3.

III: Integral Relations for a Control Volume

= study the motion of fluid

-Three basic approaches to analyze fluid motion:

1. Control volume method = large-scale analysis:

working with a finite region, determine gross flow
effects such as the force on a body. It can be
applied to some problems (chap.3).

2. Differential approach = small-scale analysis:

describe the detail flow pattern at every point (
x , y , z ) in the flow field. It can be applied to any
problem (chap.4).

3. Experimental = dimensional analysis:

It can be applied to any problem (chap.5).

-Contents:
1. Concept of C.V. → det. basic theorem
(Reynolds transport theorem)
2. Apply the R.T. theorem in
a) mass b) linear momentum
c) angular momentum d) energy
3.Bernoulli Eq.
 3.2

3.1 Basic Physical Laws of Fluid Mechanics

Description of flow

a) Lagrangian method is preferred in solid mech.

The object or system is followed during their
motions through the space and describes the
motion of particle by position as a function of
time.
EX. we follow an object in the free falling:
dv d 2s
F = mg = m =m 2
dt dt
2
d s
so g =
dt 2
B.C. t = 0 , s = s o and v = 0
1
after integration s − s o = gt 2
2

b) The Eulerian (or control volume) approach is

preferred in fluid mech.
We choose a region in the flow field for study
the flow characteristics, e.g. vel. and pressure, at
particular time.
 3.3

3.1.1 System versus Control Volume

- System is defined as fixed, identiable

quantity of mass --- no mass transfer across
the system boundary.

- C.V. is an arbitrary volume in space through

which fluid flows.

-All the laws of mech. are written for a system,

which is a fixed quantity of mass.

-In analyzing a control volume, we have to convert

the system law to apply to a specific region (CV.)
which the system may occupy for only an instant.

-The relationship btw. system vs. control volume =

Reynolds transport theorem.
 3.4

-Volume and Mass Rate of Flow

Consider Fig. (3.1a): det. volume flow rate Q or
mass flow rate m  through the surface S .

The discharge Q = VA ; when V // A

If V  constant --- consider the surface ele. dA

dQ = V .dA = V cos  dA

 Q =  dQ = V .dA
S S

d d ( m /  ) dm
 Q= = ----  Q = =m

dt dt dt
 =  ( V .dA )
 dm

and m
 = S  V .dA or m
 =  V .ndA
S
 3.5

3.2 Reynolds Transport Theorem

To convert a system analysis to C.V. analysis, we

must convert Eqs. for individual mass (system) to
be the Eqs. for specific region (C.V.).

This conversion = Reynolds transport theorem

Eqs. for system = law of mechanics (conservation

of mass, momentum, and energy).

-Fluid property
a) Extensive property = depended on amount
of material present in the system, e.g.,
mass, momentum, energy.

b) Intensive property = not depended on

amount of material present in the system.

Int. prop. = Ext. prop./mass of system

Given B = any extensive property

 = corresponding intensive property
B dB
  = =
m dm
 3.6

-considering the flow field

Syst. boundary at time 𝑡
CV

Syst. boundary at time 𝑡 + ∆𝑡

-at time t : syst. =

-at time t + t : syst. move to new position =
-select C.V. at syst. boundary at time t

-considering at C.V. during time interval t ;

fluid in C.V. move out = volume 3
fluid outside C.V. move in = volume 1

-the change of property B in the system is

B syst = B syst (t +  t ) − B syst (t )

B syst = B 2 (t +  t ) + B3 (t +  t ) − B1 (t ) + B 2 (t ) + B1 (t +  t ) − B1 (t +  t )

B syst = B 2 (t +  t ) + B1 (t +  t ) − B1 (t ) + B 2 (t ) + B 3 (t +  t ) − B1 (t +  t )

B syst B1 +2 (t +  t ) − B1 +2 (t ) B 3 (t +  t ) B1 (t +  t )
= + −
t t t t

B syst BCV B 3 (t +  t ) B1 (t +  t )
= + −
t t t t

dB syst dBCV B 3 (t + d t ) B1 (t + d t )
= + −
dt dt dt dt
 3.7

CV Vt
V

Vn

B 3 (t + d t ) B out dout
= =   =  V .n dA
dt dt CS 3 dt CS 3

B 1 (t + d t ) B in din
= =   = −  V .n dA
dt dt CS 1 dt CS 1

dB sysr dBCV
= +  V .n dA +  V .n dA
dt dt CS 3 CS 1

dB sysr dBCV
= +  V .n dA --- Reynold transport theorem
dt dt CS

dB
= ---- dB =  dm =  d --- B =    d
dm

or dB syst d
= (   d ) +  V .n dA
dt dt CV CS

where: LS = rate of change of prop. B in system

1st, RS = rate of change of prop. B in C.V.
2nd, RS = flux of B across C.S.
= net flow rate of B across C.S.
 3.8

3.2.1 1-D Flux-Term Approximation

In many applications, the flow across C.S. is

uniform over the cross-section of inlet or exit.

CS  (V .n )dA =  ( i  i V i Ai )out −  ( i  i V i Ai )in

Fig. 3.6 A control volume with simplified 1-D inlet and exits.

From Fig. 3.6:

  (V .n )dA =  2  2 V 2 A2 + 3 3 V3 A3 + 5 5 V5 A5 − 1 1 V1 A1 − 4 4 V4 A4
CS
 3.9

3.3 Conservation of Mass (Continuity Eq.)

dB syst d
R.T.: = (   d ) +   (V .n )dA
dt dt CV CS

Given: extensive prop. B = m

B m
 intensive prop.  = = =1
m m


C.E.: 0=  d +   (V .n )dA
CV t CS

1st RS = time rate of change of mass in C.V.

2nd RS = net rate of mass flux across C.S.

3.3.1 Incompressible Flow (  of fluid = constant)

C.E.: 0= CS (V .n )dA

-For 1-D, C.E.: 0 = ( V i Ai )out − ( V i Ai ) in

Q 1
-Average velocity, V avg = =  (V .n )dA
A A CS
3.10
 3.11

3.4 The Linear Momentum Equation

2nd Law of Newton (for system)

dV d
 F = ma = m dt = dt ( mV )
dB syst d
R.T.: = (   d ) +   (V .n )dA
dt dt CV CS

Given: extensive prop. B = mV

B mV
 intensive prop. = = =V
m m

M.E.:
d d
(mV )syst =  F = ( V  d ) + V  (V .n )dA
dt dt CV CS

where:
 F = vector sum of all forces acting on C.V.
1st RS = time rate change of L.M. of fluid inside C.V.
2nd RS = net rate of outflow of L.M. from C.V.
(rate of momentum transfer)
 3.12

3.4.2. 1-D momentum flux

CSV  (V .n )dA = V i (  iV i Ai )
= (  iV i Ai V i )out − (  iV i Ai V i ) in
=  (m i V i )out −  (m  i V i )in

- 1-D M.E. becomes:

d
F = ( V  d ) +  (m i V )out −  (m i V i )in
dt CV
i

- 1-D steady M.E. becomes:

 F =  (m i V i )out −  (m i V i )in

The above Eq. = vector Eq.

 V = u i + v j + w k --- the scalar forms are

-M.E. for x-dir:  F x =  (m iu i )out −  (m iu i )in

-M.E. for y-dir:  F y =  (m iv i )out −  (m iv i )in
-M.E. for z-dir:  Fz =  (m iw i )out −  (m iw i )in
 3.13

3.4.3 Net Pressure Force on a Closed C.S.

Considering C.V. in fluid:

pressure force F press = CS p( −n ) dA
where n = outward unit vector

Fig. 3.7 Pressure-force computation by subtracting a uniform

distribution: a) uniform pressure; b) non-uniform pressure.

Fig. a) F = CS p a ( −n ) dA = − p a CS ndA = 0

Fig. b) F = ( p gage + p a )( −n ) dA = CS p gage ( −n ) dA
CS

This trick can be used to reduce the computation time.

3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
 3.19

3.7 The Energy Equation

-Energy conservation law: dE = dQ − dW

dQ = heat added to the system.

dW = work done by the system.
dE = net change in the stored energy of the system.

dE dQ dW
-Rate change of energy: = −
dt dt dt

dB syst d
-R.T.: = (   d ) +   (V .n )dA
dt dt CV CS
dB dE
given B = E &  = = =e
dm dm

dE dQ dW d
E.E.: = − = (  e d ) +  e (V .n )dA
dt dt dt dt CV CS

Work term: W = Ws +Wv +W p

Ws = rate of shaft work done on rotating ele. within the
system.
Wv = rate of work of tangential stress (viscous work)
on the surrounding.
W p = rate of work of pressure force acting on the
surrounding.
 3.20

d
Q −Ws −Wv −W p = (  e d ) +  e (V .n )dA
dt CV CS

-Work done = W = F .S or W = F .V = PA n.V

Rate of press. work done on small ele.:

dW p = PdA n.V = PV .ndA

Total rate of press. work done:

CS
W = PV .ndA
p

d
Q −Ws −Wv −  PV .ndA = (  e d ) +  e (V .n )dA
CS
dt CV CS
d P
Q −Ws −Wv = (  e d ) +  ( e + )  (V .n )dA
dt CV CS


-Energy term:
energy of the system: E = U + K.E. + P.E.
dE V2
energy/mass: = e = û + + gz
dm 2

  
Q −W s −Wv =
d 

dt CV
( û +
V2
2
+ gz )  d 

 +  ( û +
V2
2
+ gz +
P

( )
)  V .n dA
 CS
 3.21

-For steady & 1-D flow:

V2 P V2 P
Q −Ws −Wv = ( û +
    out − ( û +
+ gz + ) m + gz + ) m
 in
2  2 

-For steady & 1-D flow & 1 inlet and outlet:

1 2

V 2
P V 2
P
Q −Ws −Wv = ( û2 + 2 + gz 2 + 2 ) m 2 − ( û1 + 1 + gz 1 + 1 ) m 1
2  2 

Q Ws Wv û2 V 22 P2 û1 V12 P

− − =( + + z2 + ) −( + + z1 + 1 )
m g m g m g g 2g g g 2g g

P1 V12  û 2 û1 Q Ws Wv  P2 V 22

+ + z 1 −  − − + +  = + + z2
g 2 g  g g m
 g m g m
 g  g 2 g

P1 V12 P2 V 22
E.E.: + + z 1 − hL + ha = + + z2
 2g  2g

P
where: = pressure head

V2
= velocity head
2g
z = elevation head
hL = head losses
ha = head addition
 3.22

3.7.1 Frictionless Flow (Bernoulli Eq.)

If hL & ha = 0, E.E. becomes Bernoulli Eq.:

P1 V12 P2 V 22
+ + z1 = + + z2
 2g  2g

The assumptions for the Bernoulli Eq. are

1.steddy flow 2.incompressible flow
3.frictionless 4.no work or heat
5.flow along a streamline

Ex. Limitation of Bernoulli Eq.

 3.23

3.7.2 Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines

P V2
+ + z = total head
 2g

EGL shows the height of total head.

HGL shows the height of ele. head + press. head

Following Fig. shows head of each term in B.E.

EGL = horizontal means no energy loss.

HGL rises due to a drop of velocity.
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.27
3.28