APPLICATION OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

MONISHA.D1, LAKSHITHA JAISHA.J 2

1. IInd Year, Dept. Of Computer Science – Data Science KSRCAS, Tiruchengode

ABSTRACT
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) play a
crucial role in changing the world through
their sensing capabilities. These networks
have evolved into a powerful technology
with numerous applications, such as
monitoring systems, defense operations,
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS),
and beyond. As the potential for wireless
sensor networks grows, there is increasing
interest from researchers in this area,
driven by advancements in sensor,
computing, and communication
technologies.
Keywords: Wireless sensor, PID
Controller, Microcontroller, DALL. Architecture of a typical WSN

INTRODUCTION
WSN can be described as a system made up of
Improvements in wireless communication small and uncomplicated devices known as
have enabled the creation of wireless nodes that can detect their surroundings and
sensor networks made up of components relay the information collected from the area
known as sensor nodes. Sensor nodes are being observed this information can either be
inexpensive, compact, and energy-efficient sent straight to a sink or conveyed through
devices that can detect signals, several hops, which can subsequently use the
communicate wirelessly, and perform data on-site or connect to other networks, like
calculations. Once the sensors are placed the internet, via gateway nodes.
within the network, they automatically set
themselves up and link with one another to
 Components of a sensor node event-driven, query-driven, and hybrid.
The time-driven delivery model is
CHALLENGES: appropriate for applications that need
One of the primary objectives in designing regular data monitoring. In this way,
WSNs is to facilitate data communication sensor nodes will regularly activate their
while also striving to extend the network's sensors and transmitters to collect data
lifespan and preserve connectivity by from the environment and send it at
implementing proactive energy consistent time intervals.
management techniques. Many Node/Link Heterogeneity:
challenging factors influence the topology
control in WSNs. Before effective Many studies have assumed that all sensor
communication can be accomplished in nodes were be uniform, with equal
WSNs, these barriers need to be addressed. computational capacity communication,
In the following, we provide a brief and power. Nevertheless, a sensor node
overview of the challenges and design may have various roles or capabilities
issues that impact the construction of depending on the application.
topology maintenance in wireless sensor
Fault Tolerance:
networks.
Some sensor nodes could malfunction or
Node deployment:
become obstructed due to a lack of
Deployment of nodes in WSNs depends on connectivity power, actual harm, or outside
the application at hand has an impact on factors causing disruption. The overall
the functionality of topology control function of the sensor network should not
algorithms. The deployment can be either be impacted by the failure of individual
predictable or chosen at random. In sensor nodes. If several nodes experience
deterministic deployment, the sensors are failure, the MAC and topology control
placed manually and data is directed algorithms have to adjust to create new
through predetermined routes. In random links and routes to the data collection base
node deployment, the sensor nodes are stations.
distributed in a random manner, forming
Scalability:
an infrastructure in an ad hoc fashion.
There is a possibility that the number of
Energy consumption without losing
sensor nodes deployed in the sensing area
accuracy:
could be...in the range of hundreds,
In a wireless environment, sensor nodes thousands, or even more. A topology
can deplete their restricted energy supply control scheme must have the capability to
by carrying out calculations and sending function with a vast quantity of sensor
information. Therefore, it is crucial to use nodes. Furthermore, the routing control
communication and computation methods algorithms for sensor networks need to be
that save energy. The lifespan of the sensor able to adjust to changes in the
node is greatly affected by the lifespan of environment while maintaining scalability.
the battery. Most of the sensors can stay in a dormant
state until an event happens, while the data
Data Reporting Model: from the remaining sensors will still be of
The functioning of data sensing and lower quality.
reporting in WSNs relies on the urgency of Security:
reporting data and the importance of the
application Data reporting can be Communication between nodes is essential
classified as time-driven (continuous), in certain applications.Being sufficiently
secure to preserve confidentiality. It is traffic monitoring, and home automation.
mainly necessary when working with Maintaining the WSN has always been a
military uses such as battlefield difficult task as a result. Security is
monitoring, military operations, and so on. achieved through symmetric key
techniques, asymmetric key techniques,
APPLICATIONS OF WSN: and hash function in cryptography. Due to
Numerous sensor types, such as seismic, the limitations in computing power, WSNs
low sample rate magnetic, thermal, visual, are very restricted.For effective
infrared, acoustic, and radar sensors, can communication and longer battery life, a
be incorporated into wireless sensor lightweight cryptographic algorithm is
networks. A wide range of environmental necessary. The choice of cryptographic
conditions, including temperature, technique is crucial in WSN because of
humidity, movement of vehicles, lightning limitations in sensor nodes. The concept of
conditions, pressure, soil composition, cryptography in WSN can be broken down
noise levels, the presence or absence of into three components symmetric,
particular objects, mechanical stress levels asymmetric, and hash function.
on attached objects, and current
characteristics, such as an object's size,
speed, and direction, can be tracked and
observed by them. The following
categories apply to WSN applications.
a. Military uses:
b. Uses of environmental technology:
c. Applications in the field of healthcare:
d. Household uses: SIMULATION PLATFORM
e. Control traffic
One of the most common assessment
techniques in WSNs is simulation, which
is used to test and validate current network
protocols and communication structures in
a variety of scenarios. Before spending a
lot of time and money, researchers can
obtain important information about the
system's practicability and feasibility
through simulation. In wireless sensor
networks (WSNs), simulation-based
testing and validation offer several
benefits, including easy implementation,
reduced costs, adaptability, and the
capability to test extensive networks. The
presence of numerous simulation tools,
Applications of WSN along with the specific requirements (such
SECURITY ASPECTS OF WSN: as energy constraints and large-scale
deployment) of WSNs, complicates the
The use of WSN has significantly selection process for users seeking the
increased in various applications such as most suitable tool for their evaluations. To
climate change, environmental monitoring, tackle this challenge, a survey is presented
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commonly used and advanced simulation Sankarasubramaniam, E.Cayirci, “A
tools for WSNs. The purpose is to assist survey on sensor networks”, IEEE
researchers in choosing an appropriate Communications Magazine, Vol. 40, Issue
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obtain dependable results for large-scale
WSNs. [2] Samira Kalantary, Sara Taghipour, “ A
Survey on architectures, protocols,
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2014.
[3] KazemSohraby, Daniel Minoli,
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Communication, Computing & Security
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2012.
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