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Assignment 03_Solution

The document contains solutions to various questions and problems from Chapter 9 of a course assignment. It discusses concepts related to link-layer addresses, routing, and the use of ARP packets in network communication. Key topics include the distinction between point-to-point and broadcast links, the role of IP addresses, and methods for address resolution in networking.

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19 views

Assignment 03_Solution

The document contains solutions to various questions and problems from Chapter 9 of a course assignment. It discusses concepts related to link-layer addresses, routing, and the use of ARP packets in network communication. Key topics include the distinction between point-to-point and broadcast links, the role of IP addresses, and methods for address resolution in networking.

Uploaded by

Al Musfiq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSE316

Assignment 3 Solutions

Chapter – 9

Q9-2, Q9-3, Q9-8, Q9-14, P9-1, P9-6, P9-7, P9-10, P9-13, P9-14

Q9-2
A point-to-point link is dedicated to the two devices connecting at the two ends of the link. A broadcast
link shares its capacity between pairs of devices that need to use the link.

Q9-3
Two hosts in two different networks can theoretically have the same link-layer address because a link-
layer address has only local jurisdiction. However, the tendency is to avoid this for the future
development of the Internet. Even today, manufacturers of network interface cards (NIC) use different
set of link-layer addresses to make them distinguished

Q9-8
Station A does not know the link-layer address of B (the reason for sending an ARP packet). It sends a
broadcast address to all stations so that the station with IP address defined in destination protocol
address respond.

Q9-14
A router should have five different IP addresses and five different link-layer addresses. Each IP address
belongs to the set of addresses assigned to a network (See Chapter 18). Each link-layer address also
defines the router at the connection at the data-link layer.

P9-1
Theoretically, we do not need IP addresses because the global communication is one to one. If a station
has a packet to send to another station, it uses the link-layer address of the destination host (or even
port number related to the destination) to send a packet. However, if the internet uses the TCP/IP
protocol suite, then messages pass through the network layer and IP address come to the picture.

P9-6
We can think of one journey with three links in this case: home-to-airport, airport-to-airport, and
airport-to-home

a.
End-to-end addresses (the whole journey)
Source: 2020 Main Street, Los Angeles
Destination: 1432 American Boulevard, Chicago

b.
First Link
Source: 2020 Main Street
Destination: Los Angeles Airport
Second Link
Source: Los Angeles Airport
Destination: Chicago Airport
Third Link
Source: Chicago Airport
Destination: 1432 American Boulevard

P9-7
We can think of one journey with four links in this case: home-to-airport, airport- to-airport, and airport-
to-home
a.
End-to-end addresses (the whole journey)
Source: 2020 Main Street, Los Angeles
Destination: 1432 American Boulevard, Chicago
b.
First Link
Source: 2020 Main Street
Destination: Los Angeles Airport
Second Link
Source: Los Angeles Airport
Destination: Denver Airport
Third Link
Source: Denver Airport
Destination: Chicago Airport
Fourth Link
Source: Chicago Airport
Destination: 1432 American Boulevard

P9-10
a.
Router R1 gets the frame received from interface L2, decapsulates the network-layer packet (N1, N2,
Data). The router then consults its routing table to find what is the next router for destination N2. It
finds that the packet should be delivered to router R2. It sends an ARP packet to find the link layer
address of R2, which is L5. Router R1 now encapsulates the network layer packet in a frame with source
address L4 and destination address L5.
b.
Router R2 gets the frame received from interface L5, decapsulates the network-layer packet (N1, N2,
Data). The router then consults its routing table to find what is the next router or host for destination
N2. It finds that the packet should be delivered to host N8. It sends an ARP packet to find the link-layer
address of N8, which is L8. Router R1 now encapsulates the network-layer packet in a frame with source
address L6 and destination address L8.

P9-13
Two approaches can be used. In the first approach, system A has a table to match the network-layer
addresses to data-link addresses, it can use the table to find the data-link address of system B. In the
second approach, system A has only the list of all data-link layer addresses, it can send unicast ARP
packet to all stations to find out the one which matches the network-layer address. None of the
approaches are practical because a host may change its data-link layer address without notice. Some
networks support tunneling, in which the network encapsulates a broadcast or multicast packet in a
unicast packet and send them to all stations.

P9-14
a. Forwarding table
input: destination network-layer address of the packet
output: network-layer address of the next system

b. ARP
input: network-layer address of the next system
output: data-link layer address of the next system

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