Answers

Temasek Secondary School Name: _____________________________ ( )

Mathematics Department
Secondary 3 G2 / G3
Class: ________ Date: ____________
Additional Mathematics
Learning Experience

Chapter 1: Quadratic Functions

Activity 1: Big Idea of Function

In lower secondary, you have learned that a function is a relation between two sets of variables
whereby for every input x there is one output y.

Notation: If f is a function of x, then y  f ( x) is known as the rule of the function f.

Input x 2 1 0 1 2 3
Output y = f ( x) f (2) f (1) f (0) f (1) f (2) f (3)
f ( x)  5 x  2  8  3 2 7  12  17
Input x 2 1 0 1 2 3
Output y = g( x) g(2) g(1) g(0) g(1) g(2) g(3)
g ( x)  x 2  2 x 8 3 0  1 0 3
Connect
1 Are f(x) and g(x) functions? Why do you say so?
Yes. They each represent a relation whereby every input x produces one output respectively.
_________________________________________________________________________

2 What is the main difference between f(x) and g(x)?

is a linear function while is a quadratic function.
_________________________________________________________________________

3 How would the graph of y = f(x) and the graph of y = g(x) look like respectively?
The graph of is a straight line while the graph of is a parabola.
_________________________________________________________________________

4 What are the different ways to represent a function?

Table, Equation and Graph
_________________________________________________________________________

5 What are the characteristics of quadratic functions?

A quadratic function has either a maximum value or a minimum value and its graph is
_________________________________________________________________________
symmetrical about the vertical line that passes through the turning point.

_________________________________________________________________________
Quadratic functions of the form y  a ( x  h)  k
2
1.2B

Learning Experiences; Empowering Learners 1

Activity 2: Completing the square for ax 2  bx

In Sec 3 E-Math, you have learned how to complete the square for expression x 2  bx .
How do you extend this skill to complete the square for expression ax 2  bx .

Table 1
Steps Quadratic Expression: Express ax  bx in the form a ( x  h)  k
2 2

2 x2  8x  x2  6x 4 x2  8x 5 x 2  10 x
1. Factorise a 2( x 2  4 x) ( x 2  6 x ) 4( x 2  2 x) 5( x 2  2 x)

2. Complete the 2[( x  2) 2  4] [( x  3) 2  9] 4[( x  1) 2  1] 5[( x  1) 2  1]

square

3. Express in the 2( x  2) 2  8 ( x  3) 2  9 4( x  1) 2  4 5( x  1) 2  5

form
a ( x  h) 2  k

Table 2
Steps Quadratic Expression: Express ax 2  bx  c in the form
2 x2  8x  3  x2  6x 1 4 x2  8x  5 5 x 2  10 x  2
1. 2( x 2  4 x)  3 ( x 2  6 x )  1 4( x 2  2 x)  5 5( x 2  2 x)  2

2. 2[( x  2) 2  4]  3 [( x  3) 2  9]  1 4[( x  1) 2  1]  5 5[( x  1) 2  1]  2

3. 2( x  2) 2  5 ( x  3) 2  8 4( x  1) 2  9 5( x  1) 2  7

Generalisation (Class Discussion)

1. Based on the 4 expressions that you have completed the square in Table 1, how would
you complete the square for the general expression of ax 2  bx , where a, b are any
constant.
2. Based on the 4 expressions that you have completed the square in Table 2, how would
you complete the square for the general expression of ax 2  bx  c , where a, b and c are
any constant.

1. ax 2  bx
b
 a( x 2 x)
a
b b 2 Empowering Learners
Learning Experiences; 2
 a[( x  ) 2  2 ]
2a 4a
b 2 b2
 a( x  ) 
2a 4a
 Computational Thinking

Task Algorithm Design

Design an algorithm to complete the square of quadratic expression in the form:
(A) y  ax 2  bx , (B) y  ax 2  bx  c .

Activity 3
1. The flowchart for task A is designed as shown on the left. Identify the key elements in the
flowchart.
Input values of a, b Calculate value of h Calculate value of k
___________________, ____________________, _____________________

2. Complete the flow chart for task B.

a, b, c

Learning Experiences; Empowering Learners 3

1.2 C Sketching graphs of quadratic functions in the form

Activity 4: Explore the effect of a in the graph of

1. (i) The graphs of the 4 functions on the left are shown on the right. Use DESMOS to match
each function to its graph. What are the similarities and the differences of these graphs?
_______________________________________________________________________
They are all minimum curves, have the same minimum point.
They have different x-intercepts and y-intercepts.
_______________________________________________________________________

(ii) The graphs of the 4 functions on the left are shown on the right. Use DESMOS to match
each function to its graph. What are the similarities and the differences of these graphs?
They are all maximum curves, have the same maximum point.
_______________________________________________________________________
They have different x-intercepts and y-intercepts.
_______________________________________________________________________

(iii) Based on your observations in (i) and (ii), what do you think is the effect of a on the
graph of ?
The effect of a is on the curvature of the curve. The smaller the value of a, the wider is the curvature.
_____________________________________________________________________

Learning Experiences; Empowering Learners 4

2. Sketch the following graphs.
Graph of Graph of
,a>0 ,a<0
1 (a) y  ( x  2) 2  4 min point = (2, 4)
____ 2 (a) y  ( x  4) 2  1 max point = (4, 1)
____
y-intercept = 0 y-intercept = 15

(b) y  3( x  2) 2  4 min point = (2, 4)

____ ____ point = (4, 1)
(b) y  2( x  4) 2  1 max
y-intercept = 8 y-intercept = 31
Sketch the graphs of 1(a) and 1(b) on the same Sketch the graphs of 1(a) and 1(b) on the same axes.
axes. y y
8
x
(4, 1)

x
0
15

(2, 4)
31

Conclusion:
 Graph of a quadratic function in the completed square form y  a ( x  h)  k
2

 the coefficient a determines ______________________________________________

the type of turning point (max/min) and the width of the curve
 (h, k)
the turning point (maximum or minimum point) of the curve is _________________
x=h
 the axis of symmetry is _____________________________
k)
For the quadratic curve of y = 2(x 1)2 + 3, fill in the missing blanks.

y-intercept = 5
minimum point (1, 3)
x
Equation of line of symmetry
is ________________
x=1

Learning Experiences; Empowering Learners 5

Activity 5: Reflective Question: Quadratic Functions and graphs
Here are the 3 forms of equation of a quadratic function:
y  4 x2  8x  3 ---  ____________________ form
y  4( x  1) 2  1 ---  ____________________ form
y  (2 x  1)(2 x  3) --- 
____________________ form
How do you think they are related? How do you know?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Without performing any algebraic manipulation, answer the following questions and indicate the
equation (,  or ) you would use to determine your answer:

1. Does the function have a maximum or minimum value? Answer: _______ Equation ( )

2. What is the 𝑦-intercept of the graph of the function? Answer: _______ Equation ( )

3. What are the 𝑥-intercepts of the graph of the function? Answer: _______ Equation ( )

4. What is the minimum point of the graph of the function? Answer: _______ Equation ( )

5. When is the minimum value of the function? Answer: _______ Equation ( )

6. What is the equation of the line of symmetry of the

graph of the function? Answer: _______ Equation ( )

7. What do you learn from the above observations? [Hint: Consider each of Q1-6 above, which
form of equation did you use to help you determine the answer? Why did you choose that
particular form?]
_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Learning Experiences; Empowering Learners 6

 Adaptive Thinking: Making connections

Activity 6: Sketching graphs of quadratic functions in the form

1. Based on your reflection in Activity 5, how would you extract information from the
quadratic equation in the form to sketch its graph?
The first information that can be extracted easily are the x-intercepts (p and q). Since the
________________________________________________________________________
quadratic curve is symmetrical about the turning point, the x-value of the turning point will be
________________________________________________________________________
(p+q)/2. The y-intercept will be apq.
________________________________________________________________________
2. Sketch the following graphs.
Graph of Graph of
,a>0 ,a<0
1 (a) y  ( x  2)( x  6) ____ point = (4, -4)
min 2 (a) y  2( x  3)( x  1) max
____ point = (1, 8)
y-intercept = 12 y-intercept = 6
x-intercepts = 2 and 6 x-intercepts = 3 and 1
(b) y  3( x  2)( x  6) min point = (4, -12)
____ (b) y  3(3  x)( x  1) max point = (1, 12)
____
y-intercept = 36 y-intercept = 9
x-intercepts = 2 and 6 x-intercepts = 3 and 1
Sketch the graphs of 1(a) and 1(b) on the same axes. Sketch the graphs of 1(a) and 1(b) on the same axes.
36 y y (1, 12)

9 (1, 8)

12 6
x
x -1 2
2 6

(4, -4)

(4,-12)
Conclusion:
For the quadratic curve of y  (2 x  1)( x  4) , fill in the missing blanks.

y x-intercepts are
Equation of line of 4 0.5
_______ & _______
x = 1.75
symmetry is ____________

x
4
y-intercept = _______
minimum point (1.75, 10.125)
Learning Experiences; Empowering Learners 7
Apply:

3. Sketch the graphs of the following function using the complete-the-square/factorised form.

A1. y  2 x  8 x  13 A2. y   x  8 x  15
2 2

Learning Experiences; Empowering Learners 8

Chapter 1.3: Conditions for quadratic curve to be completely above or below the x-axis

Activity 7: Explore - Sketch and Identify the Conditions

1. Which of the following quadratic function(s) whose graph lies completely above the x-axis?

Connect:
From your observations above, what are the conditions for a quadratic curve to lie completely above the
x-axis?

Conclusion:
A quadratic function written in the form tells us that the curve lies completely above the x-axis when

Coefficient of is positive (a > 0)

 _____________________________________________________ and

The min value of y is positive (k > 0)

 ______________________________________________________

2. Which of the following quadratic function(s) whose graph lies completely below the x-axis?

Learning Experiences; Empowering Learners 9

Connect:
From your observations above, what are the conditions for a quadratic curve to lie completely below the
x-axis?

Conclusion:
A quadratic function written in the form tells us that the curve lies completely below the x-axis when

Coefficient of is positive (a > 0)

 _____________________________________________________ and

The max value of y is negative (k < 0)

 ______________________________________________________

Critical and Adaptive Thinking

Activity 8: Applying and Reasoning

Learning Experiences; Empowering Learners 10
Q1. Explain why the function g(x) = (x 3)2 + 4 has a minimum value of 4.

Since for all values of x,

for all values of x,

Hence, minimum value of is 4.

Q2: Explain why the function g(x) = (x 3)2 + 4 has a maximum value of 4.

Since for all values of x,

for all values of x,

Hence, maximum value of is 4.

Does the curve y  2 x  6 x  9 lie completely above or below the x-axis? Explain your
2
Q3:
answer clearly.

y  2x2  6x  9
 2( x  1.5) 2  4.5
Min value of y  4.5
Since min value of y > 0 and coefficient of x2 > 0, the curve lies completely above the x-axis.

The graph of function y  2h( x  h)  8 has a maximum point, where h is a constant.

2
Q4:

(a) State the range of values of h.

(b) Hence, explain why the graph of y  2h( x  h)  8 lies completely below the x-axis for
2

the range of values of h stated in (a).

(a) Since the graph has a maximum point, coefficient of x2 < 0, h < 0.

(b) Max point = (h, 8)

Since the coefficient of x2 < 0, maximum value of y is negative,

The curve lies completely below the x-axis.

1 2
y x  75 x  600
Q5. The profit, $y, of a company can be approximated by 20 , where x is the
number of goods sold.
(i) Explain the meaning of “600” in the equation.

y = 600 when x = 0
Learning Experiences; Empowering Learners 11
It means that the company is making a loss of $600 initially when no goods
were sold.
 (ii) How many goods must be sold in order for the company to yield the maximum profit?

What is this maximum profit?

1 2
y [ x  1500 x]  600
20
1
  [( x  750) 2  7502 ]  600
20

Q6. A golfer hit a golf ball from the top of a platform.

The vertical height measured from the ground, y metres, of the golf ball after it has been
hit can be modelled by the equation y  0.002 x  0.8 x  10.5 , where x is the horizontal
2

distance travelled by the golf ball in metres.

(i) Explain the meaning of the constant 10.5 in the equation.
y = 10.5 when x = 0
(ii)
It means the golf ball is 10.5 m above the ground just before the golfer hit the
ball (or the platform is 10.5 m above ground where the ball was hit).
Explain why the vertical height of the golf ball can never be greater than 91 metres.

y  0.002[ x 2  400 x]  10.5

 0.002[( x  200) 2  2002 ]  10.5
 0.002( x  200) 2  90.5

Learning Experiences; Empowering Learners 12