Assignment 1

Kanishk Devatwal(ee23btech11029)
January 2025

Problem 1:
1(a):
LTSPICE model:

Figure 1: 1(a)

Simulation result obtained after running transient analysis with start time
0 ms and end time 3ms:

Figure 2: Caption

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 For a 5V DC input it is giving 1TV as output voltage. It is very high because
the current entering the node is higher than current leaving hence the potential
at that point has increased.

1(b):
LTSPICE model:

Figure 3: 1(b)

While running the transient analysis in this circuit, it is giving the following
error message ”Voltage sources V1 and V2 are paralleled making an over-defined
circuit matrix”.
To avoid error we can add some series resistance with very less value between
V1 and V2.
If the resistance tends to 0 the current drawn would tend to infinite.

Problem 4:
(i)Square Wave Approximation:
A square wave can be approximated by summing sinusoidal waves of odd
harmonics of a fundamental frequency of 5kHz.
∞
π X 1
x(t) = sin(2πkfo t)
4 k
k=1,3,5,...

First 50 odd harmonics are considered to balance accuracy and computation.

Following is the simulation of 1st step:

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 Figure 4: Generated square wave

(ii)Waveform Amplification:
The gain A(ω) depends on the frequency of the components in the waveform.
We apply then gain to each harmonic frequency as per the ranges given in
question.

Figure 5: Amplified Square waveform

(iii) Passing through Low Pass Filter:

We pass the amplified square waveform through low pass filter which will
only alow the frequency below the cutoff frequency(9kHz).
Components above 9kHz frequency will be removed.

The filter is applied by element-wise multiplication of the FFT of the am-

plified waveform with the filter response.

Finally, we take inverse fourier transform to get time domain signal.

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 Figure 6: Filtered Waveform

Following is the Matlab code for the problem:

% Parameters
f s = 10 e6 ; % Sampling f r e q u e n c y ( 1 0 MHz)
t = 0 : 1 / f s : 1 e −3; % Time v e c t o r ( 1 ms d u r a t i o n )
f 0 = 5 e3 ; % Fundamental f r e q u e n c y ( 5 kHz )
N harmonics = 5 0 ; % Number o f harmonics t o i n c l u d e

% Step 1 : Generate s q u a r e wave a p p r o x i m a t i o n

square wave = z e r o s ( s i z e ( t ) ) ;
f o r n = 1 : 2 : N harmonics
square wave = square wave + (1/n) ∗ s i n (2 ∗ pi ∗ n ∗ f0 ∗ t ) ;
end

% Step 2 : Amplify with f r e q u e n c y r e s p o n s e

f r e q u e n c i e s = ( 0 : l e n g t h ( t ) −1) ∗ f s / l e n g t h ( t ) ; % Frequency v e c t o r
gain = ones ( s i z e ( f r e q u e n c i e s ) ) ; % Default gain = 1

% D e f i n e f r e q u e n c y r a n g e s and c o r r e s p o n d i n g g a i n
g a i n ( f r e q u e n c i e s <= 10 e3 ) = 5 ; % Up t o 10 kHz
g a i n ( f r e q u e n c i e s > 10 e3 & f r e q u e n c i e s <= 50 e3 ) = 3 ; % 10 kHz t o 50 kHz
g a i n ( f r e q u e n c i e s > 50 e3 & f r e q u e n c i e s <= 200 e3 ) = 2 ; % 50 kHz t o 200 kHz
g a i n ( f r e q u e n c i e s > 200 e3 & f r e q u e n c i e s <= 1 e6 ) = 1 ; % 200 kHz t o 1 MHz
g a i n ( f r e q u e n c i e s > 1 e6 & f r e q u e n c i e s <= 1 . 1 e6 ) = 2 0 ; % 1 MHz t o 1 . 1 MHz
g a i n ( f r e q u e n c i e s > 1 . 1 e6 & f r e q u e n c i e s <= 2 e6 ) = 2 ; % 1 . 1 MHz t o 2 MHz
g a i n ( f r e q u e n c i e s > 2 e6 ) = 0 ; % Above 2 MHz

% Apply g a i n i n t h e f r e q u e n c y domain
X = f f t ( square wave ) ;
X amplified = X .∗ gain ;

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amplified wave = r eal ( i f f t ( X amplified ) ) ;

% Step 3 : Apply i d e a l low−p a s s f i l t e r

c u t o f f f r e q = 9 e3 ; % C u t o f f f r e q u e n c y ( 9 kHz )
f i l t e r m a s k = f r e q u e n c i e s <= c u t o f f f r e q ; % F i l t e r mask
X f i l t e r e d = X amplified .∗ f i l t e r m a s k ; % Apply f i l t e r
filtered wave = real ( i f f t ( X filtered ));

% Plot the r e s u l t s
figure ;
subplot (3 , 1 , 1 ) ;
p l o t ( t , square wave ) ;
t i t l e ( ’ O r i g i n a l Square Wave Approximation ’ ) ;
x l a b e l ( ’ Time ( s ) ’ ) ;
y l a b e l ( ’ Amplitude ’ ) ;

subplot (3 , 1 , 2 ) ;
plot ( t , amplified wave ) ;
t i t l e ( ’ A m p l i f i e d Waveform ’ ) ;
x l a b e l ( ’ Time ( s ) ’ ) ;
y l a b e l ( ’ Amplitude ’ ) ;

subplot (3 , 1 , 3 ) ;
plot ( t , filtered wave ) ;
t i t l e ( ’ F i l t e r e d Waveform (Low−Pass ) ’ ) ;
x l a b e l ( ’ Time ( s ) ’ ) ;
y l a b e l ( ’ Amplitude ’ ) ;

Problem 5
A non-linear device is with following output current given by:

Iout = β(VGS − VT )2
Given:
β = 1mA/V 2 , VGS = 1V, VT = 0.5V
Substituting the given values we got output current Io ut.

Transconductance(Gm ):

Transconductance is the derivative of Io ut with respect to VGS :

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 δIout
Gm =
δVGS
Gm = 2β(VGS − VT H )

Evaluate Gm at the DC operating point.

Range of Incremental Change:

For the device to be linear within 1% nonlinearity, the incremental change

in Vin should not cause the output deviation from the linear approximation to
exceed 1%.

∆Iout ≤ 1% × Iout
∆Iout ≈ Gm ∆Vin

From the above condition, we can find the range of ∆Vin that satisfies this
constraint.

Matlab Code:

% Parameters a l r e a d y g i v e n i n q u e s t i o n
b e t a = 1 e −3; % 1 mA/Vˆ2
VGS DC = 1 ; % Gate−S o u r c e v o l t a g e i n V ( o p e r a t i n g p o i n t )
Vth = 0 . 5 ; % Threshold v o l t a g e in V

% DC O p e r a t i n g P oi nt
Iout DC = b e t a ∗ (VGS DC − Vth ) ˆ 2 ; % DC c u r r e n t
Gm = 2 ∗ b e t a ∗ (VGS DC − Vth ) ; % Transconductance

% Non−l i n e a r i t y c o n d i t i o n (1% d e v i a t i o n )
n o n l i n e a r i t y l i m i t = 0 . 0 1 ∗ Iout DC ; % 1% o f DC c u r r e n t
Vin max = n o n l i n e a r i t y l i m i t / Gm; % Max a l l o w a b l e Vin d e v i a t i o n

% Display r e s u l t s
f p r i n t f ( ’DC O p e r a t i n g Po in t ( Iout DC ) : %.2 f mA\n ’ , Iout DC ∗ 1 e3 ) ;
f p r i n t f ( ’ Transconductance (Gm) : %.2 f mS\n ’ , Gm ∗ 1 e3 ) ;
f p r i n t f ( ’ Range o f I n c r e m e n t a l Change i n Vin : %.4 f V\n ’ , Vin max ) ;

% P l o t I o u t vs VGS f o r v i s u a l i z a t i o n
VGS range = 0 : 0 . 0 1 : 1 . 5 ; % VGS v a l u e s f o r p l o t t i n g
I o u t r a n g e = b e t a ∗ ( VGS range − Vth ) . ˆ 2 ; % N o n l i n e a r output
I o u t r a n g e ( VGS range < Vth ) = 0 ; % C u t o f f r e g i o n

% Linear approximation near operating point

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I o u t l i n e a r = Iout DC + Gm ∗ ( VGS range − VGS DC ) ;

% H i g h l i g h t r a n g e f o r l e s s than 1% n o n l i n e a r i t y
V G S h i g h l i g h t = VGS DC + [−Vin max , Vin max ] ;
I o u t h i g h l i g h t = b e t a ∗ ( V G S h i g h l i g h t − Vth ) . ˆ 2 ;

% Plotting
figure ;
h o l d on ;
p l o t ( VGS range , I o u t r a n g e ∗ 1 e3 , ’ b ’ , ’ LineWidth ’ , 1 . 5 ) ; % N o n l i n e a r output
p l o t ( VGS range , I o u t l i n e a r ∗ 1 e3 , ’ r −−’, ’ LineWidth ’ , 1 . 2 ) ; % L i n e a r a p p r o x i m a t
s c a t t e r (VGS DC, Iout DC ∗ 1 e3 , 6 0 , ’ k ’ , ’ f i l l e d ’ ) ; % DC o p e r a t i n g p o i n t
p l o t ( VGS highlight , I o u t h i g h l i g h t ∗ 1 e3 , ’ go − ’ , ’ MarkerSize ’ , 8 , ’ LineWidth ’ , 1

% L a b e l s , l e g e n d , and g r i d
x l a b e l ( ’ V {GS} (V) ’ , ’ FontSize ’ , 1 2 ) ;
y l a b e l ( ’ I { out } (mA) ’ , ’ FontSize ’ , 1 2 ) ;
t i t l e ( ’ N o n l i n e a r De vi c e Output C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ’ , ’ FontSize ’ , 1 4 ) ;
l e g e n d ( ’ I { out } ( N o n l i n e a r ) ’ , ’ L i n e a r Approximation ’ , ’DC O p e r a t i n g Point ’ , ...
’1% N o n l i n e a r i t y Range ’ , ’ L o c a t i o n ’ , ’ NorthWest ’ ) ;
g r i d on ;
hold o f f ;
Output of Simulation:

Iout = 0.25mA
Gm = 1mS
∆Vin = 0.0025V

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 Following is the plot of Iout vs VGS

Figure 7: Iout vs VGS

Problem 3:
To determine the threshold voltage Vth of a MOSFET, we analyze the Vgs values
corresponding to a small drain current Ids = 100 nA in both the saturation and
linear regions. Since Vth is defined as the gate-source voltage (Vgs ) at which
the drain current (Ids ) begins to flow, averaging the Vgs values obtained from
simulations in these two regions provides an approximate value for Vth .
For VDS = 0.1 V:

Figure 8:

To ensure a width-to-length ratio W/L = 1, we use the SPICE directive:

.model M1 NMOS (L=1u W=1u)

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Now we run a DC sweep of VGS from 0V to 2V and plot IDS vs VGS

Figure 9: IDS vs VGS in linar region

This figure shows plot between IDS and VGS in linear region, by adjusting
current scale we can get the saturation point of the plot.

Figure 10: IDS vs VGS in Saturation region

From the graph, we can clearly observe the VGS value when IDS reaches
100 nA, which is VGS = 0.068 V.

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 Now, let us set VDS = 1 V. The following is the simulation result:

Figure 11: IDS vs VGS in linar region

By adjusting the current scale and plotting the current up to 100 nA, we
achieve the following result:

Figure 12: IDS vs VGS in Saturation region

From this graph, we can clearly observe the VGS value when IDS reaches
100 nA, which is VGS = 0.052 V.
Now, we take the average of the two values to find Vth :

(0.067 + 0.052)
Vth = = 0.0595V
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Problem 2:
LTSPICE Circuit:
We first design the circuit given in the question and then set the input volt-
age as pulse which changes from 0 to 1 and than remain constant for 20ms.

We have to use values of R2 and C2 such that output voltage is free from
delay or transient behaviour.

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 Figure 13:

In this example we uses their values same as of R1 and C1 and then running
the transient response by using command .tran 0.01m 10m in Spice directive.
We got the simulation output as shown:

Figure 14:

In this plot the Vout is half of the input voltage and is free from transient
behaviour without a delay.

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