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Calibration of Measuring Sensors and

Instruments
Alan S. Morris, Reza Langari, in
Measurement and Instrumentation, 2012

Publisher Summary
This chapter explains various procedures that must be followed in
order to perform calibration tasks efficiently and effectively. Calibration
consists of comparing the output of the instrument or sensor under
test against the output of an instrument of known accuracy when the
same input is applied to both instruments. This procedure is carried
out for a range of inputs covering the whole measurement range of the
instrument or sensor. Instruments used as a standard in calibration
procedures are usually chosen to be of greater inherent accuracy than
the process instruments that they are used to calibrate. Because such
instruments are only used for calibration purposes, greater accuracy
can often be achieved by specifying a type of instrument that would be
unsuitable for normal process measurements. Changes in instrument
characteristics are brought about by such factors as mechanical wear,

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Fiber-optic liquid-level continuous

gauge
F. Pérez-Ocón, ... J.A. Martínez, in
Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2006

This calibration procedure, shown in Figs. 5–9, solves all the problems
of intermediate calibrations of other devices. Although there are
variations that affect the LED, fiber and connectors, etc., these
variations are not a source of error as the measurement is read at the
exit of the detector. The calibration of the device consists of knowing
the output value of the PIN photodiode and the height of the liquid at
the time of measurement, and no intermediate effects are taken into
consideration. With recalibration, the intermediate changes (if there
are any) would affect the final results, but the effect of each one would
not be taken into account, as the overall effect would be the result in

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DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO
AUTOMATIC ULTRASONIC NON
DESTRUCTIVE TESTING INCLUDING
ROBOT TECHNIQUE.
H.E. Gundtoft, ... P. Toft, in Non-Destructive Testing 1989, 1989

CALIBRATION.
It is of great importance to calibrate any system for defect inspections
and dimensional measurements including sound-field measurements
by the transducer. By tube inspection we use a calibration procedure at
production conditions, regarding speed, fixtures and tubes.

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Neural Engineering/ Novel Biomedical

Technologies: Neuromodulation
Jennifer L. Collinger, ... Andrew B. Schwartz, in
Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering, 2018

Calibration procedures
BCIs are designed to restore movement for people with paralysis,
which creates a challenge in terms of defining the neural encoding
model; that is, how does movement change the firing rates of neurons?
The relationship between neural activity and motor commands needs
to be defined in the absence of overt movement by the subject. BCI
calibration procedures rely on action observation or motor imagery to
elicit repeatable patterns of neural activity that represent movement
intention. In these paradigms, the subject attempts to replicate
movement of an end-effector (e.g. robot, computer display, or an actual
hand) driven to move along a prescribed trajectory in a series of
movements. Non-human primate studies have shown that neural
activity recorded during observed or attempted movement is similar to
that measured during overt movement [33] and can be used for BCI
control [3,34]. Human BCI studies have used observation-based
calibration to enable control of robotic arms [4,35] and movement of a
participant's paralyzed limb through FES [36,37]. Recent human work
has shown that motor imagery may be used to obtain control of a
computer cursor after a short closed-loop calibration without the need
for an explicit observation phase [38]

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Autonomous grinding algorithms with

future prospect towards SMART
manufacturing: A comparative survey
Md. Riaz Pervez, ... Paolo Dario, in
Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 2022

3.2 Calibration
Calibration is a technique that provides flexible design and control
strategy, high efficiency and repeatability, and better accuracy and
precision. The calibration [121] is done by changing the complex
mechanical setup which is relatively costly and hard to reform using
control software.

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In general, static and dynamic are the listed calibration techniques

[123] shown in Fig. 6(a), where identification of positioning parameters
of the robot gives priority in static calibration, and high velocity and
acceleration for the heavy robot are concerned for dynamic calibration.
G. Calafiore et al. [124] proposed a dynamic calibration method that
optimized the nonlinear parameter by genetic algorithm (GA). Yier Wu
et al. [125] introduced a technique for optimal selection of various
measurement poses which reduced the number of design variable by
repeating configurations.

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Calibration of Measuring Sensors and

Instruments
Alan S. Morris, Reza Langari, in
Measurement and Instrumentation (Second Edition), 2016

5.2 Principles of Calibration

Calibration consists of comparing the output of the instrument or
sensor under test against the output of an instrument of known
accuracy when the same input (the measured quantity) is applied to
both instruments. This procedure is carried out for a range of inputs
covering the whole measurement range of the instrument or sensor.
Calibration ensures that the measuring accuracy of all instruments and
sensors used in a measurement system is known over the whole
measurement range, provided that the calibrated instruments and
sensors are used in environmental conditions that are the same as
those under which they were calibrated. For use of instruments and
sensors under different environmental conditions, appropriate
correction has to be made for the ensuing modifying inputs, as
described in Chapter 3. Whether applied to instruments or sensors,
calibration procedures are identical, and hence only the term
instrument will be used for the rest of this chapter, with the
understanding that whatever is said for instruments applies equally
well to single measurement sensors.

Instruments used as a standard in calibration procedures are usually

h b f i h h h i
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Measuring and Characterizing

Nonlinear Radio-Frequency Systems
Wendy Van Moer, ... Kurt Barbé, in Microwave De-embedding,
2014

6.2.4 Calibration procedure for nonlinear

measurement instruments
High-frequency measurement instruments are far from ideal and,
hence, always introduce systematic errors due to imperfections. As a
result, accurate high-frequency measurements not only require a good
measurement instrument but also an accurate calibration procedure,
which removes these systematic errors. A classical calibration
procedure consists of connecting well-known and stable elements
(standards) to the measurement instrument in order to determine the
measurement error of the instrument.

Calibrating a classical vector network analyzer belongs to the common

knowledge of each RF engineer. The most well-known procedure is the
short-open-load-thru (SOLT) calibration [11,12]. Other types of relative
S-parameter calibrations are the thru-reflection-line (TRL) and the
load-reflect-match (LRM) calibration [11,12]. After applying such a
relative calibration to a sampler- or a mixer-based measurement
instrument, it can be used as a classical vector network analyzer to
obtain S-parameter measurements. Unfortunately, S parameters do not
fully describe a nonlinear system, such that the knowledge of the

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Asphalt pavement density

measurement using non-destructive
testing methods: current practices,
challenges, and future vision
Siqi Wang, ... Guoyang Lu, in Construction and Building Materials
, 2022

3.2.2 Operation procedures

Basic operation procedures of NNDG include calibration, parameter
input, and data collection. PaveTracker requires an extra step that
calibrates the gauge using blocks or plates with a known density.
Calibration based on core or NDG density measurements is a critical
step to ensure accurate NNDG predictions by fixing bias caused by
internal and external factors. Detailed calibration procedures could be
found in the user’s guide of corresponding manufacturers
[89,95,96,104]. Williams [89] conducted a comprehensive comparison
and evaluation on existing calibration methods, including slope
function (or mix calibration) method and simple plus-minus (or offset)
method. Flowcharts of both methods are shown in Fig. 4. The slope
function method builds a correlation between raw gauge data and
mixture bulk density. The offset method applies an added constant
offset to raw gauge data. The offset value is obtained by subtracting raw
data from input mixture bulk density [103].

Fig. 4. Diagrams of calibration steps: (a) mix calibration method; (b)

offset method [103].

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Flow measurement
Alan S. Morris, Reza Langari, in
Measurement and Instrumentation (Third Edition), 2021

16.6.1 Calibration equipment and procedures

for mass flow measuring instruments
Where the conveyor method is used for measuring the mass flow of
solids in the form of particles or powders, both mass-measuring and
velocity-measuring instruments are involved. Suitable calibration
techniques for each of these are discussed in later chapters.

In the case of the Coriolis and thermal mass flowmeters, the usual
method of calibrating these while in situ in their normal measurement
position is to provide a diversion valve after the meter. During
calibration procedures, the valve is opened for a measured time period
to allow some of the fluid to flow into a container that is subsequently
weighed. Alternatively, the meter can be removed for calibration using
special test rigs that are normally provided by the instrument

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Measurement Uncertainty
Alan S. Morris, Reza Langari, in
Measurement and Instrumentation, 2012

3.3.2 Calibration
Instrument calibration is a very important consideration in
measurement systems and therefore calibration procedures are
considered in detail in Chapter 4. All instruments suffer drift in their
characteristics, and the rate at which this happens depends on many
factors, such as the environmental conditions in which instruments are
used and the frequency of their use. Error due to an instrument being
out of calibration is never zero, even immediately after the instrument
has been calibrated, because there is always some inherent error in the
reference instrument that a working instrument is calibrated against
during the calibration exercise. Nevertheless, the error immediately
after calibration is of low magnitude. The calibration error then grows
steadily with the drift in instrument characteristics until the time of
the next calibration. The maximum error that exists just before an
instrument is recalibrated can therefore be made smaller by increasing
h f f lib i h h f d if b
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Related terms:
Energy Engineering, Instrument Calibration, Hydrogen Storage,

Ground State, Augmented Reality, Units of Measurement,

Calibration System, Inertial Measurement, Strain Gage, Transducer.

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