-------------------Will start with very basic Linux Filters-----------------

1. Basic ‘ls’ Command in Linux

Ls ---list directory contents or list info about file

ls path- list files at path you specified

ls -l > list in long listing format

ls -a > list also hidden files

ls -author > list author of each file

ls -S > sort by file size largest first

ls .*filetype > list particular file type

ls -lh > list with human readbele i,e in kb size

ls -r > reverse order while sorting

ls -R > list subdirectories recursively

ls -LS > symbolic link+ sort by file size

ls -i > print inode of each file

----------------------------------------

2. Basic ‘cat’ Command in Linux

cat -b >> nonempty output lines

cat -n >> number all output lines

cat -s >> ignore empty or repeated lines

cat -e >> equivalent to -vE

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
practice: working with directories

1.Stay where you are, and list the contents of /bin and /sbin ?
Sol --- ls /bin
ls /sbin
2.Stay where you are, and list the contents of ~
ls~

3.List the files in /boot in a human readable format?

ls -lh /boot

4.Change to the /etc directory, stay here and create a directory newdir in your home
Directory
cd /etc
Sudo mkdir /home/newdir

5.Create a directory ~/etcbackup and copy all *.conf files from /etc into it. Did you include
all subdirectories of /etc ?
mkdir ~/etc backup
ls /etc/*.conf
cp /etc/*.conf etcbackup

6.Use rename to rename all *.conf files to *.backup .

rename ' s/conf/backup/' *.conf

-------------------------------------------------------

3. Basic ‘tee’ Command in Linux --tee command read from std ip and write to op and files

command | tee file.out >> ls -la | tee xyz.txt

command | tee -a file.out >> -a basically append to files instead of overwriting

------------------------------------------------------------
4.Basic ‘grep’ Command in Linux---searches for pattern in a file

grep options file.txt >> grep “xyz” xyz.txt

grep -i options file.txt >> -i is basically for case insensitive

grep -n options file.txt >> -n means with line no

grep -v options file.txt >> -v select non-matching lines

grep -c options file.txt >> only print a count of matching lines

grep "option" file1.txt file2.txt >> search pattern in two files

grep "REGEX" file >>

grep -w "string" file >> forces pattern to match only whole words

grep -A <N> "string" FILENAME >> after conext of matching how many lines to show specify

grep -B <N> "string" FILENAME >> before content line show

grep -C <N> "String" Filename >> specify line of context

grep -r "ramesh" * >> recurse subdirectories

grep -v -e "pattern" -e "pattern" >> -v is invert -e for regex pattern

Grep OR Operator > grep 'pattern1\|pattern2' filename

Grep AND Operatror > grep -E 'pattern1.*pattern2' filename

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

grep Product,Manufacturer and Serial details from var directory where syslog store
sudo cat kern.log | grep -i -w "product\|serial\|manufacturer"

grep cpu details from kern.log from var directory

sudo cat kern.log | grep -i -w "cpu"

-----Regular Expressions in Grep Command-----

Example 1. Beginning of line ( ^ )
grep "^Nov 10" messages.1

Example 2. End of the line ( $)

grep "pattern.$" file

Example 3. Count of empty lines ( ^$ )

grep -c "^$" messages anaconda.log
grep -c "^$" rohit

Example 4. Single Character (.)

grep ".pattern" filename

Starting me kuch bhi then patttern

One or more occurrence (\+)

grep "hi \+hello" file

Zero or one occurrence (\?)

grep "hi \?hello" input

Character Class ([0-9])

grep [0123] file

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.Basis ‘sort’ Command in Linux- sort - sort lines of text files

sort file --sort file in increasing order

sort -r file-- -r, --reverse

reverse the result of comparisons

sort -n file -- -n, --numeric-sort

compare according to string numerical value

sort -nr file --

-n, --numeric-sort
compare according to string numerical value

-r, --reverse
reverse the result of comparisons

sort -k coulmn file >>> -k, --key=KEYDEF

sort via a key; KEYDEF gives location and type

sort -u file >> -u, --unique

with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Basis ‘cut’ Command in Linux-cut - remove sections from each line of files
Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output.

cut -c2 file >> cut second characters from each line from start

cut -c1-3 file >> cut first -three characters from start

cut -c3- file >> cut third character from start

cut -d':' filed_name file_name >

-d is delimiter how you are separating something
-f is used to select field on basis of delimiter

grep expression file name | cut -d':' -f1,6 > grep "/bin/bash" /etc/passwd | cut -d':' -f1,6

-complement- --complement
complement the set of selected bytes, characters or fields

-s, --only-delimited
do not print lines not containing delimiters

grep expression file name | cut -d':' --complement -s -f5 >> grep "/bin/bash" /etc/passwd | cut -
d: --complement -f1,6 >> print all fields except field 1 and 6

grep "/bin/bash" /etc/passwd | cut -d':' --complement -s -f5 >> do not print field which has not
delimiter

------------------------------------------------------------------

6. Basis ‘wc’ Command in Linux

wc -l : Prints the number of lines in a file.

wc -l filename

wc -w : prints the number of words in a file.

wc -w filename

wc -c : Displays the count of bytes in a file.

wc -c filename

wc -m : prints the count of characters from a file.

wc -m filename

---------------------------------------------------------
7. Basic ‘uniq’ Command in Linux-uniq - report or omit repeated lines

uniq -c example.txt > -c, --count

prefix lines by the number of occurrences
uniq -d example.txt > -d, --repeated
only print duplicate lines, one for each group

uniq -u example.txt > -u, --unique

only print unique lines

-------------------------Locatecommand-------- locate - find files by name

locate reads one or more databases prepared by updatedb(8) and writes file names matching at
least one of the PATTERNs to standard output, one per line.

locate filename--The locate tool is very different from find in that it uses an index to locate files.
This is a lot faster than traversing all the directories, but it also means that it is always outdated.
If the index does not exist yet, then you have to create it (as root on Red Hat Enterprise Linux)
with the updatedb command.

locate -S > -S, --statistics

Write statistics about each read database to standard output instead of searching for
files and exit successfully.

Imp link -https://linux-training.be/funhtml/ch20.html

------------------------------- practice: filters-----------------------------------

Put a sorted list of all bash users in bashusers.txt.

grep bash /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f1 | sort > bashusers.txt

Put a sorted list of all logged on users in onlineusers.txt > hint who cmd will be used
who | cut -d' ' -f1 | sort > onlineusers.txt
Make a list of all filenames in /etc that contain the string conf in their filename

ls /etc | grep conf

Make a sorted list of all files in /etc that contain the case insensitive string conf in their
filename
ls /etc | grep -i conf | sort

Count the number of *.conf files in /etc and all its subdirs

Use find and -exec to rename all .txt files to .tx

find . -name '*.htm'
find . -name '*.htm' -exec mv {} {}l \;
find . -name '*.htm*'

------------Find Command-------

Find is one of the most powerful cmd in linux and can help with to do no of things in
systesm

lets see some options with find

find . -name filename >find the file in the current directory

find /home -name filename >find the file in home directory

find /home -iname filename >find the file case insensitive i.e ignore case

find / -type d -name DirName > Dir using name

find . -type f -name Filename > File Using name or extension

find . -type f -perm 0755 -print > File Permissions

find / -type f ! -perm 755 > File Permissions without

find . -type f -perm 777 -exec chmod 400 {} \; > execute 777 to 400

// find / -type f -perm 0755 -print -x chmod 777 {} \; > execute 755 into 777

find . -type f -name "File.txt" -exec rm -f {} \; > execute and remove File.txt

find /tmp -type f -name ".*" > check all hidden files and quotes is necessary

find / -user USERNAME -name FILENAME > find all the file of that particular user --user check
cat /etc/passwd

find /home -user USERNAME > find home directory of current user

find /home -group GROUPNAME > find all file under this group

find / -user olduser -type f -exec chown newuser {} \; > to create olduser type sudo adduser
oldrule and also create newuser login into olduser and then you canolnly change the ownership
to newuser

find `pwd` -type f -execdir /bin/chmod 500 {} \; > command working

find / -atime 1 > Last 1 Days Accessed Files

find / -cmin -60 > changed file in last 1 hour

find / -size 5M > find all file with size

+n More than n. +60 means more than 60 min

n Exactly n. 60 means exactly
-n Less than n. -60 means less than 60 min

find /home/you -iname "*.txt" -mtime -60 -print // find all file that are modified in less than 60 min

find /home/you -iname "*.txt" -ctime -60 -print //find change time last accessed

find /home/you -iname "*.txt" -atime -60 -print //find file that has been accessed in less 60 min