3/11/24, 10:52 PM The RANGE Clause in SQL Window Functions: 5 Practical Examples

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6th Jul 2021 12 minutes read

The RANGE Clause in SQL Window Functions: 5

Practical Examples

Tihomir Babic Sql Learn Sql Window Functions RANGE

What is a RANGE clause in SQL window functions? Five practical examples will
show you how and when to use it.

The RANGE clause is used quite rarely in SQL window functions. I don't know why;
maybe people are not used to it. This is a shame, because it's far from a pointless
clause; it can be very useful, and I'll show you that in five examples.

To learn how window functions work, what functions there are, and how to apply
them to real-world problems, it’s best to take the Window Functions course. It’s
interactive, there are 218 exercises, and you only need a web browser and some
basic SQL knowledge.

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RANGE Clause Syntax

When I'm talking about the RANGE clause, I'm talking about the one used in SQL
window functions, which have the following syntax:

Code

OVER (
[ <PARTITION BY clause> ]
[ <ORDER BY clause> ]
[ <ROW or RANGE clause> ]
)

When you look at the syntax above, you see that both ROW or RANGE can be part
of the window function. Their syntax is as follows:

[<ROWS or RANGE clause> BETWEEN <Start expr> AND <End expr>]

The default window frame without the ORDER BY is the whole partition. But when
you use the ORDER BY, the default window frame is RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED
PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW .

It's normal to forget this syntax, especially if it's new to you or you don't use it very
often. Feel free to have your Window Functions Cheat Sheet open while reading
this article.

Ready to dive in? Great! First, let's talk about RANGE and ROW .

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Are the RANGE and the ROW

Clauses the Same?
Nope, they're not. They do, however, have the same purpose: to specify the starting
and ending points within the partition, with the goal of limiting rows. However,
each clause does it differently. The ROW clause does it by specifying a fixed
number of rows that precede or follow the current row.

The RANGE clause, on the other hand, limits the rows logically; it specifies the
range of values in relation to the value of the current row.

Which Data Types Can I Use in

the RANGE clause?
You can use two data types with the RANGE clause: numeric and date/time types.

You can use the numeric data types and the RANGE clause in almost all popular
databases. Unfortunately, Microsoft SQL Server does not support it.

Regarding the date/time data types, only a very few popular databases support
using them with the RANGE clause. Those are PostgreSQL, MySQL, and Oracle DB.

Let's now go to the examples and see how RANGE works in practice! If you're new
to SQL window functions, maybe you should check what window functions are and
how they compare to aggregate functions first. Come back when you're done
reading and we'll continue.

Example 1 – Calculate the

Running Total
The data I'll be working with is in the table revenue . The columns are:

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id – The date's ID and the table's primary key (PK).

date – The revenue's date.
revenue_amount – The amount of the revenue.

Your task is to calculate running revenue totals using the RANGE clause. Let's do it
first without SQL. If you have the following data, what will be the running total
(also known as a cumulative sum)?

id date revenue_amount running_total

1 2021-05-01 12,573.25 12,573.25

2 2021-05-02 11,348.22 23,921.47

3 2021-05-02 14,895.13 38,816.60

4 2021-05-03 14,388.14 53,204.74

5 2021-05-04 18,847.54 72,052.28

The running total for 2021-05-01 equals the revenue for that date: 12,573.25. That's
because there are no previous rows to include in the calculation. Then comes 2021-
05-02. The running total is today's revenue added to the previous day's revenue:
11,348.22 + 12,573.25 = 23,921.47.

Notice there is another row with a different amount of revenue for 2021-05-02.
Maybe this is for another branch, country, product or whatever. It works the same
way: 14,895.13 + 23,921.47 = 38,816.60. (The RANGE clause will work even if there
are multiple rows with the same date.) Next comes 2021-05-03. The running total
for this date will be 14,388.14 + 38,816.60 = 53,204.74. Finally, the running total for
2021-05-04 will be 18,847.54 + 53,204 = 72,052.28.

How do you do the same using the RANGE clause? It could be done like this:

Code

SELECT
id,
date,
revenue_amount,
SUM(revenue_amount) OVER (

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ORDER BY date
RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
) AS running_total
FROM revenue;

I’ve used the SUM() function on the column revenue_amount ; this is the operation
required to get the running total. For the SUM() function to become a window
function, you need the OVER() clause. The window function calculation is done in
ascending order; that’s because I want to make sure the revenue is being summed
from the oldest to the newest date. Then comes the RANGE clause. It limits the
window to the dates preceding the current date ( BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND
CURRENT ROW ) and the current date. Those are the rows that will be included in the
running total calculation.

Here’s what you get when you run the code:

id date revenue_amount running_total

1 2021-05-01 12,573.25 12,573.25

2 2021-05-02 11,348.22 38,816.60

3 2021-05-02 14,895.13 38,816.60

4 2021-05-03 14,388.14 53,204.74

5 2021-05-04 18,847.54 72,052.28

6 2021-05-05 9,845.29 81,897.57

7 2021-05-06 14,574.56 96,472.13

8 2021-05-07 11,500.63 107,972.76

9 2021-05-08 16,897.21 124,869.97

10 2021-05-09 9,634.56 134,504.53

11 2021-05-10 14,255.87 148,760.40

12 2021-05-11 11,248.33 160,008.73

13 2021-05-12 21,489.22 181,497.95

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id date revenue_amount running_total

14 2021-05-13 14,448.65 195,946.60

15 2021-05-14 15,517.22 211,463.82

16 2021-05-15 6,874.23 218,338.05

17 2021-05-16 12,500.00 230,838.05

18 2021-05-17 9,784.33 240,622.38

19 2021-05-18 15,321.89 255,944.27

20 2021-05-19 12,235.50 268,179.77

21 2021-05-20 22,222.22 290,401.99

21 2021-05-21 14,800.65 305,202.64

22 2021-05-22 5,894.12 311,096.76

23 2021-05-23 18,845.69 329,942.45

24 2021-05-24 9,966.66 339,909.11

25 2021-05-25 13,250.69 353,159.80

26 2021-05-26 4,987.56 358,147.36

27 2021-05-27 17,784.25 375,931.61

28 2021-05-28 12,567.45 388,499.06

29 2021-05-29 19,874.26 408,373.32

30 2021-05-30 15,489.36 423,862.68

31 2021-05-31 14,987.55 438,850.23

Notice that where there are multiple values for one date (2021-05-02) the code will
include both rows in the running total calculation for that date. That's why there's
38,816.60 in the running_total column for that date.

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Example 2 – Calculate the

Moving Average
Let's now see how you use the RANGE clause with date/time data types – and
without the id column to help! We'll use a slightly modified table, which is now
called revenue_per_shop . It contains the revenue data for two shops. The columns
are:

date – The revenue's date.

shop – The shop's name.
revenue_amount – The amount of revenue for that shop on that date.

First of all, let's make sure you understand what a moving average is. A two-day
moving average includes the current day and the previous day. Here's some
example data to show you how a moving average works:

date revenue_amount moving_avg

2021-05-01 12,573.25 12,573.25

2021-05-02 11,348.22 11,960.74

2021-05-03 14,388.14 12,868.18

2021-05-04 18,847.54 16,617.84

The two-day moving average for 2021-05-01 is the daily revenue itself: 12,573.25.
That’s because there are no other rows to include in the calculation. The 2021-05-
02 calculation includes two dates: (12,573.25 + 11,348.22)/2 = 11,960.74. The other
rows follow the same two-date logic – the current date and the previous date.

So how do you calculate the same metric for every shop separately? Like this:

Code

SELECT
shop,
date,

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revenue_amount,
AVG(revenue_amount) OVER (
PARTITION BY shop
ORDER BY date ASC
RANGE BETWEEN INTERVAL '1' DAY PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
) AS moving_avg
FROM revenue_per_shop;

The code first selects some columns from the table. Then comes the fun part. I’m
using the AVG() function on the column revenue_amount because I want the
average revenue. Again, this is a window function, so it must have the OVER()
clause. I use the PARTITION BY to specify the column on which I want to aggregate
data; it’s the column shop because I want the moving average for every shop
separately. The operation is again ordered by date. In the RANGE clause, I merely
specify which rows to include in the calculation. Since I’m working with dates, I’ll
get the previous date by stating: BETWEEN INTERVAL '1' DAY PRECEDING .

Working with date/time data differs between databases. You may need to write it
this way in some databases: RANGE BETWEEN 1 DAY PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW . The
result should, nevertheless, be the same:

shop date revenue_amount moving_avg

Shop 1 2021-05-01 12,573.25 12,573.25

Shop 1 2021-05-02 14,388.14 13,480.70

Shop 1 2021-05-03 9,845.29 12,116.72

Shop 1 2021-05-04 11,500.63 10,672.96

Shop 1 2021-05-05 9,634.56 10,567.60

Shop 1 2021-05-06 11,248.33 10,441.45

Shop 1 2021-05-07 14,448.65 12,848.49

Shop 1 2021-05-08 6,874.23 10,661.44

Shop 1 2021-05-09 9,784.33 8,329.28

Shop 1 2021-05-10 12,235.50 11,009.92

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shop date revenue_amount moving_avg

Shop 1 2021-05-11 14,800.65 13,518.08

Shop 1 2021-05-12 18,845.69 16,823.17

Shop 1 2021-05-13 13,250.69 16,048.19

Shop 1 2021-05-14 17,784.25 15,517.47

Shop 1 2021-05-15 19,874.26 18,829.26

Shop 2 2021-05-01 11,348.22 11,348.22

Shop 2 2021-05-02 18,847.54 15,097.88

Shop 2 2021-05-03 14,574.56 16,711.05

Shop 2 2021-05-04 16,897.21 15,735.89

Shop 2 2021-05-05 14,255.87 15,576.54

Shop 2 2021-05-06 21,489.22 17,872.55

Shop 2 2021-05-07 15,517.22 18,503.22

Shop 2 2021-05-08 12,500.00 14,008.61

Shop 2 2021-05-09 15,321.89 13,910.95

Shop 2 2021-05-10 22,222.22 18,772.06

Shop 2 2021-05-11 5,894.12 14,058.17

Shop 2 2021-05-12 9,966.66 7,930.39

Shop 2 2021-05-13 4,987.56 7,477.11

Shop 2 2021-05-14 12,567.45 8,777.51

Shop 2 2021-05-15 15,489.36 14,028.41

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Moving Average for Databases That

Don't Support Using RANGE with
Date/Time Data Types
What should you do if your database doesn't support using RANGE with date/time
data types? There's a way to “trick” your database; in fact, there are probably
several ways. Here's one way that calculates the difference between every date
and 2021-05-01 (i.e. the first date in the data). You get the difference as an integer,
which you can use instead of the date. This is the code:

Code

SELECT
shop,
date,
revenue_amount,
date - '2021_05_01' AS day_difference,
AVG(revenue_amount) OVER (
PARTITION BY shop
ORDER BY (date - '2021_05_01')
RANGE BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
) AS moving_avg
FROM revenue_per_shop;

I’ve intentionally included the column day_difference in the result so that you
understand the logic. I’ve used the same difference in the ORDER BY clause so that
I can use an integer with the RANGE clause. And the moving average is the same as
in the example above; see for yourself. (I’m showing only the first five rows to save
space.)

shop date revenue_amount day_difference moving_avg

Shop 1 2021-05-01 12,573.25 0 12,573.25

Shop 1 2021-05-02 14,388.14 1 13,480.70

Shop 1 2021-05-03 9,845.29 2 12,116.72

Shop 1 2021-05-04 11,500.63 3 10,672.96

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shop date revenue_amount day_difference moving_avg

Shop 1 2021-05-05 9,634.56 4 10,567.60

Example 3 – Find the Last Value

Within a Range
This use of the RANGE clause allows you to find the last value within a defined
range. For example, using the table revenue_by_shop , I can get the last value for
every shop separately. The last value, in this case, means the last data available,
which is the revenue for 2021-05-15. How do you get that data?

By using the RANGE clause, of course:

Code

SELECT
shop,
date,
revenue_amount,
LAST_VALUE(revenue_amount) OVER (
PARTITION BY shop
ORDER BY date
RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
) AS last_value
FROM revenue_per_shop;

The window function I’ve used this time is LAST_VALUE() . Once again, I’m using it
on the column revenue_amount . I’ve partitioned the data by shop, same as before.
And I ordered it by date, again the same as before. To get the last value, I used
RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING . Remember, the
default range with the ORDER BY clause is RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND
CURRENT ROW . If you don’t change it, you’ll get the wrong result. The right result is:

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shop date revenue_amount last_value

Shop 1 2021-05-01 12,573.25 19,874.26

Shop 1 2021-05-02 14,388.14 19,874.26

Shop 1 2021-05-03 9,845.29 19,874.26

Shop 1 2021-05-04 11,500.63 19,874.26

Shop 1 2021-05-05 9,634.56 19,874.26

Shop 1 2021-05-06 11,248.33 19,874.26

Shop 1 2021-05-07 14,448.65 19,874.26

Shop 1 2021-05-08 6,874.23 19,874.26

Shop 1 2021-05-09 9,784.33 19,874.26

Shop 1 2021-05-10 12,235.50 19,874.26

Shop 1 2021-05-11 14,800.65 19,874.26

Shop 1 2021-05-12 18,845.69 19,874.26

Shop 1 2021-05-13 13,250.69 19,874.26

Shop 1 2021-05-14 17,784.25 19,874.26

Shop 1 2021-05-15 19,874.26 19,874.26

Shop 2 2021-05-01 11,348.22 15,489.36

Shop 2 2021-05-02 18,847.54 15,489.36

Shop 2 2021-05-03 14,574.56 15,489.36

Shop 2 2021-05-04 16,897.21 15,489.36

Shop 2 2021-05-05 14,255.87 15,489.36

Shop 2 2021-05-06 21,489.22 15,489.36

Shop 2 2021-05-07 15,517.22 15,489.36

Shop 2 2021-05-08 12,500.00 15,489.36

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shop date revenue_amount last_value

Shop 2 2021-05-09 15,321.89 15,489.36

Shop 2 2021-05-10 22,222.22 15,489.36

Shop 2 2021-05-11 5,894.12 15,489.36

Shop 2 2021-05-12 9,966.66 15,489.36

Shop 2 2021-05-13 4,987.56 15,489.36

Shop 2 2021-05-14 12,567.45 15,489.36

Shop 2 2021-05-15 15,489.36 15,489.36

Example 4 – Find the Number

of Items Within a Range
Here's another fun and useful way to use the RANGE clause. How would you find
the number of times the daily revenue for any shop was between 1,000 (dollars,
euros…) below and above its current value?

This code might help:

Code

SELECT
shop,
date,
revenue_amount,
COUNT(*) OVER (
ORDER BY revenue_amount ASC
RANGE BETWEEN 1000 PRECEDING AND 1000 FOLLOWING
) AS number_of_days
FROM revenue_per_shop;

I’m using the COUNT() window function. Since I’m not interested in separating the
revenue by shops, there’s no PARTITION BY . The counting will be performed in
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ascending order according to the revenue amount. The range is defined by RANGE
BETWEEN 1000 PRECEDING AND 1000 FOLLOWING .

Here’s what the code will return:

shop date revenue_amount number_of_days

Shop 2 2021-05-13 4,987.56 2

Shop 2 2021-05-11 5,894.12 3

Shop 1 2021-05-08 6,874.23 2

Shop 1 2021-05-05 9,634.56 4

Shop 1 2021-05-09 9,784.33 4

Shop 1 2021-05-03 9,845.29 4

Shop 2 2021-05-12 9,966.66 4

Shop 1 2021-05-06 11,248.33 4

Shop 2 2021-05-01 11,348.22 4

Shop 1 2021-05-04 11,500.63 5

Shop 1 2021-05-10 12,235.50 7

Shop 2 2021-05-08 12,500.00 6

Shop 2 2021-05-14 12,567.45 5

Shop 1 2021-05-01 12,573.25 5

Shop 1 2021-05-13 13,250.69 4

Shop 2 2021-05-05 14,255.87 5

Shop 1 2021-05-02 14,388.14 6

Shop 1 2021-05-07 14,448.65 6

Shop 2 2021-05-03 14,574.56 8

Shop 1 2021-05-11 14,800.65 8

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shop date revenue_amount number_of_days

Shop 2 2021-05-09 15,321.89 7

Shop 2 2021-05-15 15,489.36 5

Shop 2 2021-05-07 15,517.22 5

Shop 2 2021-05-04 16,897.21 2

Shop 1 2021-05-14 17,784.25 2

Shop 1 2021-05-12 18,845.69 2

Shop 2 2021-05-02 18,847.54 2

Shop 1 2021-05-15 19,874.26 1

Shop 2 2021-05-06 21,489.22 2

Shop 2 2021-05-10 22,222.22 2

Let me explain what this result tells you. If you take the first row, the result in the
column number_of_days is 2. There are two instances where the revenue is
between 3,987.56 and 5,987.56. Why this range? The revenue for 2021-05-13 is
4,987.56. So 4,987.56 - 1,000 = 3,987.56 and 4,987.56 + 1,000 = 5,987.56. Do you
want to check the result? Which two instances are between this range? Obviously,
the first two:

shop date revenue_amount number_of_days

Shop 2 2021-05-13 4,987.56 2

Shop 2 2021-05-11 5,894.12 3

Do you want to check the second line? It says there are three instances between
4,894.12 and 6,894.12 – these three:

shop date revenue_amount number_of_days

Shop 2 2021-05-13 4,987.56 2

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shop date revenue_amount number_of_days

Shop 2 2021-05-11 5,894.12 3

Shop 1 2021-05-08 6,874.23 2

The same logic applies to the rest of the data.

Example 5 – Find the Maximum

Value
This is not as simple as it may seem; I'm not talking about the common maximum
value. To find that, you wouldn't need the RANGE clause. But how about finding the
maximum value (or revenue, in this case) across five days? Those five days will
include the current date, up to three days before that, and one day after the current
date. You probably already know the logic after all these examples of RANGE
usage. Here's my solution:

Code

SELECT
shop,
date,
revenue_amount,
MAX(revenue_amount) OVER (
ORDER BY DATE
RANGE BETWEEN INTERVAL '3' DAY PRECEDING AND INTERVAL '1' DAY FOLLOWING
) AS max_revenue
FROM revenue_per_shop;

I’m using the MAX() function as a window function. Yet again, I’m using it with the
column revenue_amount . There is no PARTITION BY in the OVER() clause because
I’m not interested in separating data on any level. Defining the range is not that
difficult: RANGE BETWEEN INTERVAL '3' DAY PRECEDING AND INTERVAL '1' DAY
FOLLOWING . This will include the current date, three days before it, and one day
after it. Here’s the result:

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shop date revenue_amount max_revenue

Shop 1 2021-05-01 12,573.25 18,847.54

Shop 2 2021-05-01 11,348.22 18,847.54

Shop 1 2021-05-02 14,388.14 18,847.54

Shop 2 2021-05-02 18,847.54 18,847.54

Shop 1 2021-05-03 9,845.29 18,847.54

Shop 2 2021-05-03 14,574.56 18,847.54

Shop 1 2021-05-04 11,500.63 18,847.54

Shop 2 2021-05-04 16,897.21 18,847.54

Shop 1 2021-05-05 9,634.56 21,489.22

Shop 2 2021-05-05 14,255.87 21,489.22

Shop 1 2021-05-06 11,248.33 21,489.22

Shop 2 2021-05-06 21,489.22 21,489.22

Shop 2 2021-05-07 15,517.22 21,489.22

Shop 1 2021-05-07 14,448.65 21,489.22

Shop 2 2021-05-08 12,500.00 21,489.22

Shop 1 2021-05-08 6,874.23 21,489.22

Shop 2 2021-05-09 15,321.89 22,222.22

Shop 1 2021-05-09 9,784.33 22,222.22

Shop 1 2021-05-10 12,235.50 22,222.22

Shop 2 2021-05-10 22,222.22 22,222.22

Shop 1 2021-05-11 14,800.65 22,222.22

Shop 2 2021-05-11 5,894.12 22,222.22

Shop 2 2021-05-12 9,966.66 22,222.22

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shop date revenue_amount max_revenue

Shop 1 2021-05-12 18,845.69 22,222.22

Shop 1 2021-05-13 13,250.69 22,222.22

Shop 2 2021-05-13 4,987.56 22,222.22

Shop 1 2021-05-14 17,784.25 19,874.26

Shop 2 2021-05-14 12,567.45 19,874.26

Shop 2 2021-05-15 15,489.36 19,874.26

Shop 1 2021-05-15 19,874.26 19,874.26

Let's check the result for 2021-05-05 – marked in pink. The range is marked in
yellow. To get the maximum revenue in that range, SQL will compare values:
14,388.14, 18,847.54, 9,845.29, 14,574.56, 11,500.63, 16,897.21, 9,634.56, 14,255.87,
11,248.33, 21,489.22. Which one is the highest? It's 21,489.22.

After learning how to find maximum value using the RANGE clause, I've reached the
maximum number of examples intended for this article. If you want more window
functions examples, you can always read this article.

RANGE Really Does Have Quite

a Range of Uses, Doesn't it?
I think these five examples show you a good range of the RANGE clause's
possibilities. It's not all you can do with it. Its use depends on the data you have
and probably a little bit of imagination. This clause is not talked about very often,
which is a shame. I advise everybody to learn it. It could save you time spent
creating workaround solutions. The RANGE clause is elegant and really not very
complicated.

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Where can you learn about RANGE? In our Window Functions course, of course.
You'll not only learn the RANGE clause, but every aspect of the window functions.
Or you can use the course to practice your SQL skills. If you want to find out more,
this article will tell you everything about the course and what it offers.

Tags: Sql Learn Sql Window Functions RANGE

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