WATER TREATMENT AND SUPPLY SYSTEM

BY
DR.M.N.HIREMATH
PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
KOLHAPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KOLHAPUR
 CONTENTS OF UNIT -1
1. SOURCES OF WATER
2. QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF WATER
3. WATER DEMAND AND DESIGN PERIOD AND POPULATIONN
FORECASTING
4. WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS AND SIGNIFICANT OF WATER QUALITY
PARAMETERS
5. INTAKE WORKS: CONCEPTS OF INTAKE WELL, JACK WELL AND RISING
MAIN. DESIGN OF INTAKE WELL.
6. RESERVOIRS : NECESSITY, SELECTION OF SITE AND TYPES
WATER –INTRODUCTION
ABOUT WATER
WATER DISTRIBUTION
SOURCES OF WATER
SURFACE WATER SOURCES
SURFACE WATER SOURCES
SUB SURFACE WATER SOURCES
USES OF WATER
QUALITY OF WATER
QUALITY OF WATER
 WATER QUALITY FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
• Water quality for human consumption covers safe drinking and
cooking water which are both vital for maintaining human health
and form part of public health policy. Access to high-quality water
fit for human consumption, known as “potable water”, is a
fundamental human right and a necessity for healthy life and
development for individuals and societies. This right was enshrined
in international law by UN Resolution 64/292 in July of 2010.
• Throughout the world, not all people have access to high-quality
water. According to WHO statistics, approximately 785 million
people lack basic drinking-water service and over 2 billion consume
potable water that is contaminated with feces. This is often linked
with the transmission of diseases such as cholera, diarrhea,
dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, and polio. The WHO estimates that
829,000 people, out of which 297,000 are children under the age of
5 years, die annually due to diarrheal disease resulting from
consumption of unsafe water.
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER QUALITY?
• Water quality’s importance is the manner in which it assures that end-
users will remain healthy and well-functioning if proper standards are
maintained. The end users may be people drinking healthily, industries
operating without impediments caused by off-spec water, or natural
environments thriving thanks to lack of pollution. Each user has a
concentration threshold for the different contaminants, beyond which
poorer quality water will have adverse effects.

• Water Quality Effects on Human Health: Poor quality of potable, domestic

use, or even recreational water due to contamination can lead to human
illness. Drinking water contaminated with microbial organisms contributes
heavily to the global burden of disease in the form of diarrhea, cholera,
dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, and polio. According to the WHO, cholera
affects 1.4 to 4 million people and accounts for 21,000 to 143,000 deaths
globally every year. This map from the WHO shows countries where
cholera was reported from 2010 to 2015.
WATER DEMAND
WATER DEMAND
DETERMINING QUANTITY OF WATER
DESIGN PERIOD
TYPES OF WATER DEMAND
WATER DEMAND
WATER DEMAND
WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR DIFFERENT USES
FACTOR AFFECTING WATER DEMAND
FLUCTUATIONS IN WATER DEMAND
WATER CONSUMPTION
INDUSTRIAL WATER DEMAND
WATER DEMAND FOR PUBLIC
BUILDINGS
POPULATION FORECASTING METHODS
TYPES OF POPULATION FORECASTING METHODS
TYPES OF POPULATION FORECASTING
METHODS
TYPES OF POPULATION FORECASTING
METHODS
TYPES OF POPULATION FORECASTING
METHODS
PROBLEMS
AIRTHMETICAL PROGRESSION
METHOD
INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION METHOD
 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
• What Is Water Quality?
• Water quality is “a measure of the suitability of water for a particular use based on
selected physical, chemical, and biological characteristics” according to the United
States Geological Survey (USGS). Therefore, it is a measure of water conditions
relative to the need or purpose of humans or even the requirements of various
land or aquatic animal species.
• Three types of parameters of water quality are measured. These include physical,
chemical, and biological/microbiological parameters.
• Physical parameters of water quality are those that are determined by the senses
of sight, smell, taste, and touch. These physical parameters include temperature,
color, taste and odor, turbidity, and content of dissolved solids.
• Chemical parameters of water quality are measures of those characteristics which
reflect the environment with which water has contact. These chemical parameters
can measure pH, hardness, amount of dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and levels of chloride, chlorine
residual, sulfate, nitrogen, fluoride, iron and manganese, copper and zinc, toxic
organic and inorganic substances, as well as radioactive substances.
• Biological parameters of water quality are those measurements that reflect the
number of bacteria, algae, viruses, and protozoa that are present in water.
 PHYSICAL WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
• Physical parameters of water quality refer to the measurable characteristics of water that are related to its
physical properties. These parameters provide valuable insights about the physical state and condition of
water, which can have profound impact on its general quality and usefulness.Some important physical
water quality parameters include:
• Temperature
• Water temperature affects various biological, chemical, and physical processes in aquatic ecosystems. It
can influence the solubility of gases, metabolic rates of aquatic organisms, and the distribution of species.
Temperature measurements help in understanding the thermal characteristics of water bodies and their
potential impact on aquatic life.
• Turbidity
• Turbidity refers to the clarity or cloudiness of water caused by the presence of suspended particles. High
turbidity levels can affect light penetration in water bodies, reducing photosynthesis and oxygen
production. It can also impact the visibility of aquatic organisms and interfere with their feeding and
reproductive activities.
• Colour
• Water colour is an important visual indicator of its quality. It can be influenced by natural factors such as
dissolved organic matter or human activities like industrial discharges or pollution. Unusual or significant
changes in water colour can suggest the presence of contaminants or pollutants.
• Electrical Conductivity
• Electrical conductivity measures the ability of water to conduct an electric current. It gives an idea about
the concentration of dissolved salts, minerals, and other substances. Conductivity is an essential
parameter for assessing water quality and can indicate the presence of pollutants or changes in salinity
levels.
• Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
• TDS refers to the combined content of inorganic and organic substances dissolved in water. It includes
minerals, salts, metals, and other dissolved particles. High TDS levels can affect the taste and suitability of
water for drinking, irrigation, or industrial processes.
CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
• Chemical parameters of water quality are measures of the various chemical substances present in water. These indicate the
chemical composition of water, which include the existence of natural and anthropogenic contaminants. Monitoring and analyzing
these parameters help in assessing the suitability of water for different purposes and identify potential risks to human health and
the environment. Some important chemical parameters of water quality include:
• Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
• DO connotes the amount of oxygen dissolved in water. Low dissolved oxygen can incite due to organic pollution, eutrophication, and
other factors like the algal blooms. These can inturn result in the deterioration of water quality and low DO can also cause death of
fish. A minimum DO of 4 ppm is necessary for the survival of fish.
• Nutrients
• Nutrients include nitrogen and phosphorus that are important for the plant growth. However, excessive nutrient levels, often due to
human activities like agriculture or wastewater discharge, can lead to eutrophication. This process can cause harmful algal blooms,
oxygen depletion, and disruptions in the balance of aquatic ecosystems.
• Chlorine and Chloramines
• Chlorine and chloramines are commonly used disinfectants in water treatment processes. Monitoring their levels is important to
ensure they are present in adequate amounts to eliminate harmful pathogens while avoiding excessive concentrations that may
cause taste and odour issues or have adverse health effects.
• pH
• pH gives an idea about the acidity or alkalinity. It influences chemical reactions, the solubility of minerals, and the effectiveness of
water treatment processes. pH levels outside the acceptable range can have detrimental effects on aquatic life and water treatment
systems.
• Pesticides and Herbicides
• These are chemical substances used in agriculture to control pests and weeds. They can enter water bodies through runoff and have
harmful effects on aquatic organisms. Monitoring their presence and levels is crucial for ensuring water safety and protecting
ecosystems.
• Organic and Inorganic Contaminants
• Different Organic and inorganic contaminants may deteriorate water quality. These contaminants include Industrial pollutants,
pharmaceuticals, etc. Identification of these contaminants is crucial for ensuring the water quality.
 BIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
• Biological parameters of water quality involve the assessment of various living organisms and their activities in water bodies. These
parameters provide crucial information about the health and ecological condition of aquatic ecosystems. Monitoring and analyzing
biological parameters help in evaluating the impacts of pollution, habitat degradation, and other stressors on aquatic organisms. Some
important biological parameters of water quality include:
• Biodiversity
• Biodiversity subsumes the variety and abundance of different species an ecosystem. Assessing the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems
helps in understanding their ecological health and resilience. Changes in biodiversity patterns can indicate disturbances in water quality
and ecosystem functioning.
• Aquatic Macroinvertebrates
• These include molluscs, worms, crustaceans, etc. These are used as bioindicators of water quality. These organisms have different
tolerances to pollution and habitat degradation, and their presence, absence, or abundance can provide insights into the overall
ecological condition of water bodies.
• Phytoplankton
• Phytoplankton are algae that play an invaluable role in the aquatic ecosystems. These produce oxygen through photosynthesis and form
the base of the aquatic food chain.
• Zooplankton
• Zooplankton are small aquatic animals that drift in water bodies. Some of the zooplanktons include rotifers, protozoans, etc. These
organisms are a source of food for aquatic organisms. Besides, they also play a major role in nutrient cycling. Changes in zooplankton
communities can reflect shifts in water quality and trophic interactions.
• Fish and Macrophytes
• Fish and aquatic plants are sensitive to water quality. Monitoring fish populations and macrophyte communities helps in assessing the
impacts of pollution, habitat degradation, and changes in nutrient levels on these organisms and their ecosystems.
• Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)
• HABs are rapid and excessive growths of certain types of algae, often fueled by high nutrient levels and warm temperatures. HABs can
result in toxins. These toxins are are harmful to aquatic life and human health. Monitoring and early detection of HABs are essential for
protecting water quality and public safety.
• Microorganisms
• Microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses, are important to water ecosystems. Some bacteria can indicate faecal contamination
and the presence of pathogens, while others are beneficial in water treatment processes. Monitoring microbial populations helps in
assessing water quality and the effectiveness of treatment methods.
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
 Constituent or physical Source or cause Significance
property
Calcium (Ca) and Dissolved from almost all soils and rocks but Cause most of the hardness and scale-forming properties of water; soap consuming.
Magnesium (Mg) especially from limestone, dolomite, and Waters low in calcium and magnesium are desired for electroplating, tanning, dyeing,
gypsiferous sediments. Ca and/or Mg are found textile, and electronics manufacturing.
in large quantities in some brines; Mg is present
in large quantities in sea water.
Sodium (Na) and Dissolved from almost all rocks and soils. Found Large amounts give a salty taste when combined with chloride. Moderate quantities
Potassium (K) in ancient brines, some industrial brines, sea have little effect upon usefulness of water for most purposes. Sodium may cause
water, and sewage. foaming in steam boilers, and a high sodium adsorption ratio may limit the water for
irrigation. Concentrations greater than 270 mg/L may be harmful to persons on
sodium-restricted diets.
Iron (Fe) Dissolved from almost all rocks and soils. May On exposure to air, iron in groundwater oxidizes to reddish-brown sediment. More
also be derived from iron pipes, pumps, and than about 0.3 mg/L stains laundry and fixtures. Objectionable for food processing,
other equipment. beverages, dying, bleaching, ice manufacture, brewing, and other processes.
Iron and manganese should not together exceed 0.3 mg/L. Larger quantities cause
unpleasant taste and favor growth of iron bacteria, but do not endanger health.
Excessive iron may also interfere with the efficient operation of exchange-silicate
water softeners. Iron may be removed from water by aeration of the water followed
by settling or filtration.
Bicarbonate (HCO 3 −) Action of carbon dioxide in water on carbonate Bicarbonate and carbonate produce alkalinity. Bicarbonates of calcium and
and Carbonate (CO 3 −2) rocks such as limestone and dolomite, and magnesium in steam boilers and hot-water facilities form scale and release carbon
oxidation of organic carbon. dioxide gas.
Chloride (Cl −) Dissolved from rocks and soils. Present in Chloride salts in excess of 100 mg/Lgive a salty taste to water. When combined with
sewage and found in large amounts in ancient calcium and magnesium may increase the corrosive activity of water. It is
brines, sea water, and industrial brines. recommended that chloride content should not exceed 250 mg/L.
Sulfate (SO 4 −2) Dissolved from rocks and soils containing Sulfate in water containing calcium forms hard scale in steam boilers. In large
gypsum, iron sulfides, and other sulfur amounts, sulfate in combination with other ions gives a bitter taste to water.
compounds. Usually present in some industrial Concentrations above 250 mg/L may have a laxative effect, but 500 mg/L is
wastes. considered safe. Some calcium sulfate is beneficial in the brewing process. Domestic
waters in Montana containing as much as 1,000 mg/L sulfate are for drinking in the
absence of a less mineralized water supply.
Constituen Source or cause Significance
t or
physical
property
Nitrate (NO 3 −) Decaying organic matter, sewage, Concentrations greater than the local average may suggest pollution. High concentrations are generally
nitrates in soil, and fertilizers. characteristic of individual wells and not whole aquifers. Nitrate has been shown to be helpful in
reducing inter crystalline cracking of boiler steel. Nitrate encourages the growth of algae and other
organisms, which produce undesirable tastes and odors. There is evidence that more than about 10
mg/L(as N) may cause a type of methemoglobinemia (“blue babies”) in infants, which may be fatal.
Fluoride (F −) Dissolved in small to minute Fluoride in drinking water reduces the incidence of tooth decay in children when the water is consumed
quantities from most rocks and soils. during the period of enamel calcification, but it may cause mottling of teeth, depending upon the
Most hot and warm springs contain concentration of fluoride, the age of the child, the amount of drinking water consumed, and the
more than the recommended susceptibility of the individual. 0.8 to 1.7 mg/L is optimal, depending upon air temperature.
concentration of fluoride.
Hydrogen-ion Acids, acid-generating salts, and The pH is a measure of the activity of the hydrogen ions (H +). A pH of 7.0 indicates neutrality of a
activity (pH) free carbon dioxide lower pH. solution. Values higher than 7.0 denote increasing alkalinity; values lower than 7.0 indicate increasing
Carbonates, bicarbonates, acidity. Corrosiveness of water generally increases with decreasing pH, but excessively alkaline waters
hydroxides, silicates, and borates may also attack metals. Accurate pH can be made only at the well. Laboratory values will vary
raise the pH. somewhat from the real value. A pH range between 6.0 and 8.5 is acceptable and is normal for most
waters in Montana.
Dissolved Chiefly mineral constituents Dissolved solids should not exceed 1,000 mg/L, but 1,000 mg/L is acceptable for drinking water if no
Solids dissolved from rocks and soils. other supply is available. Amounts exceeding 1,000 mg/L are unacceptable for most uses.
Includes all material that is in
solution in the water.
Hardness as In most water nearly all hardness is Hard water consumes soap before a lather will form, deposits soap curd on bathtubs, and forms scale in
CaCO 3 due to calcium and magnesium. All boilers, water heaters, and pipes. Hardness equivalent to the bicarbonate and carbonate content is called
of the metallic cations besides the carbonate hardness. Any hardness in excess of this is called non-carbonate hardness. Waters of
alkaline earths also cause hardness. hardness as much as 60 mg/L are termed soft; 61 to 120 mg/L moderately hard; 121 to 180 mg/L hard;
and more that 180 mg/L very hard.
Alkalinity Formed in the presence of certain Alkalinity is an indicator of the relative amounts of carbonate, bicarbonate, and hydroxide ions and
anions in solution. Some organic some anions
materials may also produce
INTAKE STRUCTURES
 SITE SELECTION FOR INTAKE
STRUCTURES
• The site should be so selected that it may admit water even under
worst condition of flow in the river. Generally, it is preferred that
intake should be sufficiently below the shore line.
• Site should be very close to treatment plant as possible.
• It should be so located that it is free from the pollution. It is better
to provide intake at upper stream of city so that water is not
contaminated.
• It should not interfere with river traffic, if any.
• It should be located where good foundation conditions are
available.
• It should be so located that it admits relatively pure water free from
mud, sand and pollutants. Means it should be protected from rapid
currents.
 TYPES OF INTAKES
• Types of intakes Depending upon source of water, intakes are classified as,
• 1) Reservoir intakes.
• 2) River intakes
• 3) Canal intakes.
• 4) Lake intakes
• Depending upon the position, intakes are classified as,
• 1) Wet intake
• 2) Dry intake
• Reservoir intakes:- These comprise intake towers having no water inside
other than in intake pipes. The interior of tower in thus made available for
inspection and operation.
• The intake located either along upstream toe of an earthen dam or within
body of masonry dam. There are number of inlets provided at different
levels as water table fluctuates. This enables to drain clear water from
near surface.
SUBMERGED INTAKE
INTAKE TOWERS
DRY INTAKE TOWER
DRY INTAKE TOWER
WET INTAKE STRUCTURE
WET INTAKE STRUCTURE
JACKWELL
 WHAT IS RESERVOIR?
• A reservoir is a natural lake or a man-made outdoor storage space where water is collected
and stored in a limited quantity for later use. Reservoirs are an integral part of many water
supply systems worldwide, which play an important role in supplying water to domestic,
industrial, and agricultural demands. In this post, we will discuss different types of reservoirs.
 NECESSITY OF RESERVOIRS
• Though reservoirs are designed for irrigation, flood control, and
water supply, some common purposes of reservoirs are as follows:

• Prevent or control the flood.

• Hydroelectric or Power generation
• Fishing and Boating
• Irrigation
• Water Supply
• Water Storage
• Water Sports
• Wildlife habitat
• Bird sanctuary
• Wildlife Parks
• Catchment Area
• The catchment area should be able to contribute an adequate supply of water to the reservoir of the dam
• Foundation Soil
• Sound foundation soil should be available at the site to carry a heavy load. For earth dams, any type of foundation is suitable. however, for
gravity or concrete or masonry dams, sound rocks at the surface or within a reasonable depth, are essential. Foundation is important for The
selection of the site for a dam.
• Ecology
• The balance of ecology (means nature environment) should not be disturbed.
• River Cross-Section At The Site
• The river cross-section at the site should have a narrow gorge (valley) to allow largely should be minimum for the intended storage of water.
• Height Of The Dam
• The dam cost is proportional to the square of the dam heigh. Therefore, the height should be minimum for the intended storage of water.
• Storage Capacity
• The dam should provide adequate storage capacity for the reservoir.
• Costs
• The dam should have minimum construction and maintenance costs.
• Reservoir Silting
• The site should be such that reservoir silting is minimum
• Spillway
• A suitable location for the spillway should be available in the near vicinity
• Submergence
• The value of the land submerged by the proposed dam should be as low as possible. It should be less than the benefits expected from the dam.
The rehabilitation of the people displaced due to submergence is a problem to be tackled in the case of large dams.
• Bed-Level
• The bed level of the dam should preferably be on a higher level than that of the river basin to facilitate drainage.
• Watertight
• The reservoir should be water-tight. Otherwise, the stored water may escape through its bed and banks.
• Topography
• The topography of the site should be such that the length of the dam should be as small as possible. Also, for a given height, the storage
capacity should be as high as possible. Therefore, the river valley at the site should be as narrow as possible for maximum storage capacity.
•
 TYPES OF RESERVOIRS
• Types Of Reservoirs
The types of reservoir are as follows:
• Valley-dammed reservoir or Storage reservoir
• Flood control reservoirs
• Service reservoirs or Distribution reservoir
 VALLEY DAMMED RESERVOIR

• Valley-dammed reservoirs are formed in valleys in the middle of the

mountains. There is often an existing lake or water, and the sides of
the mountain are used as reservoir walls to hold water. A dam or
artificial tank wall is built at the narrowest point to hold water.

• Before constructing Valley-dammed reservoirs, the water flow or

river must be diverted. The dam construction process involves
laying the foundations for the dam, and then the concrete cladding
is laid and the construction of the dam can proceed.

• The construction of the dam usually takes many years, but when it
is finished, valley ponds and a large water source can be used to
serve the purpose of irrigation, hydropower generation, domestic
and industrial water supply.
 FLOOD CONTROL RESERVOIR
• This type of reservoir, also known as a flood mitigation
reservoir, is built to store the floodwater from a high
flow water stream to reduce flooding in protected
areas or populated areas.
• The entire stream entering the water storage is
discharged until the outflow reaches the safe capacity
of the lower channel. The excess inflow is stored in the
reservoir, and the stored water is gradually resealed to
create a storage capacity for the next flood. There are
two types of flood control reservoirs:
• Storage Reservoir
• Retarding Reservoir
 DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIR OR SERVICE RESERVOIR

• Distribution Reservoir connected to the main water supply

channels(pipelines). The main purpose of this type of
reservoir is to serve or supply water to consumers
according to changing demands or requirements of the
local population.
• It also serves as local storage in the event of an emergency.
Here the water is stored in the reservoir by pumping at a
specific rate, and later, this stored water can be used or
supplied at a rate higher than the inflow rate during high
demands.
• The main advantage of this type of reservoir is it can store
water during the demand period and supply water during
the demand period. Distribution reservoirs mainly depend
on the population’s demand for water at a particular
period.
 MULTI-PURPOSE RESERVOIRS

• As the name suggests, these reservoirs are built

to store and supply the water to meet more than
one purpose; hence they are known as
Multipurpose Reservoirs.
• For Example, multi-purpose reservoirs are
designed for irrigation, flood control, power
generation, etc. In India, Bhakra Dam and
Nagarjun Sagar Dam are examples of important
multi-purpose projects that serve more than two
purposes.
 RISING MAIN
• Rising main or pumping main is used to
convey the water from source or reservoir to
water treatment plant and further to the
balancing reservoir or elevated service
reservoir.
THANK YOU