Unit Y413 Modelling With Algorithms Sample Assessment Material
Unit Y413 Modelling With Algorithms Sample Assessment Material
Date – Morning/Afternoon
Time allowed: 1 hour 15 minutes
* 0 0 0 0 0 0 *
INSTRUCTIONS
• Use black ink. HB pencil may be used for graphs and diagrams only.
• Complete the boxes provided on the Printed Answer Booklet with your name, centre number and
candidate number.
• Answer all the questions.
• Write your answer to each question in the space provided in the Printed Answer Booklet.
Additional paper may be used if necessary but you must clearly show your candidate number,
centre number and question number(s).
• Do not write in the bar codes.
• You are permitted to use a scientific or graphical calculator in this paper.
• Final answers should be given to a degree of accuracy appropriate to the context.
INFORMATION
A
21
B
11 9 12
5
E 7
17 C
8 15
F 27 D
12
G
Fig. 1
Give
• your shortest path
and
• its length. [6]
2 The instructions labelled Step 10 to Step 90 below describe a bubble sort algorithm to sort 4 numbers.
Four students take a test. Ali scores 57, Bill scores 67, Cleo scores 43 and Debbie scores 73.
(i) Use this bubble sort algorithm to rearrange the individuals from alphabetical order into descending
order of their test scores. Record the names and scores in the order that they appear each time Step 70
is used. [3]
Ewan takes the test later, and his score of 60 is added to the list by comparing his score with the highest
score, then with the second highest, and so on, until it can be put in the correct place.
(ii) Determine how many comparisons were made in using the bubble sort in part (i) and then inserting
Ewan’s score into the list. [2]
(iii) Describe how to amend the instructions so they give a bubble sort for 5 numbers. [1]
(iv) The five students are listed in alphabetical order. How many comparisons are made when your
amended bubble sort is used to arrange their scores into descending order? You do not need to carry
out the bubble sort. [1]
3 An industrial process is represented by the network shown in Fig. 3. The diagram also shows the
precedences and durations, in minutes, for each activity, and the earliest event times for seven of the ten
events.
50
B(25)
E(10)
25
F(20)
A(15) C(5) 30 D(30)
0
I(10)
40 L(25)
G(25) H(15)
25
K(15)
J(10) 35
Fig. 3
(i) Find the minimum completion time for the process based on this information.
Identify
• the critical activities
and
• the total floats for the non-critical activities. [5]
Activities C and H need access to the same machine, so cannot happen simultaneously. Activities E and I
need to be undertaken by the same person, so cannot happen simultaneously.
(ii) Explain why the process cannot be completed in the minimum completion time you found in part (i).
[3]
(iii) Give a minimum completion time that takes these constraints into account. [1]
4 The table and the network in Fig. 4 represent the layout of cables joining nine junction boxes in a town; the
weights on the arcs and the values in the table are the lengths of the cables, in kilometres.
A B C D E F G H I
A 4 7 2
B 4 4 5
C 7 4 3 6
D 5 3
E 2 6 5
F 5 3 1
G 3 2 3
H 1 2 2
I 3 2
2 A
E
F 5
G 3
7
6
2 1 4
3 3
C
4
D
I 2 H
5 B
Fig. 4
Each month it costs £8 per kilometre to maintain the cables. Some of the cables are to be removed to save
maintenance costs. The network must remain connected.
(i) (A) Which cables should be removed to save the maximum amount of money per month on
maintenance? You should show sufficient working to make your reasoning clear. [5]
(B) What is the maximum amount of money which can be saved per month on maintenance? [1]
The cost of maintenance needs to be cut further. It is proposed to lay a new cable connecting the junction
boxes at D and H. This cable costs £200 to lay, is 2 km long, and has the same maintenance costs as the
other cables. When the new cable is laid, one or more of the old cables will be removed to obtain a further
reduction in maintenance costs.
(ii) How many months will it take before the further reduction in maintenance costs is greater than the
amount spent on laying the new cable? You should show sufficient working to support your reasoning.
[4]
The graph in Fig. 5 shows the feasible region for the problem.
y
(0, 4.5)
(1, 4)
(4, 2)
(5, 0)
x
O
Fig. 5
(i) Use the graph to solve the LP problem. [3]
Chetan solves the problem using the simplex algorithm. His final tableau is shown below.
P x y s1 s2 s3 RHS
1 7
1 0 0 0 0
6 3
3 1
0 0 0 1 − 1
4 4
1 3
0 1 0 0 − 4
4 4
1 1
0 0 1 0 − 2
2 2
(iii) (A) Perform another iteration using an entry in the s3 column as the pivot element. [2]
6 Virginia is setting up an airline. She has a capital budget of $500 million ($500m) to buy aeroplanes. The
capital budget cannot be used to pay running costs.
Large aeroplanes cost $18m each and have a capacity of 250 passengers. Large aeroplanes have fixed costs
of $3m each per year and variable costs of $2.90 per mile.
Medium aeroplanes cost $15m each and have a capacity of 200 passengers. Medium aeroplanes have fixed
costs of $3m each per year and variable costs of $2 per mile.
Small aeroplanes cost $12m each and have a capacity of 150 passengers. Small aeroplanes have fixed costs
of $1.5m each per year and variable costs of $2 per mile.
Virginia’s company will fly transatlantic routes and domestic routes. The average distances and demands
for these routes are as shown in the table below.
Distance Demand
(miles) (passengers per year)
Transatlantic 5000 1 000 000
Domestic 1000 2 250 000
Each aeroplane will fly for 300 days a year. Each aeroplane can make two transatlantic flights per day, or
four domestic flights per day.
Let NL be the number of large aeroplanes, TL the number of transatlantic flights per year using large
aeroplanes and DL the number of domestic flights per year using large aeroplanes. Use similar variables for
medium and small aeroplanes.
(i) Explain why the annual running cost of using large aeroplanes is given by
3 000 000 NL + 14 500 TL + 2900 DL. [3]
(ii) The inequality 0.5 TL + 0.25 DL 300 NL models the availability of large aeroplanes. What does
each side of the inequality represent? [2]
(iii) Virginia wishes to minimise her annual running cost. Formulate an LP to find how many aeroplanes of
each type Virginia should buy so that she can satisfy demand within her capital budget.
• For each type of aeroplane you will need an availability inequality.
• For each distance category you will need an inequality to ensure that there is sufficient capacity.
• You will need an inequality to ensure that the capital budget is not exceeded. [6]
Result: Solver found an integer solution within tolerance. All Constraints are satisfied.
Objective Cell (Min)
Original
Cell Name Final Value
Value
$K$6 objective 0 123845400
Variable Cells
Original
Cell Name Final Value Integer
Value
$B$5 NL 0 6 Integer
$C$5 TL 0 162 Integer
$D$5 DL 0 6876 Integer
$E$5 NM 0 8 Integer
$F$5 TM 0 4797 Integer
$G$5 DM 0 6 Integer
$H$5 NS 0 3 Integer
$I$5 TS 0 1 Integer
$J$5 DS 0 3532 Integer
Constraints
Cell Name Cell Value Formula Status Slack
availability Not
$K$10 -16.5 $K$10<=$L$10 16.5
3 Binding
Not
$K$11 capacity 1 1000050 $K$11>=$L$11 50
Binding
$K$12 capacity 2 2250000 $K$12>=$L$12 Binding 0
Not
$K$13 capital 264 $K$13<=$L$13 236
Binding
availability
$K$8 0 $K$8<=$L$8 Binding 0
1
availability
$K$9 0 $K$9<=$L$9 Binding 0
2
$B$5:$J$5=Integer
(iv) Interpret the output to advise Virginia how many aeroplanes of each type she should buy. [2]
Virginia uses the model and the output from the LP solver to set the price of tickets. She decides to set the
cost per mile at a lower rate for transatlantic flights than for domestic flights. She wishes her income from
tickets to be at least $25 million more than her annual running costs.
(vi) Showing your calculations, suggest what price she might charge for tickets on transatlantic and
domestic flights. [4]
© OCR 2025 Y413
10
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identify and contact all copyright holders whose work is used in this paper. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to
candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced in the OCR Copyright Acknowledgements booklet. This is produced for each
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MAXIMUM MARK 60
B10053/5.3
Y413 Mark Scheme June 20XX
Text Instructions
2
Y413 Mark Scheme June 20XX
a Annotations should be used whenever appropriate during your marking. The A, M and B annotations must be used on your standardisation scripts for
responses that are not awarded either 0 or full marks. It is vital that you annotate standardisation scripts fully to show how the marks have been awarded.
For subsequent marking you must make it clear how you have arrived at the mark you have awarded.
b An element of professional judgement is required in the marking of any written paper. Remember that the mark scheme is designed to assist in marking
incorrect solutions. Correct solutions leading to correct answers are awarded full marks but work must not be judged on the answer alone, and answers
that are given in the question, especially, must be validly obtained; key steps in the working must always be looked at and anything unfamiliar must be
investigated thoroughly. Correct but unfamiliar or unexpected methods are often signalled by a correct result following an apparently incorrect method.
Such work must be carefully assessed. When a candidate adopts a method which does not correspond to the mark scheme, escalate the question to your
Team Leader who will decide on a course of action with the Principal Examiner.
If you are in any doubt whatsoever you should contact your Team Leader.
c The following types of marks are available.
M
A suitable method has been selected and applied in a manner which shows that the method is essentially understood. Method marks are not usually lost
for numerical errors, algebraic slips or errors in units. However, it is not usually sufficient for a candidate just to indicate an intention of using some method
or just to quote a formula; the formula or idea must be applied to the specific problem in hand, e.g. by substituting the relevant quantities into the formula.
In some cases the nature of the errors allowed for the award of an M mark may be specified.
A
Accuracy mark, awarded for a correct answer or intermediate step correctly obtained. Accuracy marks cannot be given unless the associated Method mark
is earned (or implied). Therefore M0 A1 cannot ever be awarded.
B
Mark for a correct result or statement independent of Method marks.
Unless otherwise indicated, marks once gained cannot subsequently be lost, e.g. wrong working following a correct form of answer is ignored. Sometimes
this is reinforced in the mark scheme by the abbreviation isw. However, this would not apply to a case where a candidate passes through the correct
answer as part of a wrong argument.
d When a part of a question has two or more ‘method’ steps, the M marks are in principle independent unless the scheme specifically says otherwise; and
similarly where there are several B marks allocated. (The notation ‘dep*’ is used to indicate that a particular mark is dependent on an earlier, asterisked,
mark in the scheme.) Of course, in practice it may happen that when a candidate has once gone wrong in a part of a question, the work from there on is
worthless so that no more marks can sensibly be given. On the other hand, when two or more steps are successfully run together by the candidate, the
earlier marks are implied and full credit must be given.
e The abbreviation FT implies that the A or B mark indicated is allowed for work correctly following on from previously incorrect results. Otherwise, A and B
marks are given for correct work only – differences in notation are of course permitted. A (accuracy) marks are not given for answers obtained from
incorrect working. When A or B marks are awarded for work at an intermediate stage of a solution, there may be various alternatives that are equally
acceptable. In such cases, what is acceptable will be detailed in the mark scheme. If this is not the case please, escalate the question to your Team
3
Y413 Mark Scheme June 20XX
Leader who will decide on a course of action with the Principal Examiner.
Sometimes the answer to one part of a question is used in a later part of the same question. In this case, A marks will often be ‘follow through’. In such
cases you must ensure that you refer back to the answer of the previous part question even if this is not shown within the image zone. You may find it
easier to mark follow through questions candidate-by-candidate rather than question-by-question.
f Unless units are specifically requested, there is no penalty for wrong or missing units as long as the answer is numerically correct and expressed either in
SI or in the units of the question. (e.g. lengths will be assumed to be in metres unless in a particular question all the lengths are in km, when this would be
assumed to be the unspecified unit.) We are usually quite flexible about the accuracy to which the final answer is expressed; over-specification is usually
only penalised where the scheme explicitly says so. When a value is given in the paper only accept an answer correct to at least as many significant
figures as the given value. This rule should be applied to each case. When a value is not given in the paper accept any answer that agrees with the
correct value to 2 s.f. Follow through should be used so that only one mark is lost for each distinct accuracy error, except for errors due to premature
approximation which should be penalised only once in the examination.
g Rules for replaced work: if a candidate attempts a question more than once, and indicates which attempt he/she wishes to be marked, then examiners
should do as the candidate requests; if there are two or more attempts at a question which have not been crossed out, examiners should mark what
appears to be the last (complete) attempt and ignore the others. NB Follow these maths-specific instructions rather than those in the assessor handbook.
h For a genuine misreading (of numbers or symbols) which is such that the object and the difficulty of the question remain unaltered, mark according to the
scheme but following through from the candidate’s data. A penalty is then applied; 1 mark is generally appropriate, though this may differ for some papers.
This is achieved by withholding one A mark in the question. Marks designated as cao may be awarded as long as there are no other errors. E marks are
lost unless, by chance, the given results are established by equivalent working. ‘Fresh starts’ will not affect an earlier decision about a misread. Note that a
miscopy of the candidate’s own working is not a misread but an accuracy error.
i If a graphical calculator is used, some answers may be obtained with little or no working visible. Allow full marks for correct answers (provided, of course,
that there is nothing in the wording of the question specifying that analytical methods are required). Where an answer is wrong but there is some evidence
of method, allow appropriate method marks. Wrong answers with no supporting method score zero. If in doubt, consult your Team Leader.
j If in any case the scheme operates with considerable unfairness consult your Team Leader.
k Anything in the mark scheme which is in square brackets […] is not required for the mark to be earned on this occasion, but shows what a complete
solution might look like
4
Y413 Mark Scheme June 20XX
AEBD B1 1.1
27 B1 1.1
[6]
2 (i) e.g. starting from left with smaller moving right:
5
Y413 Mark Scheme June 20XX
80 80
0 0
H(15) 40 45 I(10) L(25)
G(25)
25 25 50 55
J(10) K(15)
35 40
6
Y413 Mark Scheme June 20XX
D
I 2 H B
7
Y413 Mark Scheme June 20XX
[3]
5 (ii) 7 B1 1.1
P=
3
…. at (4, 2) B1 1.1
s1 = 1 s2 = s3 = 0 B1 1.1
[3]
5 (iii) (A) M1 1.1 pivot and pivot row
P x y s1 s2 s3 RHS
1 0 0 0 1 0 7
6 3
0 0 0 4 −3 1 4
0 0 1 2 −1 0 4
0 1 0 −3 2 0 1
A1 1.1 rest
[2]
8
Y413 Mark Scheme June 20XX
[6]
6 (iv) Virginia should buy 6 large planes, 8 medium planes and 3 small planes. B1 3.4
Her annual running costs will be $123 845 400 B1 3.4
[2]
9
Y413 Mark Scheme June 20XX
10
Y413 Mark Scheme June 20XX
Summary of Updates
Date Version Change
October 2019 2 Amendments to the front cover rubric instructions to candidates
January 2025 3.0 From 2025 E1/G1 marks will be annotated using M1, A1, or B1. The
previous E1/G1 annotation awarding criteria has always existed as
a sub-section within M (method), A (accuracy), or B (independent).
Removal of E1/G1 annotation will increase marking consistency and
teacher comprehension of our approach to marking.
11
AS Level Further Mathematics B (MEI)
Y413 Modelling with Algorithms
Printed Answer Booklet Version 2
Date – Morning/Afternoon
Time allowed: 1 hour 15 minutes
* 0 0 0 0 0 0 *
First name
Last name
Centre Candidate
number number
INSTRUCTIONS
• The Question Paper will be found inside the Printed Answer Booklet.
• Use black ink. HB pencil may be used for graphs and diagrams only.
• Complete the boxes provided on the Printed Answer Booklet with your name, centre number and
candidate number.
• Answer all the questions.
• Write your answer to each question in the space provided in the Printed Answer Booklet.
Additional paper may be used if necessary but you must clearly show your candidate number,
centre number and question number(s).
• Do not write in the bar codes.
• You are permitted to use a scientific or graphical calculator in this paper.
• Final answers should be given to a degree of accuracy appropriate to the context.
INFORMATION
• You are advised that an answer may receive no marks unless you show sufficient detail of the
working to indicate that a correct method is used. You should communicate your method with
correct reasoning.
• The Printed Answer Booklet consists of 16 pages. The Question Paper consists of 12 pages.
2 (i)
2 (ii)
2 (iii)
2 (iv)
3 (i)
F(20)
L(25)
K(15)
I(10)
E(10)
D(30)
35
40
50
30
J(10)
H(15)
B(25)
C(5)
25
25
G(25)
A(15)
A spare copy of the diagram for question 3 (i) can be found on page 14
3 (i) (continued)
3 (ii)
3(iii)
2 A
5 E
3 F
G
7
6
2 1 4
3 3 C
4
D
I 2 H
5 B
4 (i)
(B)
4 (ii)
5 (i)
y
(0, 4.5)
(1, 4)
(4, 2)
(5, 0)
x
O
5 (ii)
5 (iii)
(B)
6 (i)
6 (ii)
6 (iii)
6 (iv)
6 (v)
6 (vi)
25
F(20)
A(15) C(5) 30
Spare copy of diagram for question 3 (i)
D(30)
14
Y413
0
I(10)
40 L(25)
G(25) H(15)
25
K(15)
J(10) 35
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
Copyright Information:
OCR is committed to seeking permission to reproduce all third-party content that it uses in the assessment materials. OCR has
attempted to identify and contact all copyright holders whose work is used in this paper. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-
related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced in the OCR Copyright Acknowledgements booklet.
This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download from our public website (www.ocr.org.uk) after the
live examination series.
If OCR has unwittingly failed to correctly acknowledge or clear any third-party content in this assessment material, OCR will be happy to
correct its mistake at the earliest possible opportunity.
For queries or further information please contact the Copyright Team, The Triangle Building, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 8EA.
OCR is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group; Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge