Finding answers through

data collection
RESEARCH 2
PART I & II
PART i: CONTENT
What is Quantitative Data Analysis?
Analyzing Quantitative Data: Descriptive Statistics
Analyzing Quantitative Data: Inferential Statistics
quantitative data analysis
a process of analyzing and
interpreting numerical data.
analyzing data that is number based
or data can be easily converted into
Use to:
numbers without losing any meaning.
measure difference
EXAMPLE: Categorical Variables
between groups
What’s your native language?
assess relationships
between variables
English = 1
test hypothesis
French = 2
Italian =3
 Quantitative Data
can be analyzed using

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

uses procedures like involves

Hypothesis testing
Frequency Pie Charts and Measures of using
Count Bar Graphs Variability
Statistical tests of
significance
Measures of are classified as
Percentage
Central Tendency

Parametric Non-
Parametric
Analyzing Quantitative Data:
Descriptive statistic
Procedures that researchers use to describe data.
It can also include ways on how to visually present data
using pie charts and bar graphs.
It is helpful in the analysis and interpretation of raw data
by using the following methods.
Frequency counts
Percentages
Measures of Central Tendency (e.g., mean, median, and mode.)
Measures of Variability (e.g., range, standard deviation, and variance)
Use of pie charts and bar graphs
Frequency counts &
percentages
Frequency or counts tell you how many time something
had occurred.
In the context of survey instrument, it refers to how
many of the participants belong to a certain
category of a given demographic variable, it also tell
how many times a certain item is rated according to
the scale used in the instrument.
Frequency counts &
percentages
Percentage will simply tell you the proportion out of the
total based on 100.
Percentage formula

Units of parts and whole

must be consistent so that they will cancel each other
out.
Frequency percentages
Distribution
measures of central tendency
It describe how data sets are grouped together around a
central value.
It gives a picture of what is typical in the sample or what
are the most apparent and representative characteristics
of the sample.
most common measures of central tendency are the
mean, median, and mode.
mean, median, & mode
Mean or Average is the most common form of reporting
central tendency. Obtaining an average is simply taking
the sum of all the answers divided by the total

Formula
mean, median, & mode
Median is the midpoint of a distribution. This is useful if
you are reporting scores on an achievement test.
To determine the median, arrange the scores from lowest
to highest then select the middle value to represent your
median value.
mean, median, & mode
Mode is simply the most reported case or incident, or the
most repeated value in the data set.

Example in survey. Example in numerical data.

What is your favorite movie genre?
Romance Math test scores
Suspense
Comedy 23, 24, 25, 23, 23, 26, 25, 27, 28, 30
Drama
Science Fiction
Action Mode = 23
Horror
Measure of variability
It deals with the spread of a measurement. This is equivalent to
asking how far apart are the scores or measurements from
each other or from the mean.

Typical measures of variability

range
standard deviation, and
variance
range
Range is simply the difference between the highest value
to the lowest value in a given set of measurement.
simply tells the maximum and minimum value for a set of
measurement.
Standard deviation &
variance
Standard Deviation tells you how far the measurements
are from the mean or how a given set of scores deviates
from the mean.
Where in:
Formula
Standard deviation &
variance
Variance is simply the square of the standard deviation

Where in:
Formula
Pie charts & bar graphs
Pie chart is circular graph consisting of slices or wedges
that represents a percentage of the whole.

Bar graphs uses rectangular bars to represent data. Each

bar's length is proportional to the value it represents, and
bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally.
PART ii: CONTENT
Analyzing Quantitative Data: Inferential Statistics
Hypothesis Testing
Statistical tests of significance
Parametric vs. Nonparametric
Analyzing Quantitative Data:
inferential statistic
the mathematics and logic of how characteristics of the
sample can be generalized to a larger population. This
made possible by testing the hypothesis.
used to determine weather you can infer the
characteristics of the population from the sample’s
characteristics.
hypothesis testing
the logical arguments and procedures associated with
the informed decisions in research.

Steps in statistical hypothesis testing

1 State the null 2 State the
alternate
3 Set the
statistical
hypothesis hypothesis significance
(alpha level)

4 Collect Data 5 Calculate the 6 Draw

conclusion
test statistic about null
hypothesis
step 1.
State the NULL Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis (Ho) is a statement of nullity. This means
that at the onset of the study, the researcher is stating that
there is NO difference, correlation, or association between the
variables being investigated.

step 2.
State the ALTERNATIVE Hypothesis
Defined as the hypothesis that a researcher is willing to
support if the null hypothesis is rejected.
example
step 3.
Set the statistical significance (alpha level)
cont.
The practical statistical procedures used in hypothesis testing that
assist researchers in reaching a decision are called test of
significance. These are equivalent in determining the test statistic to
use.
Test of significance
Additional sample studies that
employ various tests of
significance.
Step 5.
Calculate the test statistics
After setting up the significance level, the next step is to calculate a
test statistic to the data collected. This test can be:

z-test: comparing the mean of the sample from the mean of the
population.
t-test: comparing the means of two independent and dependent
samples. Or
testing for the significance of r (i.e., a correlation coefficient).
Step 6.
Draw conclusion about Null hypothesis
The last step in hypothesis testing is to either reject or support
the null hypothesis.

In inferential statistics, this is done by comparing the test

statistic to the critical values found in standard statistical tables.

If the test statistic is greater than the critical value, then we reject
the null hypothesis.
TAKE NOTE:

Inferential Statistic is a more appropriate and meaningful data

analysis to use for testing the null hypothesis.
Not limited to experimental or quasi-experimental research
design.
Can be used to test:
Relationship between two variables (test of significance of the
correlation coefficient).
Degree of association between variables (chi-square test).
Comparing the characteristics of sample from population
(significance test for a single mean).
parametric vs nonparametric
test

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parametric vs nonparametric
test
 descriptive vs. inferential
S T A T I C T I C S

Descriptive statistics offer a foundation by organizing data, while

inferential statistics extend insights to make data-driven predictions
and conclusions.
THANK YOU!