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Sheet 2 Answers

The document outlines the differences between sensors and transducers, defining key terms related to measurement such as range, error, accuracy, and sensitivity. It details various types of sensors including potentiometer sensors, optical encoders, and strain gauges, along with their principles and applications. Additionally, it provides examples of sensors for displacement, liquid level, temperature, and light, as well as criteria for selecting the appropriate sensor.

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8 views8 pages

Sheet 2 Answers

The document outlines the differences between sensors and transducers, defining key terms related to measurement such as range, error, accuracy, and sensitivity. It details various types of sensors including potentiometer sensors, optical encoders, and strain gauges, along with their principles and applications. Additionally, it provides examples of sensors for displacement, liquid level, temperature, and light, as well as criteria for selecting the appropriate sensor.

Uploaded by

samaellawaty67
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sheet 2

1. What is the difference between sensor and transducers?

Sensor : converts one physical quantity to electrical quantity


▪ Transducers: convert any form of energy to another form.

2. Define the following terms:


Range: Range of a transducer is the limits between which
the input can vary
Error: Difference between the result of the measurement
and the true value of the quantity being measured
Accuracy: The extent to which the value indicated by a
measurement system might be wrong
Sensitivity: The relationship indicating how much output
there is per unit input
i.e., output/input
Hysteresis Error: Transducers can give different outputs
from the same value of quantity being measured according
to the value has been reached by a continuously increasing
change or a continuously decreasing change.
Ex. pressure
Repeatability: Describe the ability of a transducer to give the
same output for repeated applications of the same input
value
Stability: The ability of a transducer to give the same output
when used to measure a constant input over a period of
time
Settling time: the time taken for the output to settle to
within some percentage
e.g., 2%, of the steady-state value

3.What is the principle of potentiometer sensor?

Potentiometer sensor consists of a resistance element with


a sliding contact which can be moved over the length of the
element.
▪linear or rotary displacements
▪The displacement being converted into a potential
difference

4.What is the principle of optical encoder sensor?

Optical encoders is a device that provides a digital output as


a result of a linear or angular displacement.
1 Position encoders can be grouped into two categories: .
Incremental encoders, which detect changes in rotation
from position
2 .Absolute encoders, which give the actual angular position.
The resolution is determined by the number of slots on the
disc.
60 slots in 1 revolution then, since 1 revolution is a rotation
of 360° , The resolution is 360/60 = .6°
5. What is the proximity switch?

is a small electrical switch which requires physical contact


and a small operating force to close the contacts
.
6. Write an example for the displacement sensors?

Examples of commonly used displacement sensors


Potentiometer sensor
Capacitive element
Eddy current proximity sensors
Pneumatic sensors
Hall effect sensors
Strain-gauged element
Differential transformers
Optical encoders
Proximity switches

7. What is the principle of tachogenerator?

▪The tachogenerator is used to measure angular velocity.


One reluctance tachogenerator.
▪Consists of a toothed wheel of ferromagnetic material
which rotating shaft.
▪A pick-up coil is wound on a permanent magnet.
1 As the wheel rotates, so the teeth move past the coil and
the air gap changes.
2 .Thus the flux linked by a pick-up coil changes.
3 .The resulting cyclic change in the flux produces an
alternating e.m.f. in the coil.

8. What is the principle of strain gauge?

use the electrical resistance strain gauges to monitor the


strain produced in some member when stretched,
compressed or bent
1 . When forces are applied to the cylinder to compress it,
2 .The strain gauges give a resistance change which is a
measure of the strain and hence the applied forces.

9. How to measure the fluid pressure?

▪Monitoring of the elastic deformation of diaphragms,


capsules, bellows and tubes
1.Absolute pressure where the pressure is measured relative
to zero pressure vacuum)
2.Differential pressure where a pressure difference is
measured
3.Gauge pressure where the pressure is measured relative
pressure
A. when there is a difference in pressure between the two
sides then the center of the diaphragm becomes displaced.
B. The movement can be monitored by some form of
displacement sensor
10. Write an example for liquid level sensors?

▪Measured directly by monitoring the position of the liquid


surface or indirectly by measuring some variable related to
the hight as :
▪Floats
1.The displacement of the float causes a lever arm to rotate
and so move a slider across a potentiometer
2.The result is an output of a voltage related to the height of
liquid
▪Differential pressure
▪The differential pressure cell determines the pressure
difference between the liquid at the base of the vessel and
atmospheric pressure
▪The differential pressure cell monitors the difference in
pressure between the base of the vessel and the air or gas
above the surface of the liquid.

11. What is the principle of bimetallic strips sensor?

• Two different metal strips (different coefficients of


expansion) bonded together
• Temperature makes the composite strip bends into a
curved strip (higher coefficient metal on the outside)
12. What is the principle of the resistance temperature
detectors (RTDs)?

The resistance of most metals increases in a reasonably


linear way with temperature

▪ Rt is the resistance at a temperature t


▪ R0 the resistance at 0°C
▪ α is a constant for the metal termed the temperature
coefficient of resistance.

13. What is the principle of thermocouple?

▪ Two different metals are joined together, a potential


difference occurs across the junction.
▪ The potential difference depends on the metals used and
the temperature of the junction.
•If both junctions are at the same there is no net e.m.f.,
•The value of this e.m.f. E depends on the two metals and
the temperatures t of both junctions
14. Write an example for the temperature sensors?

1.bimetalic strips
• Two different metal strips (different coefficients of
expansion) bonded together
• Temperature makes the composite strip bends into a
curved strip (higher coefficient metal on the outside)

2.resistance temperature detectors (RTDs)


The resistance of most metals increases in a reasonably
linear way with temperature

▪ Rt is the resistance at a temperature t


▪ R0 the resistance at 0°C
▪ α is a constant for the metal termed the temperature
coefficient of resistance.

3.thermocouples
▪ Two different metals are joined together, a potential
difference occurs across the junction.
▪ The potential difference depends on the metals used and
the temperature of the junction.
•If both junctions are at the same there is no net e.m.f.,
•The value of this e.m.f. E depends on the two metals and
the temperatures t of both junctions
15. Write an example for the light sensor?

Photodiodes are semiconductor junction diodes which are


connected into a circuit in reverse bias, so giving a very high
resistance
▪With no incident light, the reverse current is almost
negligible
▪When light falls on the junction, extra hole– electron pairs
are produced and there is an increase in the reverse current
and the diode resistance decreases
. ▪The reverse current is very nearly proportional to the
intensity of the light.

16. How to select the right sensor?

1- the nature of the measurement required, the variable


measured,
2- the nature of the output required from the sensor
3- possible sensors can be identified

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