Introduction to Vector Calculus (29)

SOLVED EXAMPLES
  
Q.1 If vector A  2iˆ  ˆj  2k,
ˆ B  2iˆ  ˆj, C  2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ then find
         
(a) A  B (b) A  B (c) A . B  C 
(d) B . C  A  
    

(e) A  B  C (f) a unit vector perpendicular to both B and C
 
(g) Component of A along B .
Solution:
 
(a) 
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
A  B = 2i  j  2k  2i  j  
= 4iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ
 
(b) 
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
A  B = 2i  j  2b  2i  j  
= 2kˆ

2 1 2
  
(c) A. B  C = 2 1 0
 
2 3 1
= –2 + 2 – 8 = –8
2 1 0
  
(d) B. C  A = 2 3 1
 
2 1 2
= –10 + 2
= –8
      
(e)   
A  B  C = B A .C  C A .B   
   
= 2iˆ  ˆj  2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ . 2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ 

  
 2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ  2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ . 2iˆ  ˆj 
 
= 12iˆ  3kˆ
(30) Introduction to Vector Calculus

 
BC
  
 2iˆ  ˆj   2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ 
(f) n̂ = B  C
 12   2 2   4 2
ˆi  2ˆj  4bˆ
=
21
(g) ˆ
AB = A cos  B
   
 A.B B   B

ˆ B
= A.B ˆ 
B
2
as B̂ =
B

 
 2iˆ  ˆj  2k . 2iˆ  ˆj  2iˆ  ˆj
   
=
2 2
  1
2

10iˆ  5jˆ
=
5
= 2iˆ  ˆj
 
Q.2: Find the angle between A  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ and B  ˆi  ˆj  3kˆ .
Solution :
   
as A.B = A B cos 
 
A.B
  

2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ . iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ  
cos  = A B 2
22   1  12 12  12  32

1 4
 = cos
6 11
= 60.5° approx.
   
Q.3: If A  2iˆ  3jˆ  7kˆ and B  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , then show that A and B are
perpendicular to each other.
Solution :
  ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
A.B = 2i  3j  7k . 2i  j  k  
=–4 –3 +7 =0
   
so A.B = A B cos   0

 cos  = 0
Introduction to Vector Calculus (31)

  = 90°
 
so A is perpendicular to B .
Q.4: Find the unit vector perpendicular to both
 
A  2iˆ  3jˆ  5kˆ and B  2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ . Also find the angle between them.
Solution:
ˆi ˆj kˆ
  2 3 5
As  A  B =
2 3 1

= 12iˆ  8jˆ
 
unit vector perpendicular to both A and B
 
AB
 
n̂ = A  B

12iˆ  8jˆ 12iˆ  8jˆ


= 2 208
12 2   8 
 
AB
Again sin  =  
A B

208 208
= 
4  9  25 4  9  1 38 14

1  208 
 = sin  
 38 14 
= 38.7° Approx.

Q.5: A particle is acted upon by two constant forces F1  ˆi  4jˆ  3kˆ and

F2  3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ due to which particle is displaced from ˆi  2jˆ  3kˆ to 4iˆ  5jˆ  kˆ . Calculate
the total work done.
Solution:
Displacement of the particle
 = 4iˆ  5jˆ  kˆ  ˆi  2ˆj  3kˆ
r  
 (32) Introduction to Vector Calculus

= 3iˆ  3jˆ  2kˆ

Hence total work done
= Total force . displacement
  

= F1  F2 . r 
    
=  ˆi  4ˆj  3kˆ  3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  . 3iˆ  3jˆ  2kˆ 
=  4iˆ  5jˆ  4kˆ  .  3iˆ  3jˆ  2kˆ   12  15  8
= 35 units.
Q.6: A rigid body is rotating with angular velocity of 5 rad/s about an axis parallel
to 3jˆ  kˆ and passing through the point ˆi  ˆj  3kˆ . Find the velocity vector of the
particle, when it is at the point 2iˆ  4 ˆj  kˆ .

Solution : Suppose r is the position vector

then 
r = 2iˆ  4ˆj  kˆ  ˆi  ˆj  3kˆ   
= ˆi  5jˆ  4kˆ
angular velocity


3jˆ  kˆ  5

 =
5 
3jˆ  kˆ 10
 3jˆ  kˆ 

linear velocity

    5 ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
v =   r   10 3j  k   i  5 j  4k
 
 
ˆi ˆj kˆ
5
0 3 1
= 10
1 5 4

5
=
10

7iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ units. 
Q.7 : Calculate the torque of a force 2iˆ  2jˆ  5kˆ about the point 8jˆ acting
through the point 6iˆ  4jˆ  2kˆ .
Solution : Here
Introduction to Vector Calculus (33)

 = 8jˆ  6iˆ  4ˆj  2kˆ

r  
= 6iˆ  4ˆj  2kˆ
 
 
torque  = r  F  6iˆ  4ˆj  2kˆ  2iˆ  2ˆj  5kˆ 
ˆi ˆj kˆ
6 4 2
=
2 2 5

= 24 ˆi  34 ˆj  4 kˆ

Q.8: A force vector 10 ˆi  25 ˆj  35kˆ passes through a point (2, 5, 7). Prove that
force is also passing through the origin.
Solution: The position vector
 = ˆ
r 2i  5ˆj  7kˆ
and moment of the form about this point i.e. torque

 = r F

  
= 2iˆ  5jˆ  7kˆ  10iˆ  25jˆ  35kˆ 
ˆi ˆj kˆ
2 5 7
=
10 25 35

=0
As the moment is zero, which shows that forces is passing through the origin.
Q.9: A force 4iˆ  3jˆ  2kˆ passes through the point (–9, 2, 1). Find the component
of moment of the force about the axis of reference.
Sol.: Here
 =
r 9iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ
so moment of force i.e. torque
   ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
  r  F = 9i  2 j  k  4i  3j  2k   
(34) Introduction to Vector Calculus

ˆi ˆj kˆ
9 2 1
=
4 3 2

= 7iˆ  22ˆj  19kˆ

Hence components of moment of force are 7 unit, 22 units and 19 units in x, y and z
direction respectively.
Q.10: A proton is moving with velocity 108 cm/s along z-axis through an electric
field of intensity 3 × 104 volt/cm along x-axis and magnetic field of intensity 2000 gauss
along y-axis. Calculate the magnitude and direction of total force.
Solution: Intensity of electric field

E = 3  10 iˆ volt / cm  100 iˆ esu/cm
4

Proton charge = 1.6  1019 C  4.8  1010 esu


Magnetic field B = 2000 ˆj gauss

velocity v = 108 kˆ cm / s
so total force acting on the proton
 
   v B 
q E
F =  C 


10  1 ˆ 

= 4.8  10
ˆ   8 ˆ

100 i  3  1010 10 k  2000 j 

= 4.47  108 ˆi dyne

Hence total force acting on the proton has magnitude +4.47 × 10–8 dyne along the +ve x-
direction.
Q.11: Find the value of the constant p so that
  
A  2iˆ  ˆj  3k,
ˆ B  2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ and C  3iˆ  pjˆ  kˆ are coplanar..
  

Solution: We know that three vectors are said to be coplanar if A. B  C  0 
2 1 3
2 3 1
 =0
3 p 1
Introduction to Vector Calculus (35)

 4p – 38 = 0
or 4p = 38
38
p=  9.5
4
  
Q.12: Evaluate A  B  C   where
  
A  2iˆ  ˆj, B   ˆi  ˆj  kˆ and C  5iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ .
Solution:
        
  
A  B  C = B A.C  C A.B   

= ˆi  ˆj  kˆ   2iˆ  ˆj  0kˆ . 5iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ 

 5iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ   2iˆ  ˆj  0 kˆ . ˆi  ˆj  kˆ 
  
= 7 ˆi  ˆj  kˆ  1 5iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ 
= 2iˆ  4jˆ  8kˆ

Q.13: If r si the position vector of any point (x, y, z) and A is a constant vector
then show that
  
(i)  
r . A . A  0 is the equation of a constant plane.

(ii)  r  A  .r is the equation of a sphere.

Also show that result of (i) is of the form Ax  By  Cz  D  0 where


D   A 2  B2  C 2  and that of (ii) is of the from x2  y 2  z 2  r 2 . [RU 2005]
 
Solution: (i) Suppose A =  A, B, C  and r   x, y, z 
  
 
r  A . A =  x  A  A   y  B B   z  C  C

= xA  A 2  yB  B2  zC  C 2

2 2

= xA  yB  zC  A  B  C
2

= A x  By  Cz  D
 (36) Introduction to Vector Calculus

where
2

2
D =  A B C
2

 
so  r  A  .A = 0  A x  By  Cz  D  0
which is an equation of a plane.
  
(ii)  
r  A .A =  x  A  x   y  B  y   z  C  z
 
if  r  A  .A = 0 then

x 2  y 2  z2  A x  By  Cz = 0
Which is the equation of sphere whose surface touches the origin.
Q.14: A particle moves on the curve x  2t 2 , y  t 2  4t, z  3t  5 where t is the
time. Find the components of velocity and acceleration at time t = 1 in the direction
ˆi  3jˆ  2kˆ .

Solution: Position vector

 = 2t 2 ˆi  t 2  4t ˆj   3t  5  kˆ
r  
so velocity vector

 dr d d 2 d
v
dt
=
dt
2t 2 iˆ 
dt
  dt
 
t  4t ˆj   3t  5 kˆ

= 4t ˆi   2t  4  ˆj  3kˆ

 dv
acceleration a =
dt

d d d
=  4t  ˆi   2t  4  ˆj  3 kˆ
dt dt dt

= 4iˆ  2ˆj  0

at` t = 1, velocity v  4iˆ  2ˆj  3kˆ

acceleration a = 4iˆ  2ˆj

and the component of v along ˆi  3jˆ  2kˆ
Introduction to Vector Calculus (37)

 4iˆ  2ˆj  3kˆ . ˆi  3jˆ  2kˆ 

is 2
12   3  22

16 8 14
= 
14 7

and component of a along i  3jˆ  2kˆ is

 4iˆ  2ˆj . ˆi  3jˆ  2kˆ   2

= 2 2 2 14
1   3  2

 14
=
7
Q.15: Calculate the unit vector, which is normal to the surface
 = x 2 y  xy 2  3xyz at the point (1, 1, –1).
Solution : Here
   ˆ  ˆ  ˆ 2 2
 =  x i  y j  z k  x y  xy  3xyz
 
 
  2
=
x

x 2 y  xy 2  3xyz iˆ 
y
 
x y  xy 2  3xyz ˆj 


z

x 2 y  xy 2  3xyz kˆ 
  
= 2xy  y  3yz ˆi  x  2xy  3xz j   3xy  kˆ
2 2

At (1, 1, –1),

 =  2  1  3  ˆi  1  2  3 ˆj  3kˆ  3kˆ
so the unit vector normal to the surface  at (1, 1, –1) is
3kˆ 3kˆ
2 =
3 3
= k̂

Q.16: Find the direction derivative of   x, y, z   x 2 y  xy 2 at the point (2, –1, –4)
along the direction of the vector (1, 2, –1).
Solution: as
(38) Introduction to Vector Calculus

 = x 2 y  xy 2

   ˆ  ˆ  ˆ
 =  x i  y j  z k    x, y, z 
 
 2  2  2
 2 ˆ
 2 ˆ
 2 ˆ
= x x y  xy i  y x y  xy j  z x y  xy k   
  
= 2xy  y iˆ  x  2xy ˆj
2 2


   2,1,4 = 3iˆ

Position vector r̂ = ˆi  2ˆj  kˆ

and unit vector along this position vector
ˆi  2ˆj  kˆ iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ
n̂ = 
1 4 1 6

 
ˆi  2jˆ  kˆ 
and direction derivative ˆ 
 n̂ = 3i .
6

3  6
= 
6 2
Q.17: Find the equation of the tangent plane and normal line to the surface
2x 2  y 2  2z  3 at the point (2, 1, –3).
Solution :
Here   x, y,z  = 2x 2  y 2  2z  3

 

x
=
x

2x 2  y 2  2z  4x 
 
y = y

2x 2  y 2  2z  2y 
 
z
=
z

2x 2  y2  2z  2 
  
so the components , and
x y z at the point (2, 1, –3) will be
Introduction to Vector Calculus (39)

  
= 4  2  8, y  2  1  2, z  2
x
Hence the equation of the tangent plane to the surface at the point (2, 1, –3) is
 X  2  8   Y  1 2   Z  3 2 = 0
or 4X + y + Z = 6
so the equation of normal to the surface at (2, 1, –3) is
X2 Y 1 Z  3
= 
8 2 2
X2
or =Y– 1=Z +3
4
Q.18: Find the angle between the surfaces x2  y 2  z 2  9 and x 2  y 2  z  3 at
the (1, 2, 2)
Solution:
Suppose 1 = x 2  y 2  z 2 and 2  x 2  y 2  z

so 1 = 2x ˆi  2y ˆj  2z kˆ

and  2 = 2x iˆ  2y ˆj  kˆ

and  1 1,2,2 = 2iˆ  4ˆj  4kˆ

 2 1,2,2 = 2iˆ  4ˆj  kˆ
 
since 1 and 2 are normal to 1 and 2
   
then 1 . 2 = 1 2 cos  where  is the angle between the
surfaces 1 and 2 .
   
1 1 .  2
   
so  = cos    
 1 2 

1 4  16  4  16 
= cos  cos 1  
36  21  6 21 
 = 54.41° approx.

Q.19 (i) Provle that P  cos 1 ˆi  sin 1ˆj and cos  2 ˆi  sin 2 ˆj are unit vectors in
(40) Introduction to Vector Calculus

the xy-plane respectively making 1 and 2 with the x-axis.

(ii) By means of dot product, obtain the formula for cos  2  1  . by similarly
formulating P and Q, obtain the formula for cos  2  1  .

1
(iii) If  is the angle between P and Q find P  Q in terms of .
2
Solution:

(i) Given P = cos 1ˆi  sin 1ˆj

Q = cos 2 iˆ  sin 2ˆj
y
Q

P
2
1

P = cos 2 1  sin 2 1  1

Q = cos 2 2  sin 2 2  1
 
hence P and Q are unit vectors.
   
(ii) P.Q = P Q cos   2  1 

= 1.1 cos  2  1  ...(1)

 
But 
ˆ ˆ 
ˆ ˆ
P.Q = cos 1i  sin 1 j . cos 2 i  sin 2 j 
= cos 1 cos  2  sin 1 sin  2 ...(2)

so cos  2  1  = cos 1 cos  2  sin 1 sin  2

 
let P1  P = cos 1iˆ  sin 1ˆj

and Q1 = cos 2 ˆi  sin 2 ˆj
 
then P1 .Q1 = 1.1 cos  1  2 
Introduction to Vector Calculus (41)

= cos 1 cos  2  sin 1 sin  2

 
(iii) P1 and Q1 are unit vectors.
1   1 2
so
2

P Q = 
2
  Q 2  2PQ cos 

1
= 1 1  2cos 
2
= 1  cos 

2 
= 2sin
2

Q.20: A vector field is given as W  4x y ˆi   7x  2z  ˆj  4xy  2z kˆ
2 2
 
(i) What is the magnitude of the field at point (2. –3, 4).
(ii) At what point on z-axis is the magnitude of W equal to unity? [RU 2002]
Solution: (i)
 2 ˆ ˆ 2 ˆ
W = 4x y i   7x  2z  j  4xy  2z k  

  
at P(2, –3, 4), W = 4 2  3 iˆ   7  2  4  2  ˆj  4  2   3  2  4 kˆ
2 2

= 48iˆ  22ˆj  8kˆ

W = 482  22 2  82  53.4
(ii) As the required point is on z-axis so x = 0, y = 0

W = 2z ˆj  2z k for that point.
2 2

 2
 W =  2z 2   2z 2   4z 2  4z 4  1

so 4z 4  4z 2 1 = 0

4  16  16  1 1 1
z2 =  
8 2 2
2
z = –1.207 and 0.207
2
taking z as positive z = 0.207
z = ± 0.455
Q.21: Calculate the differential volume to obtain the expression for volume of the
(i) sphere of radius 'b'
(42) Introduction to Vector Calculus

(ii) Semispherical shell of inner radius 'a' and outer radius 'b'.
(iii) Cylinder of radius 'b' and height 'h'.
Solution:
(i) Differential volume in spherical coordinates
dV = r 2 sin dr d d
here r = 0 to b,  = 0 to ,  = 0 to 2.
So volume of sphere
b  2

V =  dV     r 2 sin  dr d d
V 0 0 0

b  2
2
=  r dr  sin  d  d
0 0 0

b 
2
= 2  r dr   cos  
0 0

b
2
= 2 1  1  r dr
0

b3
= 4
3

4 3
so Vsphere = b
3
(ii) For semispherical shell
r1 =a, r2 = b
so dV = r 2 sin  dr d d

here r = a to b,   0 to ,   0 to 
b  

so V =    r 2 sin  dr d d
a 0 0
Introduction to Vector Calculus (43)

b  
2
=  r dr  sin  d d
a 0 0

b 
2
=   r dr  cos  
a 0

b
r2
= 2
3 a

2 3 3
=
3
b a  
(iii) Differential volume for a cylinder
dV = r dr d dz
here r = 0 to b, z = 0 to h, and  = 0 to 2.

so V =  dV
V

b h 2

V =    r dr d dz
a 0 0

b h 2

=  r dr  dz  d
0 0 0

b
r2
= 2 .h . 2
0

so Vcyl. =  b 2 h
Q.22 : For positive x, y, z let  = 40 xyz c/m3. Find the total charge within the
region bounded by x = 0, y = 0, 0  2x  3y  10 and 0  z  2 .
Solution : Here
5 y z

Q =    40 xyz dx dy dz
0 0 0
(44) Introduction to Vector Calculus

10  2x
5 2
 y2  3  z2 
=  40x dx    
0  2 0  2 0

5
40
 2 3
= 9  100x  40x  4x dx 
0

5
40 100x 2 40x 3 4x 4 
= 9  2  3  4 
 0
Q = 925.926 C
Q.23: Given point P in Cartesian coordinate system as P(1, 2, 3). Calculate its
coordinates in cylindrical system.
Solution: As given x = 1, y = 2, z = 3

y
 = x 2  y 2   tan 1 , z  z
x

so  = 12  22  5  2.236

1 2
 = tan  63.43
1
z=3
so Pcyl. = (2.236, 63.43°, 3)
Q.24: The cooridnate of a point P in cylindrical system is P(1, 45°, 2). find its
equivalent in cartesion system.
Solution:
Here  = 1,  = 45°, z = 2
and x =  cos , y   sin , z  z

1
x = 1. cos 45   0.707
2
y = 0.707
z=2
so Pcart. = (0.707, 0.707,2)
Q.25: Find the constant m such that the vector
Introduction to Vector Calculus (45)


 =  x  3y  ˆi   y  2z  ˆj   x  mz  kˆ is solenoidal.
 
Solution: The vector will be solenoidal if   

  ˆ  ˆ  ˆ
so  i  j  k    x  3y  ˆi   y  2z  ˆj   x  mz  kˆ   0
 x y z   

  
i.e. x  x  3y   y  y  2z   z  x  mz   0

or 1+1+m=0
m = –2
   3 3 3

Q.26: Find div F and curl F if F  grad x  y  z  3xyz .  [WBUT 2001]


Solution: Here
3 3
 3
F = grad x  y  z  3xyz 
 3 ˆ  3
 3 3

3 3 ˆ
= x x  y  z  3xyz i  y x  y  z  3xyz j 
 3

z

x  y3  z 3  3xyz kˆ 
    
= 3x  3yz ˆi  3y  3xz ˆj  3z  3xy kˆ
2 2 2

   
2
 2
  2
div F = x 3x  3yz  y 3y  3xz  z 3z  3xy   
= 6 x  y  z

ˆi ˆj kˆ
  
 
F = x y z
3x 2  3yz 3y 2  3xz 3z 2  3xy

=  3x  3x  ˆi   3y  3y  ˆj   3z  3z  kˆ  0

Q.27 Show that curl grad f = 0 where f = x2y + 2xy + z2.
 (46) Introduction to Vector Calculus

f ˆ f ˆ f ˆ
Solution: grad f = x i  y j  z k

 
=  2xy  2y  ˆi  x  2x ˆj   2z  kˆ
2

ˆi ˆj kˆ
  
 curl grad f = x y z
2xy  2y x 2  2x 2z

= 0  0   2x  2  2x  2  kˆ  0

Q.28: If the scalar function   x, y, z   2xy  z 2 ,. is its corresponding scalar field

is solenoidal or irrotational?
Solution : Let

F =   2y ˆi  2x ˆj  2z kˆ

    
so  .F = x  2y   y  2x   z  2z 

= 0 +0 + 2 = 2
0
So field is not solenoidal.

ˆi ˆj kˆ
  
 
Now  F = x y z
2y 2x 2z

=0
so field is irrotational.
Q.29: Verify the divergence theorem for the vector function

F = 4xz ˆi  y ˆj  yz kˆ
2

taken over the cube bounded by x = 0, 1 y = 0, 1, z = 0, 1.

[WBUT (math) 2002]
Solution.:
Introduction to Vector Calculus (47)

3 2

4 5

0 y
1

7 6
x
for face 4567; n̂  ˆi and x = 1
1 1

 . nˆ ds =
F  
0 0
4z dy dz  2
1

 
 . nˆ ds = î dy dz  0 for 1230
F
2

for 2561 nˆ = ĵ, y  1


 nˆ ds = –1
F.
3

and for 3074  F. nˆ ds =0
4

 1
for face 2345,  F. nˆ ds =
2
5

and  F. nˆ ds = 0 for 0167
6

 1 3
total  nˆ ds = 2  0   1  0  2  0  2
F.
S

    
Again  
2
 F = x  4xz   y  y  z  yz 

= 4z – y
(48) Introduction to Vector Calculus

1 1 1   1 1 1

    .F dV =     4z  y  dx dy dz
0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1
 4z 2 
=     yz  dx dy
0 0  2 0
3
=
2
  
  F. nˆ ds =   F dV
s V
Hence divergence theorem is verified.

Q.30: Calculate the line integral of A   cos  ˆ  z sin  zˆ around the edge L of the
wedge defined by 0    4 , 0    30, z  0.
Solution:

Given A =  cos  ˆ  z sin  zˆ
differential length

dl = d ˆ  d ˆ  dz zˆ
y

(3)
(2)
0 x
(1)

Circulation of A around path is
       
 A.dl =  A.dl   A.dl   A.dl
L 1 2 3
for (1)   0, d  0, z  0, dz  0
 
 A.dl
=   
 cos ˆ  z sin    d ˆ  d ˆ  dz zˆ 
1 1
Introduction to Vector Calculus (49)

4 4
2
=   cos  d    d 
2
1 0 0

16
= 8
2
for (2)   4, d = 0
z = 0, dz = 0
 
 A. dl =   cos  d  zsin  dz  0
2 2

for (3)    / 6, d = 0, z = 0, dz = 0
 
 dl =   cos  d
A.
3 3

0

=   cos 6 d
4

0 0
3 2
  
2 4
= d 0.866
2 4

= –6.93
 
So total  A. dl = 8 + 0 – 6.93
L

= 1.07
  
Q.31 Given A  x 2  xy , calculate  A . ds over the region y = x2, 0 < x < 2.
Solution:
So y = x2, ds = dx dy
 (50) Introduction to Vector Calculus

0 x
2
 
x 
2
 ds =
A.  xy dx dy

2 x2 2 x2

  x 
2
= dx dy    xy dx dy
0 y 0 0 y0

2 2
x5
=  x 4dx   2 dx
x 0 x 0

32 64
= 
5 12
= 11.7

 x y 
Q.32 For a scalar function   sin  sin  e  z . Calculate the magnitude
 2 3 
direction of maximum rate of increase of  at the point (1, 1, 1).
Solution: As gradient of a scalar function gives the magnitude and direction of max. rate
of change of that
 ˆ  ˆ  ˆ
So  = x i  y j  z k

  x y  z  ˆ   x y  z  ˆ
=  sin sin e  i   sin sin e  j
x  2 3  y  2 3 

  x y z  ˆ
  sin sin e  k
z  2 3 

  z x  ˆ  x y z  ˆ
=  e sin  j   sin sin e k
6 2   2 3 
at (1, 1, 1)
Introduction to Vector Calculus (51)

  1  ˆ    1  ˆ
  1,1,1 =  e sin  j   sin sin e  k
6 2  2 3 

 ˆ ˆ
=   0.367  j   0.866  0.367  k
6 
= 0.192 ˆj  0.318 kˆ
1/ 2
and  1,1,1 =   0.192 2   0.318 2 
 
= 0.37

 0.192jˆ  0.318kˆ
and ĵ = 
 0.37

= 0.52jˆ  0.86 kˆ
Q.33 : Determine the divergence of the following vector fields at given points–

(i) A  yziˆ  4  x  y  ˆj  xyz kˆ at  1, 2,1 

   
(ii) B   z sin ˆ  5 z cos  ˆ  z zˆ at 5, , 1
 2 
   
(iii) C  2r sin  cos  rˆ  cos  ˆ  r ˆ at 1, , 
 3 3
Solution: In cartesion

    
(a) .A = x  yz   y  4x  4y   z  xyz 

= 0 + 4 + xy
 
.A = 4 + xy
 

at 1, 2,1 ,  .A 1,2,1 = 4 + 1 × (–2)
=2
(b) In cylindrical

  1  1  
.B =     B      B   z Bz
(52) Introduction to Vector Calculus

given B = z sin 1 B  5z cos , B z  z

  2 1
.B =  z sin    5.z   sin    1

= 1  3z sin 

  
at  5, , 1 
 2 
 
.B = 1 – (3 × 1 × 1)
= –2
(c) In spherical system

  1  2 1  1 C 
 .C =
r 2 r
r 
C r  
r sin  
 sin  C   
r sin  

2  3 cos    
=
r 2
sin  cos 
r
 
r 
r sin  
sin 
rsin  

cos  cot 
= 6sin  cos  
r
  
at 1, , 
 3 3
 
   
cos cot
 .C = 6sin cos  3 3
3 3 1
= 2.6 + 0.288
= 2.88

Q.34: Find the nature of the vector F  30iˆ  2xy ˆj  5xz 2kˆ . [RU 2003]
Solution :

    
 .F = x  30   y  2xy   y 5xz

 
= 2x + 10xz
0
Introduction to Vector Calculus (53)

ˆi ˆj kˆ
  
  

Curl F =   F = x y z
30 2xy 5xz 2

= 5z 2 ˆj  2y kˆ
0
 
as  .F  0  fields is not solenoidal
 
and  F  0  field is rotational.

Q.35: Given the vector field G   16xy  3  ˆi  8x 2 ˆj  xkˆ .
(i) Is G irrotational (or conservative)?
(ii) Find the net flux of G over the cube 0<x, y, z < 1.
(iii) Determine the circulation of G around the edge of the square z = 0, 0 < x,
y < 1. Assume anticlockwise direction. [RU 2003]
Solution:
ˆi ˆj kˆ
  
 
(i) G = x y z
16xy  z 8x 2 x
= 0 ˆi   1  1 ˆj  16x  16x  kˆ  0

So G is irrotational.

(ii) Net flux of G over the cube
 
= 
 . G dV  
V

    
2
 
 . G = x 16xy  z   y 8x  z   x 
= 16y  0  0  16y
  1 1 1

so    . G  dV =  16y dx dy dz  16  dx  dz  y dy
V 0 0 0
(54) Introduction to Vector Calculus

1
y2
= 16.1.1 8
2 0
y0 x 1
  1 1
2
(iii)  . dl
0
G
=  16xy  z  dx   8x dy
x 0 z0 y0 z0
y 1 x0
0 0
2
  16xy  z  dx   8x dy
x 1 z0 y 1 z0

2 0
1 x
= 0  8 1 y 0  16 1 0
2 1
= 8 – 8 = 0.

SUMMARY
• A vector is with magnitude and direction.
• In space a quantity is specified by a function.
• When the result of multiplication of two vectors is a scalar then it is called scalar
product or dot product.
• When product is a vector then it is called vector product.
     
•  
Multiplication of three vectors can give scalar A . B  C or a vector A  B  C .  
• Vector differentiation is done using dal () operator the gradient of a scalar field is
   
, divergence as  . A and curl by  A and laplacian by 2A.
• In Cartesion coordinate system

dl = dx ˆi  dy ˆj  dz k,
ˆ dV  dx dy dz

 ˆ  ˆ  ˆ
Gradient  = x i  y j  z k

  A x A y A z
Divergences  . A =  
x y z
Introduction to Vector Calculus (55)

ˆi ˆj kˆ
  
 
Curl   A = x x z
Ax Ay Az

 2   2  2 

Laplacian   =  
x 2 y2 z 2
• In cylindrical system

dl = d ˆ   d ˆ  dz z,
ˆ dV   d d dz

 T 1 T ˆ T 
gradient T =  ˆ   ẑ
    z 

  1  1 A  A z
divergence  . A =
 
A  


z

ˆ ˆ ẑ
1   
 
Curl   A =    z
A  A Az

1     1     2 
Laplacian  =   
     2 2 z 2
• In spherical system

dl = dr rˆ  rd ˆ  r sin  d ˆ

dV = r 2 sin  d dr d

T 1 T ˆ 1 T ˆ
gradient T = r̂   
r r  r sin  

  1  2 1  1 A 
divergence  = 2
r r
r Ar   
r sin  
 A  sin   
r sin  
(56) Introduction to Vector Calculus

r̂ ˆ r sin ˆ
1   
 
Curl  A = r sin  r  
Ar rA  r sin  A 

1   2   1    
Laplacian  =  r  r r   2  sin  
  r sin      

1  2

 2 sin 2  2
• Gauss Divergence theorem
   
 A . ds =    . A  dV
s V

• Stoke's theorem
    
 . dl
A
=     A  . ds
L V
 
• A vector field is solenoidal if     
 
Irrotational or conservative if     
• Triple products
        
 
A. B C  B CA  C AB    
        
 
A B C  B A.C  C A.B    
• Second derivatives
  
 
.   A  0
 
 
  f  0
       
  
  A    . A   2 A 
EXERCISE
Introduction to Vector Calculus (57)

1. Give the basic concepts of transformation of one coordinate system to another. Derive
necessary relations for rectangular, cylindrical and spherical systems. [RU 2003]
2. Write short note on "Physical significance of curl, divergence and gradient".
3. State-Gauss divergence theorem. Write its applications, advantages and limitations.
[RU 2002]
4. State and prove stoke's theorem. [RU 2000]
5. Explain how stoke's theorem enables us to obtain the integral form of ampere circuital law.
6. Explain various types of vector fields.
(i) Solenoidal and irrotational fields.
(ii) Irrotational but not solenoidal fields
(iii) Solenoidal but not irrotaitonal fields
(iv) Neither irrotational nor solenoidal fields.
 
7. For the vectors A  iˆ  3kˆ and B  5iˆ  2ˆj  6kˆ calculate
   
(i) AB (ii) A  B
   
(iii) A.B (iv) A  B
 
(v) Angle between A and B
 
(vi) A unit vector parallel to 3A  B .
 
(vii) Length of the projection of A on B .

Ans.:  i  6iˆ  2jˆ  3kˆ  ii   4iˆ  2jˆ  9kˆ  iii   13  iv   6iˆ  21jˆ  2k
8iˆ  2jˆ  3kˆ
 v  60  vi   vii  1.6m
77
8. Use the differential volume dV to find volume of region.
(i) 0  x  1, 1  y  2, 3  z  3 [Ans.: 6]


(ii) 2    5,    , 1  z  4 [Ans.: 110]
3
9. Find area of the region 0     on the spherical shell of radius 'b'. [Ans. 2b2 ]
10. Evaluate the gradient of the following scalar fields
(58) Introduction to Vector Calculus

(a) P  e  z sin 2x [Ans.:  P  2cos 2xe  z ˆi  sin 2xe  z kˆ ]

(b) q   2 z cos   Ans. : q  2z cos  ˆ   2 z sin  ˆ   2 cos z 

 

 Ans. : r  20sin  cos rˆ  20r cos  

(c) s  20r sin  cos   
 cos  ˆ  20r sin  sin  ˆ 
11. If f = xy + yz + xz then
(i) Find the magnitude and direction of the maximum rate of change of the function at
point (1, 2, 3)
(ii) Find the rate of change of the function at the same point in the direction of the
vector.

 Ans. :  i  f  14 
 
  f 2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ 
   
ˆf 
f

14

 
 (ii) df  f .dl  11 
 
 
12. If T  2x ˆi  3y ˆj  4z kˆ and V = xyz evaluate  . VT .   [Ans.: 2xyz]

13. If U  xz  x 2 y  y2 z 2 find div (grad U). [Ans.: 2(–y + z2 + y2)]


14. Given D  6xyz 2 ˆi  3x 2 z 2 ˆj  6x 2 y kˆ C/m3 Find the total charge lying within the region
bounded by 0 < x < 1, 1 < y < 2 and z  1 by separately evaluating each side of divergence
theorem. [Ans.: 6C]
   
15.  
If A   x  y  1 ˆi  ˆj   x  y  kˆ then prove that A .    0

16. Prove that vector A   x  y z  ˆi   2y  zx  ˆj   2z  xy  kˆ is not solenoidal.
[WBUT 2005]
 
17.
2 2
If   x  y  2z find  .   .  [WBUT 2005]

18.
2
 
Show that B  2xyz ˆi  x z  2y ˆj  x ykˆ is irrotational.
2
[WBUT 2005]

19. find a unit vector perpendicular to x 2  y2  z 2  100 at (1, 2, 3). [WBUT 2007]
Introduction to Vector Calculus (59)

 ˆi  2jˆ  3kˆ 
 Ans. : 
 14 

20. if   3x 2 y  y3z 2 find  at (1, –2, –1). [WBUT 2004]

 Ans. :    12iˆ  9jˆ  16kˆ 
 

21. 
3 2

Show that F  2xy  z ˆi  x ˆj  3xz kˆ is a conservative force field. Find also the scalar
2

2 3
potential. [WBUT 2006, 2003]  Ans. :   x y  z x  constant 
 
22. Evaluates  F.nˆ ds where F  8x z iˆ  y 2 ˆj  yzkˆ and s is the surface of the cube bounded
s
by x = 0, 1, y = 0, 1, z = 0, 1.

