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Lesson 03 Problems 1

Work measurement involves techniques to determine the time required for a qualified worker to complete a task, aiding in method comparison, production planning, and cost estimation. The document details various techniques such as time studies, predetermined motion time systems, and work sampling, along with an example of analyzing an assembly task. It also explains the calculation of standard time, cycle time, and labor content, emphasizing the importance of performance rating in work measurement.

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29 views23 pages

Lesson 03 Problems 1

Work measurement involves techniques to determine the time required for a qualified worker to complete a task, aiding in method comparison, production planning, and cost estimation. The document details various techniques such as time studies, predetermined motion time systems, and work sampling, along with an example of analyzing an assembly task. It also explains the calculation of standard time, cycle time, and labor content, emphasizing the importance of performance rating in work measurement.

Uploaded by

mariadominguezdomingo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Work measurement

Work measurement is the application of techniques designed to


establish the time for a qualified worker to carry out a task at a
defined rate of working.

1. Comparison and improvement of methods.


2. Expected production and delivery date.
3. Manpower planning, staffing needs and work balance.
4. Labor content of items produced.
5. Cost and time estimates.
6. Efficiency of employees.
7. Basis of wage incentive plans.
Work measurement: Exercise 1

És una única persona qui fa totes les feines descrites


Work measurement: Exercise 1

A work analyst wanted to study an assembly task carried out at a single


manned workstation. After defining and documenting the current
method, she divided the task into work elements. The regular cycle
consisted of two elements, A and B. One piece is produced every cycle.

A direct time study was taken on manual work element A using the
snapback method. The work element was timed for several work cycles
to get observed time as she evaluated worker’s pace relative to
normal/standard performance (Table 1).

Table 1. Direct time study. “Performance” stands for performance rate using
ASME scale. “Observed t” stands for Observed time in ten thousandths of an hour.
For element B, since a stopwatch time study was not possible, a pre-
determined motion time system was used. Namely, MTM-2 data cards
were used to synthesize a 575 TMU at normal pace (which is 111% the
normal pace in the ASME scale).

The analyst observed that an irregular element C was performed every


20 cycles. She estimated that it would require 600ºº if it was performed
at tempo 80 Bdx.

An allowance factor of 20% for all elements (A, B and C) was agreed
upon by the employer and the unions, in exchange for good quality.
Work measurement: main techniques
1. Estimation: experience / Historical records
 How the task was performed last time (Data available from
production records or time cards)
 Easy and inexpensive but data may be inaccurate

2. Time study
Time study is a work measurement technique for recording the times of
performing a certain specific job or its elements, and for analyzing the
data so as to obtain the time necessary for an operator to carry it out at a
defined rate of performance.

3. Predetermined motion time systems (PMTS)

4. Work sampling: Based on random observations, it estimates


percent of time a worker or machine spends on various tasks.
Time study

1. Divide the task to be studied into precise


work elements
2. Time (using a stopwatch) and record element
times and rating of performance
3. Compute average normal time
4. Determine standard time

A qualified worker is one who has acquired the skill,


knowledge and other attributes to carry out the work.
A. Stopwatch time study

• Sexagesimal hours: hours, minutes, seconds. The modulus is sixty.

• Decimal de minuts (decimal minute stopwatch): Measures time in


hundredths of a minute (0.01 min)

• Decimal d’hores (decimal hour stopwatch): Measures time in ten


thousandths of an hour (0.0001 h). 0.0001 h = 1ºº
B. Performance rating factor
(valoració de l’activitat o del ritme)

Rating is the assessment of the worker's pace of working.

Normal performance (activitat normal) a pace of working that can


be maintained by a properly trained average worker throughout an
entire work shift without injurious effect on the worker’s health.
E.g. walking at 4.5 km/hour.
C. Rating scales

Normal performance

Performance rating factor:


How much above (or below) normal performance the
worker’s performance is.
D. Optimal performance

60/80 scale 75/100 100/140

Bdx 0-100 (Standard) Centesimal Optimal Normal


C.E. Bedaux B.S.I. ASME

0 0 0
40 50 67

60 75 100

80 100 133

100 125 167

120 150 200


To = Tn / 1.33 Ro = Rn * 1.33
The rating is used in conjunction with a timing study to level out actual
time (observed time) taken by the worker under observation (temps de
rellotge).

The basic time (temps bàsic o reduït) represents the time the element
would take to perform if the operator was working at the normal rate.

If observed time is 0.16 min and the worker’s performance rating factor
is 125 according to the ASME scale (where normal pace = 100)

Basic time = Observed time x observed performance


Normal performance

Basic time = 0.16 x 125 = 0.20 min


100

Normal time (NT) is the time to complete a work element when working
at normal performance. Basic times are averaged. (Temps normal
representatiu).
a) For element A, compute the basic time for each reading.
Compute normal time.
Pel primer element manual, calcula els temps bàsics o reduïts del
cronometratge. Calcula el temps normal representatiu.

Work element A Readings


Performance 110 100 95 110 100 90 100 95 90 110 100 95
Observed t (ººh) 45 50 53 45 50 55 50 53 55 45 50 53
Predetermined time standards

• Divide manual work elements into small basic motion elements


(micromoviments) that have established times.
• Can be done away from the actual production operation.
• Can be set before the work is actually performed.
• The most famous system is the Methods-Time Measurement
(MTM), created by Maynard et al. in the 1940s. It was developed
by studying motion pictures of work activity.
tubo de vacío

Fuente: Niebel (2009) INGENIERÍA INDUSTRIAL MÉTODOS, ESTÁNDARES Y DISEÑO DEL TRABAJO

• 1 TMU (time measurement unit) is one hundred


thousandth of an hour (0.00001 hr)
• “Normal pace” 100 in the Maynard scale is 111 in the
decimal (ASME) scale.
b) For element B, compute normal time.
Pel segon element manual, calcula el temps normal.
c) For element C (irregular element), compute normal time.
Pel tercer element manual (freqüencial), calcula el temps normal.
Standard time (Temps tipus)
Defined as the normal time plus an allowance.
The allowance factor (A) inflates the time in order to
account for use of restroom, water fountain and rest
breaks.
Tstd = NT · (1 + A)

Tt = TN · (1 + k)
d) Determine standard time for each element using an allowance factor of
20%.
Pels tres elements manuals, calcula el temps tipus amb uns suplements del
20%.

NTA = TnA = 50ºº


NTB = TnB = 64ºº
NTC = TnC = 40ºº
Cycle time and labor content

• Cycle time: The cycle time is defined as the average time between
the output of two successive units.

• Labor content (per part): It is defined as the time sum of all human
process steps.

 1 hora hombre (standard hour SH). Trabajo completado en una


hora por un trabajador medio a ritmo normal incluidos los
suplementos*.

 1 Minuto tipo (MT) (Standard minute SM, Punto Bedaux, B). Trabajo
completado en un minuto por un trabajador medio a ritmo normal
incluidos los suplementos*.

* Corresponde al tiempo tipo (standard time)


e) Compute the cycle time of the workstation (give the standard time
for the cycle at normal pace and at optimal pace)
Calcula el temps de cicle normal i òptim.
f) Compute the hourly completion rate at normal/standard
performance (number of units produced at 100% performance) and at
optimal performance.
Calcula la producció horària normal i òptima esperada.
g) Compute the expected hourly completion rate if a 115% performance
was mandatory.
Calcula quina seria la producció horària si l’empresa exigís activitat
centesimal 115.
h) Compute work content (or labor content) per piece in standard hours and standard
minutes or Bedaux points (B’s).
Contingut de treball (quantitat de treball) d’una peça en hores-home i en minuts tipus
(MT) o punts Bedaux.

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