Augmented Reality

and
Virtual Reality
History and Differences between AR and VR
Staring at rectangles

Long ago, our ancestors were

trained to look at the walls
and imagine a 3D world that
is part of a story.

A 30,000-year-old painting from the Bhimbetka rock shelters

in India (photo by Archaeological Survey of India).
History and Differences between AR and VR

A painting from the European Middle Ages.

Similar to the cave painting, it relates to
military conflict, a fascination of humans
regardless of the era or technology. There is
much greater detail in the newer painting,
leaving less to the imagination; however, the
drawing perspective is comically wrong.
Some people seem short relative to others,
rather than being further away. The rear
portion of the fence looks incorrect.

An English painting from around 1470 that depicts John Ball

encouraging Wat Tyler rebels (unknown artist)
History and Differences between AR and VR

Shows a later painting in which the

perspective have been meticulously
accounted for, leading to a beautiful palace
view that requires no imagination for us to
perceive it as “3D”.

A painting by Hans Vredeman de Vries in 1596.

History and Differences between AR and VR

By the 19th century, many artists had grown

tired of such realism and started the
controversial impressionist movement, an
example of which is shown in Figure. Such
paintings leave more to the imagination of
the viewer, much like the earlier cave
paintings.

An impressionist painting by Claude Monet in 1874.

History and Differences between AR and VR
Moving pictures
The phenomenon of stroboscopic apparent
motion is the basis for what we call movies or
motion pictures today.

One of the earliest examples of this effect is the

race horse movie created by Eadward Muybridge
in 1878 at the request of Leland Stanford
History and Differences between AR and VR

Motion picture technology quickly improved, and

by 1896, a room full of spectators in a movie
theater screamed in terror as a short film of a train
pulling into a station convinced them that the train
was about to crash into them.
History and Differences between AR and VR

As audience expectations increased,

so had the degree of realism produced
by special effects. In 1902, viewers
were inspired by a Journey to the
Moon
History and Differences between AR and VR

The popularity of animation(also called anime or cartoons) is a

prime example. Even within the realm of animations, a similar
trend has emerged as with motion pictures in general. Starting
from simple line drawings in 1908, with greater detail appears
in 1928 with the introduction of Mickey Mouse
 History and Differences between AR and VR
Toward convenience and portability

1) having to go somewhere to watch it, to

2) being able to watch it in your home, to
3) being able to carry it anywhere.

Whether pictures, movies, phones, computers, or video games, the same progression continues. We can therefore
expect the same for AR & VR systems. At the same time, note that the gap is closing between these levels: The quality
we expect from a portable device is closer than ever before to the version that requires going somewhere to experience
it.
History and Differences between AR and VR
Video games

Video games are an important step toward

closed-loop VR, whereas motion pictures are
open-loop.
 History and Differences between AR and VR
Beyond staring at a rectangle
One way our brains infer
the distance of objects 1) Presenting a separate picture to each eye to induce a “3D” effect.
from our eyes is by 2) Increasing the field of view so that the user is not distracted by the
stereopsis. stimulus boundary.

The first stereoscope, developed by

The View-Master is a mass- In competition to stereoscopic viewing,
Charles Wheatstone in 1838, used
produced stereoscope that Cinerama offered a larger field of view. Larger
mirrors to present a different image to In 1957, Morton Heilig’s Sensorama
has been available since the movie screens caused the popularity of 3D
each eye; the mirrors were replaced by added motion pictures, sound, vibration,
1930s. movies to wane in the 1950s.
lenses soon afterward. and even smells to the experience.
History and Differences between AR and VR
VR headsets

Along these lines, we could place screens all

around us. This idea led to one important
family of VR systems called the CAVE, which
was introduced in 1992 at the University of
Illinois
History and Differences between AR and VR
VR headsets
• An important step for VR was taken in 1968 with the
introduction of Ivan Sutherland’s Sword of Damocles, which
leveraged the power of modern displays and computers
• He constructed what is widely considered to be the first
VR headset.
• As the user turns his head, the images presented on the
screen are adjusted to compensate so that the virtual
objects appear to be fixed in space.
• This yielded the first glimpse of an important concept in this
course: The perception of stationarity.
• To make an object appear to be stationary while you move
your sense organ, the device producing the stimulus must
change its output to compensate for the motion.
• This requires sensors and tracking systems to
become part of the VR system.
History and Differences between AR and VR
VR headsets
• In the 1990s, VR-based video games appeared in arcades
and in home units.
• The experiences were not compelling or comfortable
enough to attract mass interest.
• However, the current generation of VR headset leverages
the widespread availability of high resolution screens and
sensors, due to the smartphone industry, to offer light
weight, low cost, high-field-of-view headsets, such as the
Oculus Rift
• This has greatly improved the quality of VR experiences
while significantly lowering the barrier of entry for
developers and hobbyists.
• This also caused a recent flood of interest in VR technology
and applications.
History and Differences between AR and VR
Bringing people together
History and Differences between AR and VR
 History and Differences between AR and VR
Augmented Reality Virtual Reality
The system augments the real-world scene Completely immersive virtual environment
In AR User always have a sense of presence in the real In VR, visual senses are under control of the system
world
Low percentage of virtuality and high percentage of High percentage of virtuality and low percentage of
reality reality
This technology partially immerses the user into the This technology fully immerses the user into the
action action
With AR, end-users are still in touch with the real By using VR technology, VR user is isolated from the
world while interacting with virtual objects nearer to real world and immerses himself in a completely
them. fictional world.
AR users can control their presence in the real world VR users are controlled by the system
AR enhances both the virtual and real world VR only enhances a fictional reality
Ideas…
Software
A Sample Video made in Blender
A Sample Game made in Unity using Youtube
help
 // Update is called once per frame
void Update()
public class Player :
MonoBehaviour {
if
{ (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Space)==true)
{
[SerializeField] private
Transform
groundCheckTransform=null; jumpKeyWasPressed = true;
}
[SerializeField] private horizontalInput =
LayerMask playerMask; Input.GetAxis("Horizontal");
}
private void FixedUpdate()
private bool {
jumpKeyWasPressed; rigidbodyComponent.velocity = new
Vector3(horizontalInput,
private float horizontalInput;
rigidbodyComponent.velocity.y, 0);
private Rigidbody
rigidbodyComponent; if rigidbodyComponent.AddForce(Vector3.up *
(Physics.OverlapSphere(groundCheckTransform.posi jumpPower, ForceMode.VelocityChange);
private int tion, 0.1f, playerMask).Length == 0)
superJumpsRemaining; jumpKeyWasPressed = false;
{ }
return;
}
// Start is called before the if (jumpKeyWasPressed == true)
first frame update }
{ private void OnTriggerEnter(Collider
void Start() float jumpPower = 5f; other)
if (superJumpsRemaining > 0) {
{ { if (other.gameObject.layer == 7)
jumpPower *= 2; {
rigidbodyComponent =
GetComponent<Rigidbody>(); superJumpsRemaining--; Destroy(other.gameObject);
} superJumpsRemaining++;
} }
}

}
References
• Book: Virtual Reality by Steven M. Lavalle
• Book: understanding augmented reality: concepts and applications by
Alan B. Craig
• Webpage article: Beyond AR vs. VR: What is the Difference between
AR vs. MR vs. VR vs. XR? by Laia Tremosa. https://www.interaction-
design.org/literature/article/beyond-ar-vs-vr-what-is-the-
difference-between-ar-vs-mr-vs-vr-vs-xr