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Analysis and Approaches Topic Checklist
Standard and Higher
Higher only

IB - A & A
Number and Algebra
Standard Form
Arithmetic Series
Geometric series (including sum of infinite geometric series)
Sigma Notation
Series applications (simple Interest, compound Interest, population growth/spread of disease)
Indices rules – multiplication, division, negative powers and rational powers
Solving logs and exponential equations (including hidden quadratics with exponentials)
Logs – 5 rules (index, power, multiplication, division, change of base)
Algebraic proofs
Binomial expansion – integer powers
Counting principles, permutations and combinations
Binomial expansion – fractional and negative powers
Partial fractions
Complex numbers
Proof by induction
Proof by counterexample
Proof by contradiction
Solutions of systems of linear equations (max of 3 unknowns including unique, infinite or no solution)
Functions
3 forms of a straight line
Gradients and intercepts
Midpoint and distances
Straight Line Graphs – finding equations
Parallel lines
Perpendicular lines
Functions – basic calculations including composite and types of functions (one to one, many to one)
Domain and range
Functions – inverse (calculating and using the fact that domain of inverse is range and range is domain,
knowing when an inverse exists)
Using a calculator to sketch and locate key features of graphs of functions (max, min, zeros, intercepts,
vertex, asymptotes, intersection of 2 curves)
Quadratics – graph, intercepts, axis of symmetry, vertex
Quadratics – converting between 3 forms (factorised, vertex and standard)
Quadratics – given graph form equation and vice versa
Quadratics – solving including the quadratic formula (including hidden quadratics)
Quadratics – discriminant
Quadratics – solving inequalities
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Reciprocal function and it’s graph
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Rational functions 𝑓(𝑥) = and their graphs (including equations of vertical and horizontal
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asymptotes)
Exponential and logarithmic graphs
Solving graphically e.g. 𝑒 " = sin 𝑥 , 𝑥 ( + 5𝑥 − 6 = 0
Transformations: 𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑎𝑓(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑑
Polynomial functions – graphs and zeros
Factor and remainder theorem
Polynomial division
Sum and products of roots of polynomial equations
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Rational functions 𝑓(𝑥) = or 𝑓(𝑥) = and their graphs (including equations of vertical,
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horizontal and slant asymptotes)
Odd and even functions
Periodic functions
Solutions of inequalities both graphically and analytically e.g. solve 𝑔(𝑥) ≥ 𝑓(𝑥)
Graphs of transformations (modulus, reciprocal, translations, sums/differences, squares, inverse). For
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example, given the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) and then need to graph any of |𝑓(𝑥)|, 𝑓(|𝑥|), ,
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𝑓(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏), [𝑓(𝑥)]- , 𝑓 .! (𝑥)
Solutions and modulus and inequalities
Geometry and Trigonometry
The distance between two points in three- dimensional space, and their midpoint.
Volume and surface area of 3D shapes – Pyramid, cone, sphere, hemisphere and combinations of these
Size of an angle between two intersecting lines or between a line and a place
Sine, cosine, and tangent ratios using special triangles (SOHCAHTOA)
Sine/cosine Rule (including ambiguous case of sine rule)
Area of a triangle
Bearings
Angles of elevation and depression
Radians
Arc lengths and areas of sectors
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Finding trig values of multiple angles of special angles using the unit circle
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Exact values of trigonometric ratios of 0, . , , and their multiples.
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Given the value of one trig function, find another (relationship between ratios)
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Identities 𝑠𝑖𝑛- 𝑥 + cos - 𝑥 = 1 and tan 𝑥 =
562 "
Double angle identity
sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
cos 2𝑥 = cos - 𝑥 − sin- 𝑥
Transformations of trig functions and their graphs
Trig Modelling –Real life contexts such as height of a tide and motion of a ferris wheel. Also including
given graph find equation and vice versa (involves finding period, amplitude, phase shift).
Solving trig equations (including quadratics)
Identities 1 + tan- 𝑥 = sec - 𝑥 and 1 + cot - 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜sec - 𝑥
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Double angle identity 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥 =
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Compound angle identity sin(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ± cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 ∓ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
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𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴 ± 𝐵) =
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This includes turning 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ± 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 or acos 𝑥 ± 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 into 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 ± 𝛼) or 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃 ± 𝛼) b forms
Inverse Trig
Relationship between trig functions (co-functions)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (180° − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (180° − 𝜃) = −cos 𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (180° − 𝜃) = −tan 𝜃
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Identities and solving with reciprocal functions: sec 𝑥 = , cosec 𝑥 = . cot 𝑥 =
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Vector basics – Basic Form, properties, magnitude, unit vector, sums and differences, multiplication and
zero vector, unit vectors, position and displacement vector, perpendicular and parallel vectors
Vectors – angles between 2 vectors, 2 lines, 2 planes and a line and plane
Vectors – parallel, skew and intersecting lines
Vector equations in 2 and 3 dimensions (vector equation of a line, cartesian equation of a line,
parametric Form of a line, Equation of a plane, vector equation of a plane and cartesian equation of a
plane)
Vector products – scalar and cross product (including representation of area of a parallelogram)
Vector intersections - 2 lines, 2 planes and a line and a plane

Statistics and Probability

Concepts of population, sample, random sample, discrete and continuous data.
Sampling technique - Simple random, convenience, systematic, quota and stratified sampling methods.
Interpretation of outliers
Presentation of data (discrete and continuous) – lists and grouped/ungrouped frequency distributions
(tables).
Histograms
Cumulative frequency; cumulative frequency graphs; use to find median, quartiles, percentiles, range
and interquartile range (IQR).
Box and whisker
Measures of central tendency (mean, median and mode).
Estimation of mean from grouped data
Modal class
Measures of dispersion (interquartile range, standard deviation and variance)
Effect of constant changes on the original data.
Quartiles of discrete data
Scatter diagrams; lines of best fit, by eye, passing through the mean point.
Linear correlation of bivariate data (Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient and line of best
fit)
Find and use of the equation of the regression line for prediction purposes (reliability)
Interpret the meaning of the parameters, a and b, in a linear regression 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
Sample Space
Venn diagram
Tree diagram
Two-way tables
Addition formula
Mutually exclusive events
Independent events
Conditional probability
Concept of discrete random variables and their probability distributions. Expected value (mean), for
discrete data. Applications such as fair game
Binomial distribution (including mean and variance)
Normal distribution (probability calculations and working backwards to find the value, mean or sd.
Bayes Theorem
Variance of a discrete random variable
Continuous random variables and their probability density functions
Mode and median of continuous random variables
Mean, variance and standard deviation of both discrete and continuous random variables
The effect of linear transformations of X

Calculus
Concept of a limit
Derivative interpreted as gradient function and as rate of change
𝑦 = 𝑥 : differentiation technique
Increasing/Decreasing (including graphical representations)
Equations of Tangents and Normals
Composite functions differentiation techniques – chain rule ((𝑓(𝑥)): , 𝑙𝑛𝑓(𝑥), 𝑒 *(") , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑓(𝑥), cos 𝑓(𝑥))
Product and Quotient Rule
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Stationary/Turning points (max/min)
Second derivative and using this to test for max/min
Optimisation
Convex/Concave
Points of Inflection
𝑓 ↔ 𝑓′ ↔ 𝑓′′ graphs
Optimisation (profit, area, volume)
Kinematics
∫ 𝑥 : Integration technique
Definite integrals
Finding area under a curve and between two curves
Composite functions integration techniques ( (𝑓(𝑥)): , 𝑙𝑛𝑓(𝑥), 𝑒 *(") , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑓(𝑥) etc)
Integration by inspection/recognition/reverse chain rule
Differentiation by 1st principles
Higher derivatives
Evaluating limits using L’Hopitals or Maclaurins Series
Implicit Differentiation
Rates of Change/Related Rates
Optimisation (including where max/min occurs at an endpoint)
Derivatives of
• 𝑎 "($),
• tan 𝑓(𝑥)
• sec 𝑓(𝑥)
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)
• cot 𝑓(𝑥)
• sin&' 𝑓(𝑥)
• cos&' 𝑓(𝑥)
• tan&' 𝑓(𝑥))
Harder integrals – Using the above functions including having to use partial fractions first and
completing the square
Integration by Parts
Integration by Substitution
Area about 𝑦 axis
Volume of revolution
Differential Equations
Euler’s method
Maclaurin’s Series