6-18 FLUID AND PARTICLE DYNAMICS

TABLE 6-4 Additional Frictional Loss for Turbulent

TABLE 6-5 Additional Frictional Loss for Laminar
Flow through Fittings and Valvesa
Flow through Fittings and Valves
Additional frictional loss expressed as K
Additional friction loss,
equivalent no. of Type of fitting or valve Re  1,000 500 100 50
Type of fitting or valve velocity heads, K 90 ell, short radius 0.9 1.0 7.5 16
Gate valve 1.2 1.7 9.9 24
45 ell, standardb,c,d,e,f 0.35 Globe valve, composition disk 11 12 20 30
45 ell, long radiusc 0.2 Plug 12 14 19 27
90 ell, standardb,c,e,f,g,h 0.75 Angle valve 8 8.5 11 19
Long radiusb,c,d,e 0.45
Check valve, swing 4 4.5 17 55
Square or miterh 1.3
180 bend, close returnb,c,e 1.5 SOURCE: From curves by Kittredge and Rowley, Trans. Am. Soc. Mech.
Tee, standard, along run, branch blanked offe 0.4 Eng.,
Used as ell, entering rung,i 1.0 79, 1759–1766 (1957).
Used as ell, entering branchc,g,i 1.0
Branching flowi,j,k 1l
Couplingc,e 0.04
Unione 0.04 The correction Co (Fig. 6-14d) accounts for the extra losses due to
Gate valve,b,e,m open 0.17
e open 0.9
developing flow in the outlet tangent of the pipe, of length Lo. The
a open 4.5 total loss for the bend plus outlet pipe includes the bend loss K plus
d open 24.0 the straight pipe frictional loss in the outlet pipe 4 f Lo /D. Note
Diaphragm valve, open 2.3 that Co  1 for Lo /D greater than the termination of the curves on
e open 2.6 Fig. 6-14d, which indicate the distance at which fully developed flow
a open 4.3 in the outlet pipe is reached. Finally, the roughness correction is
d open 21.0
frough
Globe valve,e,m C  — (6-99)
Bevel seat, open 6.0 f
fsmooth
a open 9.5
Composition seat, open 6.0 where frough is the friction factor for a pipe of diameter D with the
a open 8.5 roughness of the bend, at the bend inlet Reynolds number.
Plug disk, open 9.0 Similarly, fsmooth is the friction factor for smooth pipe. For Re  106
e open 13.0 and r/D  1, use the value of Cf for Re  106.
a open 36.0
d open 112.0 Example 6: Losses with Fittings and Valves It is
Angle valve,b,e open 2.0 desired to calcu- late the liquid level in the vessel shown in Fig. 6-15 required to
Y or blowoff valve,b,m open 3.0 produce a dis- charge velocity of 2 m/s. The fluid is water at 20C with  
Plug cock 1,000 kg/m3 and  
  5 0.05 0.001 Pa  s, and the butterfly valve is at   10. The pipe is 2-in Schedule 40,
  10 0.29 with an inner diameter of 0.0525 m. The pipe roughness is 0.046 mm. Assuming
  20 1.56 the flow is turbulent and taking the velocity profile factor   1, the engineering
  40 17.3 Bernoulli equation Eq. (6-16), written between surfaces 1 and 2, where the
  60 206.0 pressures are both atmospheric and the fluid velocities are 0 and V  2 m/s,
Butterfly valve respectively, and there is no shaft work, simplifies to
  5 0.24 2
  10 0.52 gZ  V—  lv
  20 1.54 2
  40 10.8 Contributing to lv are losses for the entrance to the pipe, the three sections of
  60 118.0 straight pipe, the butterfly valve, and the 90 bend. Note that no exit loss is used
Check valve,b,e,m swing 2.0 because the discharged jet is outside the control volume. Instead, the V 2/2 term
Disk 10.0 accounts for the kinetic energy of the discharging stream. The Reynolds number
Ball 70.0 in the pipe is
Foot valvee 15.0 DV 0.0525  2  1000
Water meter,h disk 7.0 Re  —  ——  1.05  105
Piston 15.0  0.001
Rotary (star-shaped disk) 10.0 From Fig. 6-9 or Eq. (6-38), at ϵ/D  0.046  103/0.0525  0.00088, the friction
Turbine-wheel
b
a
6.0
Lapple, Chem. Eng., 56(5), 96–104 (1949), general survey reference.
( )
factor is about 0.0054. The straight pipe losses are then
lv(sp)  —
4fL V 2
—

“Flow of Fluids through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe,” Tech. Pap. 410, Crane D 2
Co., 1969.
c
Freeman, Experiments upon the Flow of Water in Pipes and 4  0.0054  (1  1  1) V 2
Pipe Fittings,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1941.

( —0.0525
2
—— 2 )
d
Giesecke, J. Am. Soc. Heat. Vent. Eng., 32, 461 (1926). V
e
Pipe Friction Manual, 3d ed., Hydraulic Institute, New York, 1961. — 1.23 —
f
Ito, J. Basic Eng., 82, 131–143 (1960). 2
g
Giesecke and Badgett, Heat. Piping Air Cond., 4(6), 443–447 (1932). The losses from Table 6-4 in terms of velocity heads K are K  0.5 for the sudden
h
Schoder and Dawson, Hydraulics, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, contraction and K  0.52 for the butterfly valve. For the 90 standard radius (r/D
1934,  1), the table gives K  0.75. The method of Eq. (6-94), using Fig. 6-14, gives
p. 213.
i K  K*CReCoCf
Hoopes, Isakoff, Clarke, and Drew, Chem. Eng. Prog., 44, 691–696 0.0054
(1948).
j
Gilman, Heat. Piping Air Cond., 27(4), 141–147 (1955).
 0.24  1.24  1.0  —
(
0.0044
 0.37
)
k
McNown, Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 79, Separate 258, 1–22 (1953);
discus- sion, ibid., 80, Separate 396, 19–45 (1954). For the effect of branch
spacing on junction losses in dividing flow, see Hecker, Nystrom, and Qureshi,
Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., J. Hydraul. Div., 103(HY3), 265–279 (1977).
l
This is pressure drop (including friction loss) between run and branch, based This value is more accurate than the value in Table 6-4. The value fsmooth  0.0044
on velocity in the mainstream before branching. Actual value depends on the is obtainable either from Eq. (6-37) or Fig. 6-9.
flow split, ranging from 0.5 to 1.3 if mainstream enters run and from 0.7 to 1.5 if The total losses are then
mainstream enters branch. V
2 2 V
m
Lansford, Loss of Head in Flow of Fluids through Various l  (1.23  0.5  0.52  0.37) — —  2.62 — —
v
Types of 1a-in.
Valves, Univ. Eng. Exp. Sta. Bull. Ser. 340, 1943. 2 2