3.

3 Exercises 131

3.3 Exercises See CalcChat.com for worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

The Determinant of a Matrix Product In Exercises The Determinant of a Matrix Sum In Exercises 15–18,
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
1–6, find (a) A , (b) B , (c) AB, and (d) AB . Then ∣ ∣ find (a) A , (b) ∣ ∣ ∣B∣, (c) A + B, and (d) ∣A + B∣. Then
verify that A B = AB . ∣ ∣∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ verify that A + ∣ ∣ ∣B∣ ≠ ∣A + B∣.
−1 −1
[−24 −21], B = [10 −11] [ ] [−21 ]
1
1. A = 15. A = , B=
2 0 0
1 −2 −2
2. A = [
3
4
4
3], B=[
2 −1
5 0]
16. A =
1 0 [ ], B= [30 0 ]

[ ] [ ]
−1

[ ] [ ]
−1 2 1 −1 0 0 1 2 1 0 1
3. A = 1 0 1 , B= 0 2 0 17. A = 0 1 1 , B = −1 1 2
0 1 0 0 0 3 1 1 −1 0 1 2

[ ] [ ]
−1

[ ] [ ]
2 0 1 2 −1 4 0 1 2 0 1
4. A = 1 −1 2 , B= 0 1 3 18. A = 1 −1 0 , B= 2 1 1
3 1 0 3 −2 1 2 1 1 0 1 1

[ ] [ ]
2 0 1 1 1 0 −1 1 Classifying Matrices as Singular or Nonsingular
1 −1 0 1 2 1 0 2 In Exercises 19–24, use a determinant to decide whether
5. A = , B=
2 3 1 0 1 1 −1 0 the matrix is singular or nonsingular.
1 2 3 0 3 2 1 0 3 −6
[ ] [ ]
5 4
19. 20.

[ ]
2 4 7 0 10 8 4 2

[ ]
1 −2 1 1 1 3

[ ]
6. A = , 2 2 2 14 5 7
0 0 2 1 2
21. − 13 0 22. −15 0 3
1 −1 1 0 3
1 1 1 1 −5 −10

[ ]
6 1 −1 0

[ ] [ ]
−1 2 1 1 1 0 −8 2 0.8 0.2 −0.6 0.1
B= 0 8 −1 10 −1.2 0.6 0.6 0
0 0 1 2 23. 24.
0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 1 0.7 −0.3 0.1 0
0 0 0 2 0.2 −0.3 0.6 0
The Determinant of a Scalar Multiple of a Matrix
In Exercises 7–14, use the fact that cA = cn A to ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ The Determinant of the Inverse of a Matrix
evaluate the determinant of the n × n matrix. In Exercises 25–30, find A−1 . Begin by finding A−1, ∣ ∣
and then evaluate its determinant. Verify your result
[105 −20] [21
28 −56] ∣ ∣
15 7
7. A = 8. A = by finding A and then applying the formula from
1
Theorem 3.8, A−1 = . ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
[ ] [ ]
−3 6 9 4 16 0 A
9. A = 6 9 12 10. A = 12 −8 8 −2
[21 ] [12 ]
3
9 12 15 16 20 −4 25. A =
4
26. A =
2

[ ] [ ]
−4

[ ] [ ]
2 6 40 25 10 2 −2 3 1 0 1
11. A = −4 6 −8 12. A = 30 5 20 27. A = 1 −1 2 28. A = 2 −1 2
6 −8 10 15 35 45 3 0 3 1 −2 3

[ ]
0 −15

[ ]
5 0 1 0 −1 3
0 5 0 0 1 0 3 −2
13. A = 29. A =
−10 0 5 0 2 0 2 −1
0 −20 0 5 1 −3 1 2

[ ]
−8 −32

[ ]
0 16 0 1 0 3
−16 8 −8 16 1 −2 −3 1
14. A = 30. A =
8 −24 8 −8 0 0 2 −2
−8 32 0 32 1 −2 −4 1

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132 Chapter 3 Determinants

System of Linear Equations In Exercises 31–36, use the Finding Determinants In Exercises 51–56, use a
determinant of the coefficient matrix to determine whether software program or a graphing utility to find (a) A , ∣ ∣
the system of linear equations has a unique solution. ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
(b) AT , (c) A2 , (d) 2A , and (e) A−1 . ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
31. x1 − 3x2 = 2 32. 3x1 − 4x2 = 2
[−14 ] [−26 ]
2 4
2 8 51. A = 52. A =
2x1 + x2 = 1 3 x1 − 9 x2 = 1 5 8

[ ]
33. x1 − x2 + x3 = 4 3 1 −2
2x1 − x2 + x3 = 6 53. A = 2 −1 3
3x1 − 2x2 + 2x3 = 0 −3 1 2

[ ]
34. x1 + x2 − x3 = 4 3
4
2
3 − 41
2x1 − x2 + x3 = 6 2 1
54. A = 1
3x1 − 2x2 + 2x3 = 0 3 3

− 14 1 3
35. 2x1 + x2 + 5x3 + x4 = 5 3 4

[ ]
x1 + x2 − 3x3 − 4x4 = −1 4 −2 1 5
2x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 − 3x4 = 2 3 8 2 −1
55. A =
x1 + 5x2 − 6x3 = 3 6 8 9 2
36. x1 − x2 − x3 − x4 =0 2 3 −1 0

[ ]
x1 + x2 − x3 − x4 =0 6 5 1 −1
x1 + x2 + x3 − x4 =0 −2 4 3 5
56. A =
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 =6 6 1 −4 −2
2 2 1 3
Singular Matrices In Exercises 37–42, find the value(s)
of k such that A is singular. 57. Let A and B be square matrices of order 4 such that
37. A =
k−1
[ 3
] 38. A =
k−1 2
[ ] ∣∣ ∣∣
A = −5 and B = 3. Find (a) A2 , (b) B2 , (c) A3 , ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
2 k−2 2 k+2 and (d) B 4 . ∣ ∣

[ ] [ ]
1 0 3 1 k 2
39. A = 2 −1 0 40. A = −2 0 −k 58. CAPSTONE Let A and B be square matrices
4 2 k 3 1 −4 of order 3 such that A = 4 and B = 5. ∣∣ ∣∣
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
[ ] [ ]
0 k 1 k −3 −k (a) Find AB . (b) Find 2A .
41. A = k 1 k 42. A = −2 k 1 (c) Are A and B singular or nonsingular? Explain.
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
1 k 0 k 1 0
(d) If A and B are nonsingular, find A−1 and B −1 .
Finding Determinants In Exercises 43–50, find (e) Find (AB)T . ∣ ∣
∣ ∣
(a) AT , (b) ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
A2 , (c) AAT , (d) 2A , and (e) A−1 . ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
−11 −4 10
[ ] [ ]
6
43. A = 44. A = 59. Proof Let A and B be n × n matrices such that
4 −5 5 6
AB = I. Prove that A ≠ 0 and B ≠ 0. ∣∣ ∣∣
[ ] [ ]
5 0 0 1 5 4
60. Proof Let A and B be n × n matrices such that AB
45. A = 1 −3 0 46. A = 0 −6 2
is singular. Prove that either A or B is singular.
0 −1 2 0 0 −3
61. Find two 2 × 2 matrices such that A + B = A + B . ∣∣ ∣∣ ∣ ∣
[ ] [ ]
2 0 5 4 1 9

∣ ∣
47. A = 4 −1 6 48. A = −1 0 −2 62. Verify the equation.
3 2 1 −3 3 0 a+b a a

[ ]
−3 0 0 0 a a+b a = b2(3a + b)
0 2 0 0 a a a+b
49. A =
0 0 1 0 63. Let A be an n × n matrix in which the entries of each
0 0 0 5 row sum to zero. Find A . ∣∣

[ ]
2 0 0 1 64. Illustrate the result of Exercise 63 with the matrix
0 −3 0 0

[ ]
50. A = 2 −1 −1
0 0 4 0 A = −3 1 2 .
1 0 0 1 0 −2 2

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 3.3 Exercises 133

65. Guided Proof Prove that the determinant of an 70. Proof Let A be a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order.
invertible matrix A is equal to ± 1 when all of the entries Use the result of Exercise 69 to prove that A = 0. ∣∣
of A and A−1 are integers.
True or False? In Exercises 71 and 72, determine
Getting Started: Denote det(A) as x and det(A−1) as y.
whether each statement is true or false. If a statement is
Note that x and y are real numbers. To prove that det(A)
true, give a reason or cite an appropriate statement from
is equal to ± 1, you must show that both x and y are
the text. If a statement is false, provide an example that
integers such that their product xy is equal to 1.
shows that the statement is not true in all cases or cite an
(i) Use the property for the determinant of a matrix appropriate statement from the text.
product to show that xy = 1.
71. (a) If A is an n × n matrix and c is a nonzero scalar,
(ii) Use the definition of a determinant and the fact that then the determinant of the matrix cA is nc ∙ det(A).
the entries of A and A−1 are integers to show that
(b) If A is an invertible matrix, then the determinant of
both x = det(A) and y = det(A−1) are integers.
A−1 is equal to the reciprocal of the determinant of A.
(iii) Conclude that x = det(A) must be either 1 or −1
(c) If A is an invertible n × n matrix, then Ax = b has
because these are the only integer solutions to the
a unique solution for every b.
equation xy = 1.
72. (a) The determinant of the sum of two matrices equals
66. Guided Proof Prove Theorem 3.9: If A is a square
the sum of the determinants of the matrices.
matrix, then det(A) = det(AT ).
(b) If A and B are square matrices of order n, and
Getting Started: To prove that the determinants of A
det(A) = det(B), then det(AB) = det(A2).
and AT are equal, you need to show that their cofactor
expansions are equal. The cofactors are ± determinants (c) If the determinant of an n × n matrix A is nonzero,
of smaller matrices, so you need to use mathematical then Ax = O has only the trivial solution.
induction.
Orthogonal Matrices In Exercises 73–78, determine
(i) Initial step for induction: If A is of order 1, then whether the matrix is orthogonal. An invertible square
A = [a11] = AT matrix A is orthogonal when A−1 = AT.

[01 ] [11 ]
so 1 0
73. 74.
det(A) = det(AT ) = a11. 0 1
−1
[ −1'√2
]
(ii) Assume the inductive hypothesis holds for all
[−11 ] 1'√2
matrices of order n − 1. Let A be a square matrix 75. 76.
−1 −1'√2 −1'√2
of order n. Write an expression for the determinant

[ ]
1'√2 0 −1'√2

[ ]
of A by expanding in the first row. 1 0 0
(iii) Write an expression for the determinant of AT by 77. 0 0 1 78. 0 1 0
expanding in the first column. 0 1 0 1'√2 0 1'√2
(iv) Compare the expansions in (ii) and (iii). The
entries of the first row of A are the same as 79. Proof Prove that the n × n identity matrix is
the entries of the first column of AT. Compare orthogonal.
cofactors (these are the ± determinants of smaller 80. Proof Prove that if A is an orthogonal matrix, then
∣∣
matrices that are transposes of one another) and
A = ± 1.
use the inductive hypothesis to conclude that they
are equal as well.
Orthogonal Matrices In Exercises 81 and 82, use a
67. Writing Let A and P be n × n matrices, where P is graphing utility to determine whether A is orthogonal.
invertible. Does P−1AP = A? Illustrate your conclusion
with appropriate examples. What can you say about the
Then verify that A = ± 1. ∣ ∣

[ ] [ ]
∣ ∣ ∣∣
3
− 45 2
− 23
1
two determinants P −1AP and A ? 5 0 3 3
2 1
68. Writing Let A be an n × n nonzero matrix 81. A = 0 1 0 82. A = 3 3 − 23
satisfying A10 = O. Explain why A must be singular. 4
0 3 1 2 2
5 5 3 3 3
What properties of determinants are you using in your
argument? 83. Proof If A is an idempotent matrix (A2 = A), then
69. Proof A square matrix is skew-symmetric when prove that the determinant of A is either 0 or 1.
AT = −A. Prove that if A is an n × n skew-symmetric 84. Proof Let S be an n × n singular matrix. Prove that
matrix, then A = (−1)n A . ∣∣ ∣∣ for any n × n matrix B, the matrix SB is also singular.

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.