Things to remember

. Domain
9 -
What are the values of X that will make the denominator be O ? DON'T SIMPLIFY !
b Range
.
-
this is the last step
.

.
c Vertical Asymptote
-

Simplify the function first before Finding X that will make the denominator be 0 .

. Horizontal Asymptole
d -
Follow the two cases .
The third cast is oblique asymptote
.

.
e X-intercept -

Simplify the
function first before Finding X that will make the numerator be 0 .

at the constants of both numerator and denominator then divide it

- .
y-intercept-look .

prepared by Mr. Christian John S Awayan

:
.

Reviewed by : Anthony Carmelo 1 Pingle (STEM 11-BOREL) .

Yedijah F Pullano (STEM 11-BOREL) .

f(x)
1
x f(x)
=
=
. 5 .

9 Domain : D :
EXEIRIX + 4
EXER/XF0Y
.

9. Domain : D =

X -4
Vertical Asymptole
:
.
c
=

Vertical Asymptole X 0
:
c
y /
=
case 2
. Horizontal
d Asymptote
:
. :

Horizontal 0 I
Asymptote y
:
d
=
case
.

e .
X-intercept (3 :
-

, 07
e .
X-intercept none :

f -
Y-Intercepti (0 , )
f Y-Intercept : none
R SytRlyF13
b Range
.
=
:

Range R EYERly FOY

.

b : =
.

f(x)
=
·int
6 .

Note :

9. Domain : D =
[xtIR1x+ 23

Asymptole
2
Vertical : X =

L c .

2 case 2
Horizontal
Asymptote
:
y
=

d
f(x) 1
.

=
2
X-intercept (-2, 07
.

e :

X-3
.

f Y-Intercepti (0 , -2)
EXER/X + 33
-

9. Domain : D =

R CytRly + 23
Range
=

b .
:

X 3
Vertical Asymptole
: =
.
c

. Horizontal 0 I
Asymptote y
:
d = case

e X-intercept
.
none :
7. f(x)
:
- y-intercept
f
10. -3) : -

9. Domain EXERIX* &3

: D= -

+0 Y
b .
Range :
R =
CytR/y .
c Vertical Asymptole X - : =

3 f(x) =
d . Horizontal
Asymptote
:
y
=
& case 2

X-intercept ( 5 0
.

e
-
:
,
X-2
.

f Y-Intercepti 10 , 5)
Domain D EXEIRIX + 23
-

9. : =

R Eyely + 3 =

b Range :

Asymptole
.

c .
Vertical : X=2

Horizontal
Asymptote y / 2
:
d :
case
f(x) =
.

.
8
e .
X-intercept 10 07 :
,
2x-7
f -
Y-Intercepti 10 0 ,
9. Domain EXEIR/X + &Y
: D =

R <yarly + 13
b Range : =

Vertical Asymptole X :*
.
:
.
c
Horizontal Asymptote y - case 2
:
.
d
=

4 f(x)
= e .
X-intercept : (-1, 07
9. Domain :
D = EXERIX 13 +
f -
Y-Intercepti -E
10
X 1 R Cytrly + z3
Vertical Asymptole
=
:
.
c b Range
=
:
.

/ case 2
. Horizontal Asymptote y
=
:
d
e .
X-intercept 1 1 07 :
-

f -
Y-Intercepti 10, -17
b .
Range R <YER/y + 13
: =
 =
f(x)
.
9 [see method 2 on next pase]
..... ------------- ,

...
Domain D EXER/X # #13 In next examples will not determine

Note
9. : =

,
we
X = -1
Vertical Asymptole X 1
range of a function if there is
:
c the
=
.
or

Horizontal 0
Asymptote either the numerator
:
d y
=
. a
degree of 2 in

.
e X-intercept none : or denominator .
L
- ----

10
- -

.......
, -17
-

f -
Y-Intercepti
b .
Range R: =

SytIR/y=-1 or
yo]
Let's perform sign test
METHOD 1 In
Finding the range : .

The steps are similar in

solving rational inequality
.

Step 2 :
cntical
Find points of f(x) :
·
The critical points are X 1 and =
X = -1

By the
way ,
entical points or numbers numbers that
are

will make the numerator or denominator be 0 .

Step 3: Construct a number line and plot the cutical numbers

! :
04
1O
-
I I

i "
Step 4 Assign any number in each interval
:

Use ↓
X2-1 ! :
1004
-
2 -
I ⑧ I 2

- ii
# -
·
Note the means above X-axis (yoes up
(goes down)
=>

means below X-axis

Step 5: Now , use all information to

graph the
Function
.
X + =
X=/
* X -

·i
·
X
=>
① Graph the vertical
asymptotes
② Graph horizontal asymptote
the

③ No X-intercept
0 G Plot the y-intercept
y
=

x Y
10 , -1) bottom to top
·
What is
range ? Look at the .

↓
It can be observed that the range is above the O
and below-1 Hence the range can be written
.

as R:
SyHR/ y = -1 or
yjoy
X/
↓
Y
-1 exists
becaus in
y-intercept
METHOD 2 : We will use discriminant,
polynomial inequality and Finding the inverse

STEP 1 :Solve the disculminant STEP 2 : Use the polynomial inequality

+ + We know that
- solution
·
f(x) =
=>
y
=
·

1
-
-
XP-1 X2-1 - Y
(X a)(X b) 20 b
y(x2-1) 1 by cross-multiply
-
=
d
-

and Gilid
·

yX2-y-1 =
0 Expand and form
a quadratic equation. solution
1
-
Use the discriminatet to find y (x a)(X b) =0
b
-
-
·

·
Use b2-yacIO because we
may
Ta
have two irrational and equal y-values Gitna
·
a y (cefficient of XX)
=

b 0 I since there's no X
= ·

obviously ,
we will follow the
form (x-a) (x-b) 20 ·

constant or wo x)
c=
-y -1 (the
·
b2-yac
# -

↓ ↓ ·
However , we don't know if -1 is hollow
·
02 -

4y( y 1) - -
20 or shaded and same goes for .
0
,

Let's Find out which oneIs hollow or shaded

,
#
thy
10
·
As

T
2
e y +
y 20
y(y +1)20 STEP 3 : Find the inverse (x in terms of y)
01y H 0 1
= =

y · f(x) :

I
X2-
y=
y:
·

·
In a number line X--
X-1
t
· =

1) *
x
+y +
=
·
-

X
Y
· =

obviously , If y =
0
,
then it will become undefined .

If y = -1 ,
then it's a real number , specifically 0 .

·
O Is hollow and -1 is shaded

-
= ⑧
·

Therefore
the range is C-B , -1]U(0 , 3) .

In set builder we have

,
R SYAR/y = -1 or
=
yjoy
 f(x)
= 12 f(x) :

10 .
.

f(x) = f(x) +
· : 2 :
:

( + 2)(x+ 3) X+3
9. Domain :
D =
[XEIR1X + 123
c .
Vertical Asymptole
:
X= 2 or X= -2 9. Domain : D =
<XEIR(X * -
2
, -33
Horizontal 0
Asymptote
:
d X -3
Asymptole
=
.
y .
c Vertical : =

X-intercept (-1 0) 0 case

=
.
e :
, d . Horizontal
Asymptote
:
y
f -
Y-Intercepti , -4)
10 e .
X-intercept none :

f -
Y-Intercepti 10 , 5)
f(x) R CyEir/y + 0 , 13
11 Range
ext
b :
: =
.
.

Curie & Darwin

Check what real numbers are excluded in range

.

·
·
If y = 0 ,
then solve X .
·
y :, use the restrictions
in the domain , that is X =-3 -2
y
·
=
,
3
·
If X= -3
,
then it is undefined
0 I
:3"
:
·
·
If X= -2 , then
X +3
+ (x)
f(x) +
.

= = =
· It shows -1 is not in .
range
x +5) X72 ·
0= 1
False
9. Domain : D :
<XEIRIX F -2 -53 ,
It shows O not in the
·
is

Vertical Asymptole x = -2
:
c .

range
Horizontal 0 case ?
Asymptote y
:
d
:
.

X-intercept none
13
.
e :

f -
Y-Intercepti 10 , 2)
b .
Range R : =
< y try + 0 - , +(x) =
x+
X+ 4

Note : Let's check why y

: 0
, are not
9. Domain : D =
<XEIR1x.* 43 -

This is
part of the range Vertical Asymptole none
a :
. c .

removable
function. . Horizontal
d Asymptote
: none
,
oblique asymptote : none

Check : If y: 0 , then solve X Check: Use x=

-
5 to determine .
e X-intercept 1 3 07 : -

another y that is excluded in (0, 3)

·
f(x) :
1 fY-Intercepti
-

X+ 2 the range R= <y EIR/y + 13

bRange : -

0 1 f(x) 1
Finding the range
· :
· :

X+2 X+2
Since
·
X*-3 , use
-

3 to also Find the restriction in the

0= 1
1
·

y
·

range
.
=

False -
572
+Y
y
· =
X
·

y
=
-

- ·

y
= -
3 +4

·
It shows -- is not in the range
y
:
/

Nhmpcn
............. - --

the
determine range .

------
 x + 3x + f(x) 3
14, f(x) 16
= =
.

X+ 1 3x2Hix+6
·
+(x) = +)(x + 1)
:
) f(x) 2x+1 =
· f(x) =
f(x) 1 :

->
X +1
(3x +2)(x +3) 3x+2

9. Domain : D :
EXERIX + -13 9 .
Domain : D [xtIR/x + 31 3Y
=
-
-

C .
Vertical Asymptole
: none
.
c Vertical Asymptole
: x=
-

>
Horizontal oblique asymptote y 0
Asymptote
: : =
d .
none
,
none
d . Horizontal
Asymptote
:

X-intercept 1 1 , 0)
X-intercept none
-

e .
:
e .
:

f -
Y-Intercepti 10 1) , f -
Y-Intercept : 10,2)
b Range R SyER/y + -13
Range R <yar /y + 0 EY
:
b
= = -
:
.
. ,

Finding the range Finding the range .

·
Use the restriction in the domain , which is X= -1 ; to ·
It is obviously y 0 · See example 11 .

determine the restriction of the range

.
·
Use the restrictions of domain , X
=
-E and X= -3 ,

:
2x + 1 to determine the restriction of range
y
·

·
y
=
2 (n + / ·
If X =
-E ,
it is undefined .

y
= -
2+ 1 ·
If X = -
3
,
then
y : : -E 2 2
:
.

-1
y
· =

·
It shows -E is excluded in the
range .

15 . f(x) :

x+6
f(x)
A .

:
f(x) +
f(x):
=

)
·

2x+3
9 .
Domain :
D = <XIXEIRY

9 .
Domain : D EXER/X= = -

2 -2)
,
c .
Vertical Asymptole
: none

0
Asymptole -I Horizontal
Asymptote y
: =
X
Vertical d
=
:
.
c .

d . Horizontal
Asymptote
:
y
=
0 e .
X-intercept 10 0 :
,

f 10, 0)
e .
X-intercept none : -
Y-Intercept :

10 , 5)
f
Y-Intercepti
-

b Range R Gy ER /y + 0 , -13 18 f(x)

:
=
: .

Finding the range .

·
Use the restrictions of the domain ,
X= -E and X= -2 , 9. Domain : D= <XIXERY
to determine the restrictions of the range
Asymptole
none
c .
Vertical :

·
If X =

-3 ,
then it is undefined .

d . Horizontal
Asymptote
:
y
= z

e .
X-intercept 10 07 : ,

If X =
-2, then y
:
- + - + f -
-Intercept : 10 , 0)
2(-27 + 3
-

473

It shows that 1 not in the 19 and 20 f(x) =

·
is
range .
·

&
See example 11 2x H
· Note that
yo . .

9 .
Domain : D =
EXIXEIRY
Vertical Asymptole none
:
c .

Horizontal oblique asymptote y-2x

Asymptote
:
:
d .
none ,

e X-intercept
100
:
.

f -
Y-Intercepti
4)
25 . f(x) =
ext
X- 2

9 .
Domain : D= EXERIX + 2Y
Vertical Asymptole x= 2
:
.
c

9. Domain : D =
[xEIR/X+ 0 23 , d . Horizontal Asymptote
: none

X -2 3
Asymptole oblique asymptote
0 :
Vertical or X
:
: X= y
= -

C .

d .

Asymptote y 4 case
Horizontal : = 2 e .
X-intercept :
10) and
e .
X-intercept 10) and 1-10) : Finding x-intercepts of X2-5X +
5 = 0 .

f .
Y-Intercepti none ·
Since there are no two numbers that will have

then
a
product of 5
and a sum
of
-5
,

f(x) -x -3x
+5
quadratic formula.
:
22 .
use

X2-X- 2 ·
x2-5X+5 =
0

- 3x + 5 a =
1
·
f(x) :

(X -

2)(x+ 1) b =
-
5

9 Domain : D: G X HR/X + -
1
, 23 2= 5

:
.

2 X = -/
Vertical Asymptole X
:
=
or ·
X
c
2(1)
.
, 2

Horizontal y
:
2
Asymptote
:
d .

J
Y: 20
X-intercept none
-
e .
:
2

f .
y-intercept : 10 , :)
The
·
x-intercepts are
Xi and Xc :
23 . f(x) : 2x+ 7

2x1 + 10 , -)
f .
y-intercept :
9. Domain : D =
EX/XEIR3
f(x) <x2
5x + 1
Vertical Asymptole none ·
26
=
:
-

c .

zz X 3
-

d Horizontal
Asymptote
:
y
=
.

e .
X-intercept none :
·
f(x) is already in simplest Form
(0 , 7)
f -
Y-Intercepti
9 .
Domain : D =
<X EIR(X+33
Vertical Asymptole X 3
=
:
.
c

- Asymptote none oblique asymptote

f(x) d Horizontal : :
2x+1
y
= =
24· .

e .
X-intercept ( 0) and (F ) :
, ,

+(x) (x+) f 10, -5)

Y-Intercepti
=
=

f(x)
·

= .

(x 3)(X 3)
+ -

9 .
Domain : D =
[ XEIR(x+ 1 37 27 · -Yx- 15
f(x) =
X Y
Vertical Asymptole X 3
-

: =
c .

. Horizontal Asymptote y / f(x) =

5)(2x + 3) already reduced
:
:
d ·
in form
X-intercept 1-1 0) X 4
-

e .
: ,

f -
Y-Intercepti (0 , 3) 9 .
Domain : D= < X ER/ x+ 43
R <YER1y + 1 53 4
Range Vertical Asymptole x=
= :
b .
:
, .
c

Asymptote none , oblique asymptote

:
4x+12
. Horizontal
d :
y
=

to find the range , see examples 11 to 16 e X-intercept (10) and 1-2,0)

.
:

f -Intercept
.
(0 , ) :
 20 .
f(x) :
· f(x)
32
:
X-Y
3 X2-16

[ XAIR) XF3] =
Domain
=E
9 D= ·
+x
f(x)
:
.

Vertical Asymptole X 3 (X +y)(X 4)

-
: =
c .

Horizontal 0 case
Asymptote
=
d .
:
y
e .
X-intercept none :
9. Domain : D =
EXER/X + 14 Y
f y-intercept : 1 0 -5) Vertical Asymptole X 4
=
:
-
.

. c .

Range R Cytirly + ol Horizontal y

=
I z

Asymptote
: case
b d
=
:
. .

e .
X-intercept (1 , 07 :

29 · f(x) =
f .
Y-Intercepti 10 , 4)
2
b .
Range : R < y Erly = + 1 ,Y
9 .
Domain :
D :
<XAR/XF-2]
c .
Vertical Asymptole
: X= -2 to find range ,
use
: see examples 11 to 16.
Asymptote y 0
Horizontal I
: =
d .
case

e X-intercept none
.
:

10 , )
f y-intercept f(x)
:
:
-
33 .

b Range .
R 5 YER1 yoY : =

30 .
f(x) :
9 .
Domain : D =
[ XEIR/XF2Y
x
-

y .
c Vertical Asymptole
: X :
3
2 case I
y
=

d . Horizontal
Asymptote
:

+= #
e .
X-intercept 15 : , 07
f .
Y-Intercepti 10 5) ,

9. Domain : D =
[xEIRIX + -1 43 , b .
Range : R < yEly2} =

4 and -1
Asymptole X =
c .
Vertical · X=

Horizontal I
Asymptote y O
:
d .
:
case

f(x)
=
10 07
e .
X-intercept :
, 34 .

f .
Y-Intercepti (0 , 07
9 .
Domain :
D =
[XEIR/ XFI1Y
and X -1
f(x)
: Asymptole
Vertical X= 1
=
:
31 .
c .

Horizontal
Asymptote y /
: =

d .

e .
X-intercept 10 07 :
,

9 .
Domain : D :
ExtIRIXF-3] f -
y-intercept : 10 , 07
Vertical Asymptole X -3
:
c
=
.

Asymptote y /
Horizontal case 2
:
d
:

=
f(x) e
e X-intercept ( 7 0) 35
Ex
: -

. , ·

f .
Y-Intercepti 10 ,)
b .
Range R Sytr)y + 13
: =

/ext3((X
+W + 2)
already simplest for
=
in
·

is
To find range ,
see examples 4-8
.

9. Domain : D =
[XERIX + I5Y
X : 55 and X -55
Vertical Asymptole
: =

c .

Asymptote y =
Horizontal :
d .

.
e x-intercept 1-310) and : 1-2 0)
,

f .
-Intercept : 10 , 5)