Analytical Modelling of Doubly Salient Electric

Machines using Conformal Mapping Method

A. S. Sidi Babe, V. Lanfranchi, S. Vivier, R. Missoum, M.E. Zaïm

Φ
Abstract -- This paper presents an analytical approach for Furthermore, the numerical approach can be used to
the design of doubly salient electric machines based on the design electric machines, for instance, Schwarz–Christoffel
concept of conformal mapping. The main idea is to reduce the Toolbox (SC toolbox) [6] is a solving problem environment
number of required conformal transformations used for doubly
that gives the opportunity to consider numerically the doubly
salient machines without losing the analytical side of the
approach. As an example, we consider the wound salient pole salient effect, but this approach is still numeric which is a
rotor synchronous machine. However, this proposed analytical drawback and makes the analysis more difficult.
model is general and fits any other structure to consider the Tikellaline [7] used the SC toolbox combined with the
slotting or doubly salient effect. The analytical results obtained notion of conformal mapping for modelling a doubly salient
by this method are in very good agreement comparing to those machine.
of finite element simulations. Moreover, the calculation time is
In this paper, we propose an analytical model based on the
highly reduced. The accuracy of the proposed analytical model
is checked out by analyzing the performance of the machine conformal mapping theory. The novelty of the proposed
(torque, flux, Back EMF) for on-load and no-load conditions. approach is summed up in the three following points:
First of all, it improves the approach proposed in [4], which
Index Terms-- Complex relative air gap permeance, salient takes into account only radial component of the flux density
pole synchronous machine, conformal mapping, slotting effect, and fits simple saliency structures (stator slotting effect), to
doubly salient machines. consider both radial and circumferential components of the
flux density in simple salient machines (either stator or rotor
I. INTRODUCTION slotting effect) and doubly salient ones.

T HROUGH history, the wound rotor synchronous

machine is among the most used machines, which are
largely used in many applications. Besides, one of the most
In addition, the number of required transformations planes is
reduced to 3 instead of 5 as used in [5], which, once again,
consider only simple saliency structures (stator slotting
popular used methods for the electromagnetic design of effect).
electric machines, is the finite element method [1]-[3]. Most importantly, this approach does not require the use of
However, this method is time consuming. Alternatively, the numerical tools such as SC toolbox.
analytical approach represents another way of modelling, In order to check the accuracy of the proposed approach, we
which is advantageous in the pre-sizing process. choose the wound synchronous machine (Fig. 1) of the Zoe
This paper presents an analytical approach of modelling car developed by the French carmaker Renault as an
based on the concept of conformal mapping. The conformal application.
mapping functions were firstly used for electric machines
design thanks to Carter’s coefficient which allows to
calculate the average value of the flux density. Zhu [4] has
later introduced a radial permeance function to consider the
slotting effect in surface mounted permanent magnet
machines. Zarko [5] brought a new contribution by
introducing the notion of complex relative permeance
function, which considers both radial and tangential
components of the air gap permeance of a surface mounted
permanent magnet machine. Fig. 1. Renault Zoe Powertrain

Φ
This work was supported by the French carmaker Renault SAS under a II. ANALYTICAL MODEL
collaboration project with the UTC (Université de Technologie de
The analytical model developed in this paper is based on
Compiègne).
the concept of conformal mapping theory [8]-[10].
A. S. Sidi Babe and R. Missoum are with Renault S.A.S Technocentre, Firstly, the analytical field solution in the slotless air gap is
78280 Guyancourt, France. (email: [email protected] stablished by the mean of Laplacian equation. Secondly, the
corresponding author, [email protected]).
V. Lanfranchi and S. Vivier are with Sorbonne Universités, Université slotting effect can then be integrated thanks to conformal
de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, FRE 2012 Roberval, Centre de mapping functions, which are mathematical tools that allow
recherche Royallieu, CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne cedex, France (email: to keep the analytical solution and physics while mapping a
[email protected] , [email protected] ).
M.E. Zaïm is with Laboratoire IREENA Polytech Nantes. Université de slotted geometry to a smooth one. To consider the doubly
Nantes BP 406, 44602 Saint-Nazaire, France (email : El-Hadi.Zaim@univ- salient effect, the geometry is divided into two structures
nantes.fr ).

l-))) 

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(Fig. 2), the first one represents a slotted stator and smooth
rotor to define the stator permeance, the second one, is about
a slotted rotor structure with a smooth stator for calculating
the rotor permeance. Once these permeances are defined
thanks to conformal mapping theory, the total radial and
tangential permeances of the doubly salient machine can now
be calculated by formulas that arise from assumptions based
on the flowing path of the magnetic flux in the different parts
of the electric machine.

Fig. 3. Current density distribution over slot opening of the phase A coil

The radial and tangential components of the flux density are

given by the calculation of the derivative of the potential
magnetic vector both in the radial and tangential directions
(5):
ͳ μ μ (5)
୰̴ୱ୫୭୭୲୦ ሺ”ǡ ߠሻ ൌ Ǣ ఏ̴ୱ୫୭୭୲୦ ሺ”ǡ ߠሻ ൌ  െ
Fig. 2. Considered structures for saliency effect modeling, a) doubly salient ” μߠ μ”
machine, b) slotted machine, c) salient pole machine. The total flux density of the smooth machine (6) is obtained
by adding the flux densities created by the stator and the
A. Analytical Field Solution in the Slotless Air Gap
rotor coils excitations (superposition principle).
Several papers presented in detail the analytical solution ሬԦୱ୫୭୭୲୦ ൌ  ሬԦ୰୭୲୭୰ିୱ୫୭୭୲୦
ሬԦୱ୲ୟ୲୭୰ିୱ୫୭୭୲୦ ൅  (6)
of the armature-reaction field in a slotless air gap for a
mounted permanent magnet machine [5], [11]. Based on the This analytical field solution will be combined with the air
same concept, the rotor and stator excitations can be gap complex relative permeance to define the flux density in
considered as a distribution of current along a smooth a doubly salient air gap machine.
cylinder surface. As an example, Fig. 3 shows current B. Conformal Mapping
density distribution of one coil of the phase A along stator The machine saliency can be integrated by using
slots. mathematical functions that have some specific properties.
The governing Laplacian equation in polar coordinates can These functions are called conformal mapping; they allow
be solved in the middle of the smooth air gap domain thanks keeping physical properties (governing Laplacian equation)
to the boundary conditions. We suppose that the machine is while mapping a complex shape to a simpler one.
infinitely long and that the permeability of the iron is infinite. In the scope of this paper, we are going to make some
Consequently, the Laplacian equation could be written as geometrical assumptions, which allow us to simplify the
follows [11]-[13]: study without losing the physical properties:
μଶ  ͳ μ ͳ μଶ  (1)
ο‫ ܣ‬ൌ  ଶ
൅ ൅ ଶ ଶ ൌͲ (i) : 2D model with an infinite iron permeability
μ” ” μ” ” μߠ (ii) : Simplified stator slot and pole rotor
The boundary conditions that should be satisfied under the geometries (Fig. 4)
previous assumptions by considering the stator and rotor (iii) Stator and rotor slots infinitely deep
excitations separately (superposition principle) are given
respectively by (2) and (3):
‫ܪ‬ఏ ൌ െ‫ܬ‬௦௧௔௧௢௥ Ǣ‫ܪ‬ఏ ൌ Ͳ (2)
ലೝసೃೞ ലೝసೃೝ

‫ܪ‬ఏ ൌ ͲǢ‫ܪ‬ఏ ൌ െ‫ܬ‬௥௢௧௢௥  (3)

ലೝసೃೞ ലೝసೃೝ

Where ܴ௦ is the stator inner radius,ܴ௥ is the radius of the

rotor surface,‫ܬ‬௦௧௔௧௢௥ and ‫ܬ‬௥௢௧௢௥ are respectively the linear
current densities of the stator and the rotor in (A/m).
The general solution of the Laplacian equation is given as an
infinite Fourier series (4).
ஶ
(4) Fig. 4. Simplified stator slot and pole rotor geometries
ሺ”ǡ ߠሻ ൌ ෍ሾሺ୬ ” ୬ ൅ ୬ ” ି୬ ሻ ‘•ሺߠሻ ൅ ሺ୬ ” ୬ ൅ ୬ ” ି୬ ሻ •‹ሺߠሻሿ
୬ୀଵ The field solution in the slotted geometry is the combination
All the constants (୬ ǡ ୬ ǡ ୬ and ୬ ) are calculated thanks to of the field in the slotless geometry, which integrates the
the boundary conditions. The winding distribution is winding distribution, with the complex relative permeance
considered by defining a winding factor. that embodies the saliency effect (Fig. 5).
Once the potential magnetic vector (ሺ”ǡ ߠሻ) is determined;
the flux density can be easily calculated.



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 are respectively mapped into the points (λǡ െܽǡ െͳǡͳܽ݊݀ܽ)
in the ‫ ݓ‬-plane. And the edge points (‫ݐ‬ଵ ܽ݊݀‫ݐ‬ଶ ) are arbitrary
mapped to (െͳܽ݊݀ͳ) in the ‫ݓ‬-plane.
The slot shape in the z-plane is the image of functions that
map the initial geometry of the stator slot and rotor pole in
polar coordinates to the z-plane. Let’s call ‫ ݏ‬the function that
defines the coordinates of the stator slot and the rotor pole in
polar coordinates.
‫ ݏ‬ൌ ‫݆݁ݎ‬ఏ (10)
Fig. 5. Conformal mapping theory To map the stator slot (Fig. 7 a) into the z-plan (Fig. 5), we
use the following function:
‫ݏ‬ ‫ݎ‬ (11)
The used conformal mapping method is based on defining a ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ݆݈݊ ൬ ൰ ൌ െߠ ൅ ݆݈݊ ൬ ൰
ܴ௥ ܴ௥
complex relative permeance function ɉ, ɉ is the conjugate of ஘౩ ஘౩
ɉ. ɉ௥ is the real part of ɉ and represents the radial component. The angle ߠ varies from െ to with Ʌୱ is the stator slot
ଶ ଶ
ɉ௾ is the imaginary part of ɉ and represents the tangential opening.
component. We are going to use this concept for calculating For the rotor pole [14] (Fig. 7 b), we define a new function
separately the stator and rotor permeances (Fig. 2, structures (12), which maps the rotor pole to the slot shape presented in
b and c). The complex relative permeance is obtained by the z-plane (Fig. 5):
applying the Schwarz-Christoffel mapping, which is a ‫ݏ‬ ‫ݎ‬ (12)
‫ ݖ‬ൌ െ݆݈݊ ൬ ൰ ൌ ߠ െ ݆݈݊ ൬ ൰
conformal transformation that allows to find the link between ܴ௦ ܴ௦
ఏ೛ ఏ೛
the slotted geometry (z-plane) and the smooth one (t-plane) The angle ߠ varies from െ to where ߠ௣ is the rotor pole
ଶ ଶ
through an intermediate complex plane (Fig. 5 and Fig. 6) opening angle. The calculation is done in the middle of the
[4][5]. air gap.

Fig. 7. Slot geometry in polar coordinates: a) Stator slot b) Rotor pole

Thereby, the radial and tangential components of the stator

slots and rotor poles can be expressed as Fourier series:
୒
Fig. 6. intermediate complex plane, w-plane (13)
The Schwarz-Christoffel transformations that map the z- ɉ௥̴௦௟௢௧௦ ൌ ɉ௥̴௦௟௢௧௦̴଴ ൅ ෍ ɉ௥̴௦௟௢௧௦̴௡  ‘•ሺ௦ ߠሻ
plane and the t-plane respectively (Fig. 5) to the w-plane ୒
୬ୀଵǡଷǡହǥ
(Fig. 6) are defined as follows [4][5]: (14)
ɉ௥̴௣௢௟௘௦ ൌ ɉ௥̴௣௢௟௘௦̴଴ ൅ ෍ ɉ௥̴௣௢௟௘௦̴௡ ‘•ሺሺʹ’ߠ ൅ ™௥௢௧ ௧ ሻሻ
߲‫ܾ ݖ‬଴ ᇱ ξܽଶ െ ‫ ݓ‬ଶ ߲‫ݐ‬ ʹ݃ᇱ ͳ (7) ୬ୀଵǡଷǡହǥ
ൌ Ǣ ൌ  ୒
߲‫ݓ‬ ߨ ͳ െ ‫ ݓ‬ଶ ߲‫ݓ‬ Ɏ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݓ‬ሻሺͳ െ ‫ݓ‬ሻ (15)
The complex relative permeance is then given by (8): ɉఏ̴௦௟௢௧௦ ൌ ෍ ɉ௾̴௦௟௢௧௦̴௡ •‹ሺ௦ ߠሻ
߲‫ݐ‬ ߲‫݃ʹ ݓ߲ ݐ‬ᇱ ͳ (8) ୬ୀଵǡଷǡହǥ
ɉൌ ൌ ൌ ᇱ ൌ ɉ௥ ൅ ݆ɉ௾ ୒
(16)
߲‫ݖ߲ ݓ߲ ݖ‬ ܾ଴ ξܽଶ െ ‫ ݓ‬ଶ
ɉఏ̴௣௢௟௘௦ ൌ ෍ ɉ௾̴௣௢௟௘௦̴௡ •‹ሺሺʹ’ߠ ൅ ™௥௢௧ ௧ ሻሻ
ଶ௚ᇲ ଶ ோ
Where ܽ ൌ ටͳ ൅ ቀ ቁ , ݃ᇱ ൌ ݈݊ሺ ೞ ሻ , ܾ଴ ᇱ is the slot ୬ୀଵǡଷǡହǥ
௕బ ᇲ ோೝ Where  ௦ is the number of stator slots,’ is the number of
dimension as shown in Fig. 5 and ݆ is the complex operator. rotor poles, ™௥௢௧ is the electrical rotation speed, ௧ is the time
The values of ‫ ݓ‬are calculated by solving the following and  is the total number of harmonics.
equation [4]: The Fourier coefficients ɉ௥̴௦௟௢௧௦̴௡ , ɉ௾̴௦௟௢௧௦̴௡ , ɉ௥̴௣௢௟௘௦ and
ʹ݃ᇱ (9) ɉఏ̴௣௢௟௘௦ are respectively obtained from the waveform of the
ᇱ‫ۓ‬
‫݃ ݓ‬ᇱ ‫ۍ‬ξܽଶ െ ‫ ݓ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ۗې ݓ‬
ܾ଴ ܾ଴ ᇱ ‫ۑ‬
‫ݖ‬ൌ •‹ିଵ ൅ ᇱ ݈݊ ‫ێ‬ ᇱ
radial and tangential relative permeances of one stator slot
ߨ ‫۔‬ ܽ ܾ଴ ‫ێ‬ξܽଶ െ ‫ ݓ‬ଶ െ ʹ݃ ‫ۘۑ ݓ‬ and one pole rotor model given by (8) using the discrete
ᇱ
‫ە‬ ‫ۏ‬ ܾ଴ ‫ۙے‬
Fourier transform.
When ‫ ݖ‬varies in the air gap, the solution of (9) belongs to
the upper plane of the complex plane ‫ݓ‬-plane (Fig. 6) as C. Air Gap Permeance for the Doubly Salient Machine
stated by the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation. In The main radial magnetic flux path flows through the
particular, the edge points (‫ݖ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ݖ‬ଶ ǡ ‫ݖ‬ଷ ǡ ‫ݖ‬ସ and ‫ݖ‬ହ ) in the ‫ݖ‬-plane rotor, the air gap and the stator. Therefore, all these parts of



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the machine (Fig. 2 a) are in series. The total radial relative 35
Phase A

permeance could then be expressed as follows:

Winding Function (Turns)

30
ɉ௥̴௔௚ ɉ௥̴௦௟௢௧௦ ɉ௥̴௣௢௟௘௦ (17)
ɉ௥̴௧௢௧ ൌ 25
ɉ௥̴௔௚ ɉ௥̴௦௟௢௧௦ ൅ ɉ௥̴௔௚ ɉ௥̴௣௢௟௘௦ െ ɉ௥̴௦௟௢௧௦ ɉ௥̴௣௢௟௘௦
Where ɉ௥̴௔௚ ൌ ͳ is the relative permeance of the smooth air 20

gap (smooth cylinder). 15

Unlike the main radial magnetic flux, the tangential one is 10

the sum of tangential flux flowing through the different parts
5
of the machine. We suppose that the stator and the rotor are a
parallel circuit. Thus, the tangential component of the total 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
relative permeance can be written as: Angle (degrees)
ɉఏ̴௧௢௧ ൌ  ɉఏ̴௣௢௟௘௦ ൅  ɉఏ̴௦௟௢௧௦ (18) Fig. 8. winding function of the phase A (Turns), two slots per pole per
Hence, the doubly salient effect is now integrated in the phase
radial and tangential components of the total relative Knowing the no-load flux linkage, the calculation of the back
permeance. electromotive force (Back-EMF) can be done according to
Therefore, we can define the flux density of the doubly the Faraday’s law (24):
salient machine by making the product of the conjugate of ݀ߔ௔ǡ௕ǡ௖ (24)
the total complex relative permeance and the flux density of ‫ܧ‬ ൌെ ௔ǡ௕ǡ௖
݀‫ݐ‬
the smooth machine, as given by (19):
‫ܤ‬௦௔௟௜௘௡௧ ൌ ‫ܤ‬௥̴௦௔௟௜௘௡௧ ൅ ݆‫ܤ‬ఏ̴௦௔௟௜௘௡௧ ൌ ɉ௧௢௧ ୱ୫୭୭୲୦ (19) III. RESULTS AND VALIDATIONS
By developing (19), the radial and tangential components of Antisymmetric boundary conditions of the machine allow
the flux density of the doubly salient machine are defined as to reduce its study domain to 1/8 of the geometry (Fig. 9).
follows:
‫ܤ‬௥̴௦௔௟௜௘௡௧ ൌ ɉ௥̴೟೚೟ ‫ܤ‬௥̴௦௠௢௢௧௛ ൅ ɉఏ̴௧௢௧ ‫ܤ‬ఏ̴௦௠௢௢௧௛ (20)
‫ܤ‬ఏ̴௦௔௟௜௘௡௧ ൌ െɉఏ̴௧௢௧ ‫ܤ‬௥̴௦௠௢௢௧௛ ൅ ɉ௥̴೟೚೟ ‫ܤ‬ఏ̴௦௠௢௢௧௛ (21)
Where ‫ܤ‬௥̴௦௠௢௢௧௛ and ‫ܤ‬ఏ̴௦௠௢௢௧௛ are the radial and tangential
components of the total flux density of the smooth machine,
which are created by the stator and the rotor coils excitations.
Knowing the flux density in the middle of the air gap of the
doubly salient machine, the electromagnetic performance can
now be calculated and analyzed using this analytical model.

D. Electromagnetic Torque, Flux Linkage, and Back-EMF

According to the Maxwell stress tensor method, the on-
load electromagnetic torque can be calculated in the middle
ܴ ൅ܴ
of the air gap (‫ ݎ‬ൌ ‫ ) ݎ ݏ‬as follows [15]-[17]:
ʹ
Fig. 9. Finite element wound synchronous machine domain of study
ʹߨ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ‫ܮ‬௦ ఏ೛ (22)
ܶ௘௟௘௖௧௥௢௠௔௚௡௘௧௜௖ ൌ න ‫ܤ‬௥̴௦௔௟௜௘௡௧ ‫ܤ‬ఏ̴௦௔௟௜௘௡௧ ݀ߠ
ߤ଴ ଴ The electromagnetic performance of the machine has been
Where ‫ܮ‬௦ is the core length of the machine and ߤ଴ is the checked out by comparing the analytical model results (CM:
permeability of free space. Conformal Mapping) with those obtained by finite element
Knowing the radial component of the flux density and the simulations under the Ansys Maxwell software (FE: Finite
winding function of each phase, we can calculate the Element). Fig. 10 to Fig. 13 show the accuracy of the
magnetic flux linkage as follows [15]: developed approach and how it is reliable for the design of
ఏ೛
(23) doubly salient machines under load and no-load conditions.
ߔ௔ǡ௕ǡ௖ ൌ ܴ௦ ‫ܮ‬௦ න ܰ௦ሺ௔ǡ௕ǡ௖ሻ ‫ܤ‬௥̴௦௔௟௜௘௡௧ ݀ߠ
଴
TABLE I
Where ܰ௦ሺ௔ǡ௕ǡ௖ሻ is the winding function of the corresponding SAMPLES OF COMPARISON OF CALCULATION TIME BY USING FE METHOD
phase in (Turns). Fig. 8 shows the winding function of the AND CM METHOD

phase A, which has two slots per pole per phase. The
winding functions of the other phases are obtained by
shifting respectively the phase A winding function with the
right angle.



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 -8
CM
TABLE I recaps the calculation time required for FE and CM
FE methods. Thus the CM Model is faster than the FE one and
Electromagnetic Torque (Nm)

-10

-12
requires only about 10% of time compared to FE method.
-14
Fig. 10 shows that the results of the on-load electromagnetic
-16
torque calculated by the analytical model and those obtained
-18
by the finite elements model are very comparable. However,
-20 a slight difference is observed in front of the stator teeth, but
-22 the results remain acceptable. Besides, Fig. 11 shows that the
-24 amplitudes of the harmonics of the on-load electromagnetic
-26 torque are well predicted.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time (ms)
p electromagnetic
Fig. 10. On-load p torque g q The no-load flux linkage and the back electromotive force of
20 the three phases are calculated by the analytical model and
18
CM compared with the finite elements results (Fig. 12 and Fig.
FE 13). This shows the effectiveness of the analytical model,
16
which allows to have an excellent prediction of
14 electromagnetic performance of the machine.
| Torque | (Nm)

12
IV. CONCLUSION
10
In this paper, the analytical model based on the conformal
8
mapping method for the design of slotted and doubly salient
6 machines has been described. It allows designing the double
4
salient machines without using numerical tools such as SC
toolbox. As well, the developed model has been used to
2
calculate the on-load electromagnetic torque, the flux linkage
0 and the back electromotive force waveforms.
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Despite the assumptions of the analytical model, the results
f (Hz)
obtained by this one, are in very good agreement with those
Fig. 11. Amplitude spectrum of On-load electromagnetic torque
obtained by finite element simulations. Also, the calculation
0.05 time is significantly reduced.
0.04 A simplified finite element model of the traction wound
0.03
Flux FE
a synchronous motor of the Renault Zoe car has been taken as
Flux Linkage (Weber)

Flux FE

0.02
b
Flux FE
c
an example.
0.01
Flux CM
a
Flux CM
The next step is to consider the saturation effect in the CM
b

0
Flux CM
c model in order to have an accurate analytical tool for the
-0.01 design and optimization of slotted and doubly salient
-0.02 machines.
-0.03

-0.04
V. REFERENCES
-0.05 [1] P. Pellerey, V. Lanfranchi and G. Friedrich, "Coupled Numerical
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time (ms) Simulation Between Electromagnetic and Structural Models. Influence
of the supply harmonics for Synchronous Machine Vibrations," Trans.
Fig. 12. No-load flux linkage on Mag. vol 48, N° 2, pp 983-986, Feb 2012.
60 [2] A. Tan-Kim, V. Lanfranchi, S. Vivier, J. Legranger, F. Palleschi,
"Vibro-acoustic simulation and optimization of a claw-pole alternator,"
40 IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol 52, no 5, pp 3878-
3885, Sept 2016.
[3] J. Hallal, A.H. Rasid, F. Druesne, V. Lanfranchi, "Comparison of
Back emf (V)

20

E FE
a
radial and tangential forces effect on the radial vibrations of
0 E FE
b synchronous machines," IEEE-ICIT2019, Melbourne, Australia,
E FE February 2019, pp. 243-248.
c
E CM
-20 a [4] Z. Q. Zhu, D. Howe, "Instantaneous Magnetic Field Distribution in
E CM
b Brushless Permanent Magnet dc Motors, Part III: Effect of Stator
E CM
-40
c
Slotting," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 29, No. 1, pp 143 -
151 January 1993.
-60 [5] D. Zarko, D. Ban, T. A. Lipo, "Analytical Calculation of Magnetic
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time (ms) Field Distribution in the Slotted Air Gap of a Surface Permanent-
Magnet Motor Using Complex Relative Air-Gap Permeance," IEEE
Fig. 13. Back-EMF Transactions on Magnetics, vol.42, no. 7, July 2006.
[6] T. A. Driscoll, "Schwarz–Christoffel Toolbox User’s Guide, " Version
2.



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[7] A. Tikellaline, K. Boughrara and N. Takorabet, "Magnetic field Mohamed El-Hadi Zaïm is a Professor with the Department of Electrical
analysis of double excited synchronous motor using numerical Engineering, Polytech’Nantes, Nantes University, Nantes, France. He is
conformal mapping," 2017 5th International Conference on Electrical currently a Researcher with the Institut de Recherche en Energie Electrique
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VI. BIOGRAPHIES
Ahmed Sidia SIDI BABE was born in Nouakchott, Mauritania, in 1993. He
received the M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of
Nantes, France, in 2018.
He is currently a Ph.D. student at the UTC (Université de Technologie de
Compiègne) and works on the electromagnetic noise of wound rotor
synchronous machine. His research focuses on analytical models and the
optimization of electrical machines in order to reduce the electromagnetic
noise. The study is carried out in cooperation with Renault.

Vincent Lanfranchi received his Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering

from the University of Reims (France) in 2000. He is now a full professor at
the Université de Technologie de Compiègne. His teaching areas are
electrical engineering and mechatronic. He is a researcher in the Roberval
laboratory and the head of the M2EI team. His main research interest is
design of electrical systems with multi-physic approach. It also focuses on
harmonic behavior including converter-machine interactions and Pulse
Width Modulation strategies.

Stephane Vivier received the Dipl. Ing. Degree in Electrical Engineering

from ESIEE high school, Amiens, France, in 1997, and the Ph.D. Degree
from the Ecole Centrale of Lille in 2002.
His doctoral research was centred, notably, on the particular use of the
Experimental Design Method inside optimization heuristics.
Since 2004, he is an Associate Professor in Electromechanical Engineering
department at the University of Technology of Compiegne, France.
His research interests include multiphysic modeling and optimization of
electrical actuators thanks to efficient numerical methods.

Rachid Missoum was born in Algeria in 1979. He received the Engineering

degree in electrical engineering from the National Polytechnic School of
Algiers, Algiers, Algeria, in 2003, and the Master’s degree in electrical
engineering in 2004 and the Ph.D. degree in 2008 from the Polytechnic
School of Nantes University, Nantes, France. His research interests include
the analytical modeling and optimization of electromagnetic actuators, FEM
design analysis, and high-speed permanent magnet machines. He is currently
a referent for traction calculation at Renault.



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