994 by jerry yang & david filo in USA.

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 42

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

It provides: email service, search, finance, advertisements, entertainment, social media, etc. www.cbse.nic.in : central board of secondary education
2) Google: www.ugc.ac.in : University Grant Commission.
A very famous and widely used search engine in the world. www.kud.ac.in : karnatak university, dharwad.
Larry page & Sergey Brin of USA developed a search engine as BACKRUB in 1996. www.aieee.edu : All India Engineering Entrance Examination.
In 1997 same was named as Google( name ref by GOGOL= 1& 100 zeros) www.aicte.ernet.in : All India Council of Technical Education.
Features: www.aima-ind.org : All India Management Association.
 Allows user to search on different criteria.
 A word, phrase, images, maps, news, videos, shoppings, books,places, blogs can 2) Related to companies:
be searched. Amazon.com, rediff.com, yahoo.com, onsale.com, deil.com, smarts.com, etc.
 It supports many indian languages as kannada, hindi, marati, telugu etc.
 Allows advertisements. 3) Related to library:
 Allows mail service(known as gmail). www. nationallibrary.gov.in: India govt. website
 Allows social networking. www. Myonlinelibrary.co.in:
 It supports even handheld systems as mobiles. www. Vlib.org: virtual library
 Offers a browser “google chrome”. www. Kannadalibrary.com: kannada documents
 Google earth is application of google to route earth maps. 4) Related to stock market:
SERVICES OF GOOGLE: www. Nseindia.com, www. bscindia.com, www. nasdaq.com, etc.
1)google Alerts: provide google e mail notification services, to send messages.
2)Google Finance: provides financial services and assistance. 5) Related to News papers:
3)Google news: provides automated news service.  Kannada: www. epaper.samyukthakarnataka.com, www. prajavani.net., www.
4)Gmail: it is free email service used very popularly. sanjevani. Com, www. vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com, www. udayavani.com, etc
5)Picnik: it is google’s online photo editing service.  Hindi: www. bhaskar.com, www. amarujala.com, www. jagran.com, www.
dainikbhaskar.com, etc,
3) Khoj  English: www. timesofindia.com, www. thehindu.com, www.
Its an Indian search engine. Developed by sify technologies ltd. indianexpress.com, www. deccanherald.com, etc.
It offers searching information based on the www, sify, finance, celebrities, local, friends,
jobs, educations, movies, reviews, blogs, travel, etc.  Online Encyclopedia:
It supports many Indian languages. www. britanica.com, www.encyclopedia.com, www. worldbook.com, www. Wikipedia.org, www.
4) India4you reference.com, www. indiavideo.org, etc.
It’s an authentic online marketing website for Indian handicrafts.
Customers can buy articles using electronic payment systems.  Britanica.com
Its an online Encyclopedia launched in 1999. Its headquarters is at Chicago, USA. It‟s a
It has mission called SRCM to promote Indian handicrafts.
global leader in educational publishing and its products are found in several media such as
The product categories available here are: clothing, dolls, decorative items, Indian
the internet, cell phone, books, etc. for learners of all ages.
ethnics, jewelry, paintings, pooja ornaments, handmade cards etc.
 Thefreedictionary.com
5) Youtube The worlds most popular dictionary that offers dictionary services in 14 languages. It
It’s a popular video search engine. covers all field information.
As google searches text and image youtube searches videos for given phrase or word.
Here anybody can upload or share or download the available video.  Wikipedia.org
For downloading you must use application known as “youtube downloader”. It‟s the most popular, multilingual , web based free content encyclopedia, operated by the
Wikimedia foundation. And is based on openly editable mode. In this site any body of the
 SOME IMPORTANT WEBSITES world can edit the content and share it. Its almost considered as worlds top 10 web site for
1) Related to education: information seeking.
www. schooleducation.kar.nic.in: Karnataka state edu services.  Brainpop.com
www.ncert.nic.in : National council for education training & research

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 43

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER B.Com–II sem.

Its an animated educational site for kids founded in 1999, that is aligned with USA state 9) expln 5 I/P devices ,
education. It has about 1000 short animated movies for students which covers subjects like 10) expln 5 accessories in windows,
science, English, mathematics etc. 11) explain internet & uses ,
12) creating e-mail and attaching file case study
13) write notes on OMR, Google, control panel
 good luck 

ABBREVATIONS
ARPANET Advanced Research Project Agency NETwork
ISOC Internet SOCiety
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
HTML Hyper Text Mark up Language
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
TCP/IP Transmission ControlProtocol/ Internet Protocol
FTP File Transfer Protocol
ISP Internet Service Provider
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
DSL Digital Signal Line
POP Post Office Protocol
CC Carbon Copy
Bcc Blind Carbon Copy



Question paper : 2013

I answer for 2 M
1)Define computer, 2) write any 2 impact printers, 3) what is s/w
4) any 2 o/p device 5) what is Recycle bin, 6) what is MODEM, 7) Rqrmnts of internet,
8) any email providers, 9) expand CC & Bcc,
10) what is Search engine, 11) any 2 stock market webs, 12) how to create new folder

II answer for 5 M
2)charcters of computer,
3)Explain Application s/w ,
4) Explain desktop,
5) Explain internet browser,
6) expln email benefits,
7) explain facebook, orcut

III answer for 15 M

8)expln Generation,

Source: Pradeepkumar. K. WEB SOURCE: www.pradikshana.weebly.com 44