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Simple and Physical Pendula Simple Pendulum: "Point" Mass M On Massless String L

The document discusses simple and physical pendula. A simple pendulum is modeled as a point mass on a string, while a physical pendulum is a rigid body swinging from a pivot point. Both systems exhibit simple harmonic motion (SHM) for small oscillations. The natural frequency of a simple pendulum depends only on length, while a physical pendulum's frequency depends on moment of inertia and distance to the center of mass. Damped systems are also examined, where damping causes the amplitude to decay over time.

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Courage Collins Ntumy
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82 views11 pages

Simple and Physical Pendula Simple Pendulum: "Point" Mass M On Massless String L

The document discusses simple and physical pendula. A simple pendulum is modeled as a point mass on a string, while a physical pendulum is a rigid body swinging from a pivot point. Both systems exhibit simple harmonic motion (SHM) for small oscillations. The natural frequency of a simple pendulum depends only on length, while a physical pendulum's frequency depends on moment of inertia and distance to the center of mass. Damped systems are also examined, where damping causes the amplitude to decay over time.

Uploaded by

Courage Collins Ntumy
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Simple and Physical Pendula Simple Pendulum: point mass m on massless string L How do we find natural frequency ?

? o Use Newtons 2nd law to get differential equation for SHM o Identify from differential equation

Forces on hanging mass: o For string at from vertical, Ftangential = mg sin

Tangential acceleration: o Reminder: for point at distance R from centre of body with angular d 2 acceleration = dt 2 , tangential acceleration is a tangential = R o So for mass on string of length L, tangential acceleration is d 2 atangential = L 2 (Remember: must be in radians here) dt Newtons 2nd Law: Ftangential = matangential

d 2 gives mg sin = mL dt 2

d 2 g = sin o Result: dt 2 L
o Not quite SHM BUT for small angle, sin (for in radians)

d 2 g = Simple Pendulum result: for small , have dt 2 L g 2 = o Looks like SHM with L Note, does not depend on m! Strictly SHM for small angle only. Slightly different from sinusoidal for larger amplitude.
2 L T= = 2 o Period is g o Solution is = max cos( t + ) Can see swinging motion for objects that are much more complicated than a mass on a string. o Need more general result!

Physical Pendulum: NOT a point mass on a massless string. Look at rotation of rigid body. Newtons 2nd law for rigid rotating object with moment of inertia I is = I o Restoring torque due to gravity at c of m distance d from pivot is: = mgd sin clockwise for positive d 2 o Angular acceleration is = dt 2 Can rewrite = I as differential equation:

d 2 mgd sin = o dt 2 (not quite SHM) I For small angle, sin , get d 2 mgd = o dt 2 I mgd 2 = o SHM with I

Small angle result for Physical Pendulum with moment of inertia I mgd = SHM with angular frequency I

I 2 T= = 2 Period is mgd Angular frequency and period depend on shape of swinging object AND on location of pivot (both through I and d ) o Because I m , mass cancels out and does not depend on m Check for simple pendulum 2 o For simple pendulum, I = mL and d = L mgd g = 2 = So I L as expected for simple pendulum

Example: Physical Pendulum consisting of a suspended from one end Mass = M, Length = L 1 I = ML2 Moment of inertia: 3 L d= Distance from pivot to c of m: 2

rod

So angular frequency is
o Independent of mass

mgd = I

MgL / 2 3g = ML2 / 3 2L

DAMPED OSCILLATION: Object moving through fluid (like air) feels speed-dependent resistive force: r r o R = bv (non-conservative. Dissipates mechanical energy)

For mass m on spring k moving through fluid with coefficient b


o Newtons 2nd Law:

= kx bv x = ma x

d 2x b dx k = x o Gives differential equation: dt 2 m dt m Define natural frequency 0 = m


o Frequency of oscillator in ABSENCE of damping

b Solution to differential equation depends on relative size of 0 and 2m o i.e. comparison of natural frequency and amount of damping

UNDERDAMPED MOTION: small b so that 0 > 2m

or

b < 2m 0

System does not oscillate at natural frequency:

b = o Shifted to 2m o Be sure to distinguish and 0


2 0

2m Amplitude of oscillation decays exponentially with time constant b


bt / 2 m cos( t + ) Complete solution is: x = Ae

CRITICALLY DAMPED MOTION: see for b = bc = 2m 0 System returns to equilibrium exponentially with no oscillation

OVERDAMPED MOTION: large b so that 0 < 2m

or

b > 2m0

System returns to equilibrium with no oscillation and more slowly than critical case

(See Dan Russell animations: link on web page)

FORCED OSCILLATIONS AND RESONANCE Damped oscillator can be kept at constant amplitude by adding energy through periodic force forced oscillation o Amplitude depends on frequency

Example: Apply periodic force F (t ) = F0 sin t to mass m on spring k moving through fluid with coefficient b o Careful: Be sure to distinguish and 0 d 2x dx o Newtons 2nd Law gives: F0 sin t b dt kx = m dt 2
o If driving force is applied to system initially at rest, initial motion is complicated but eventually settles into steady state solution

o After system settles down, get steady state solution:

x = A( ) cos( t + )
oscillates with frequency , not 0 Amplitude depends on driving frequency and driving force

A=

F0 / m
2 2 0 2

) + (b / 2m)

maximum amplitude at resonance, = 0 o amplitude at resonance depends on b

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