Scribd
Upload
421 views2 pages

ADM Unit 1

The document outlines the syllabus for a database systems course, covering topics such as database concepts, normalization techniques, and data modeling. It includes key definitions, relational models, and query languages, along with essential database objects. Additionally, it references several textbooks for further reading on the subject.

Uploaded by

prem k
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
421 views2 pages

ADM Unit 1

The document outlines the syllabus for a database systems course, covering topics such as database concepts, normalization techniques, and data modeling. It includes key definitions, relational models, and query languages, along with essential database objects. Additionally, it references several textbooks for further reading on the subject.

Uploaded by

prem k
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

UNIT-I

Syllabus:

Introduction: Concepts and Definitions, Relational models, Data Modeling


and Query Languages, Database Objects. Normalization Techniques:
Functional Dependency, 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF; Multi valued Dependency;
Loss-less Join and Dependency Preservation.

Text Books:
[1] Fundamentals of Database Systems, RamezElmasri, Shamkant B. Navathe,
Addison-Wesley,6th edition-
[2] Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques, J. Han and M. Kamber, Morgan
Kaufmann C.J. Date, Database Systems, Pearson, 3 rd edition-
[3] Principles of Distributed Database Systems, Prentice Hall, P. Valduriez, M.
TamerOzsu 3rd edition- 2000
[4] Database systems: Design, implementation and Management, C.M. Coronel,
S. Morris, P. Rob, Boston: Cengage Learning,9 th edition-2011
Abbreviations
NN: Neural Network
DC: Direct Current

1.1 Introduction
In this
1.2 Concepts and Definitions,
Database
 A database is an organized collection of data that allows for easy access, management,
and updating.
 Examples: Relational Databases, NoSQL Databases, Data Warehouses.
Database Management System (DBMS)
 A DBMS is software that interacts with the database, applications, and end-users to
capture and analyze data.
 Examples: MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, MongoDB.
Key Concepts
 Data: Raw facts and figures.
 Information: Processed data with meaning.
 Schema: Structure of the database.
 Instance: Snapshot of data at a particular moment.

1.3 Relational models,


Definition
 Proposed by E.F. Codd in 1970.
 Represents data using tables (relations) consisting of rows (tuples) and columns (attributes).
Key Components
1. Relation: A table with rows and columns.
2. Tuple: A single row in a table.
3. Attribute: A column in a table.
4. Domain: Set of permissible values for an attribute.
5. Primary Key: Uniquely identifies each tuple.
6. Foreign Key: Establishes a relationship between two tables.
Relational Integrity Constraints
1. Domain Constraint: Attribute values must be within the defined domain.
2. Key Constraint: Every row must be uniquely identifiable (Primary Key).
3. Entity Integrity Constraint: Primary key value cannot be NULL.
4. Referential Integrity Constraint: Ensures foreign keys match a primary key in the referenced
table.
1.4 Data Modeling and Query Languages,
Data Modeling
 Data Modeling is the process of creating a data model for the data to be stored in a database.
 ER (Entity-Relationship) Model:
o Entity: Object with a physical or conceptual existence (e.g., Student, Course).
o Attribute: Property of an entity (e.g., Name, Age).
o Relationship: Association between entities (e.g., Enrolled In).
Query Languages
 SQL (Structured Query Language): Widely used for querying relational databases.
 Types of SQL Commands:
1. DDL (Data Definition Language): CREATE, ALTER, DROP.
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language): SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.
3. DCL (Data Control Language): GRANT, REVOKE.
4. TCL (Transaction Control Language): COMMIT, ROLLBACK.
 Relational Algebra: Procedural query language with operators like SELECT, PROJECT, JOIN,
UNION, INTERSECTION, DIFFERENCE.
1.5 Database Objects.
1. Tables: Store data in rows and columns.
2. Views: Virtual tables based on query results.
3. Indexes: Improve query performance.
4. Sequences: Generate unique numbers.
5. Stored Procedures: Predefined SQL code that can be executed.
6. Triggers: Automatic execution of SQL in response to events.

1.6 Normalization Techniques:


What is Normalization?
 Normalization is the process of organizing data to reduce redundancy and improve data
integrity.
 Goal: Minimize data redundancy and ensure data consistency.
1.7 Functional Dependency,
 An FD occurs when one attribute in a relation uniquely determines another attribute.
 Notation: If A → B, then B is functionally dependent on A.
1.8 1NF,

1. First Normal Form (1NF)


 Ensures atomicity of data (no repeating groups or arrays).
 Each cell contains a single value.
Example: Non-1NF Table
StudentID Name Courses
101 John Math, Science
102 Jane History, Math
Converted to 1NF
StudentID Name Course
101 John Math
101 John Science
102 Jane History
102 Jane Math

You might also like