𝑉𝐸𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑅𝑆 1

𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 (𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑡𝑐

 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟
 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦
 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠.

 𝐴𝐵 𝑜𝑟 𝑎Ԧ ∶ 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤

 𝐴𝐵 𝑜𝑟𝑎ത ∶ 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑟

 𝑨𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝒂 ∶ 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒃𝒐𝒍𝒅 𝒍𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈

 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

 𝑖 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

 𝐵

 𝑎Ԧ

 𝐴
 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝐴𝐵 𝑜𝑟 𝑎Ԧ
 The arrow shows the direction of the vector that from point A to point B
 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠(𝑐𝑡𝑑)

 𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝑙𝑔𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒

2
 𝐴𝐵=
−1

 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚

 𝐴𝐵= 𝑎Ԧ − 𝑏
 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
 𝐵

 𝑎Ԧ

 𝐴
 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝐴𝐵 𝑜𝑟 𝑎Ԧ
 The arrow shows the direction of the vector that from point A to point B
 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

2 0
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝Ԧ = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞Ԧ = . 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔:
−1 1
𝑝+
Ԧ 𝑞Ԧ

2 𝑞Ԧ ∶ ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟.

2 𝑞-
Ԧ 𝑝Ԧ
 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝑝Ԧ + 𝑞Ԧ 2 𝑞Ԧ 2 𝑞Ԧ − 𝑝Ԧ

2 0 0 0 2
= + =2 =2 −
−1 1 1 1 −1

2 0 0 2
= = = −
0 2 2 −1

−2
 =
4
 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

x
 𝑇= y
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡&𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡.



 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
1
 𝐴𝐵 =
2

−2
 𝐶𝐷 =
−2

1
 𝐸𝐹 =
0

−1 0
 𝐺𝐻 = 𝐼𝐽 =
−1 2
 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠.

 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒.
 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙.

 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑓

2 2
 𝑢= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣Ԧ =
−1 −1

 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑣Ԧ

 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚

 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑣Ԧ

 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜.
 𝑁𝐵. 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙.
 𝐼𝑛 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙.
 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠
6 3
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣Ԧ =
−2 −1

3
𝑢=2
−1

𝑢 = 2𝑣Ԧ
Therefore 𝑢 and 𝑣Ԧ are parallel vectors
also 𝑢 is 2 times bigger than 𝑣Ԧ
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠.
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠.

2 −2
𝐺𝐻 = 𝐼𝐽 =
3 −3
 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠
2
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐺𝐻 = . 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝐺.
3
 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 𝐻𝐺. = − 𝐺𝐻

2
 𝐻𝐺. = −
3

−2
 =
−3
 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒/𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒/𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠/𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ/𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
x
 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑦 . 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 .

 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

3
 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴𝐵 = . 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝐵 = 32 + 42
4
 = 9 + 16
 = 25
 =5
 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑃𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚)

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝐵 = 32 + 42
= 9 + 16
= 25
=5
 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 = 1

1
 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝐵 =
1

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝐵 = 12 + 12
= 1+1
= 1
=1
 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛 0; 0 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒.
 𝑂𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐵 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠.
 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛 0; 0
 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒.
 𝐴𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟.
 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴

 B
 BB
 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

3
 𝑂𝐴 =
1

4
 𝑂𝐵 =
3

 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴

4 3
 = −
3 1
1
 =
2
 𝑀𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

4
 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐺𝐻 = . 𝐼𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝐻.
−6

1
 𝐺𝑀 = 𝐺𝐻
2

1 4
 =
2 −6

2
 =
−3
𝑀𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

 𝑀𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝐸𝑁𝐷
𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝐼𝐿𝐸𝐷 𝐵𝑌 𝑊𝐴𝐿𝑇𝐸𝑅 𝐵𝐴𝑈𝐷𝐸