Week-01: IP Addressing

IP addressing & Subnet

Dr. Md. Shohrab Hossain

Professor, CSE, BUET

Slide Source: Cisco Networking

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 IP addressing
Public / Private IP address
Network Address Translation
Subnetting
Reading Material: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Brpj8dOVO45zFAXUGIxvZ1_0A5qF7-7I/view?usp=sharing

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Binary Number System

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Network Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 Address
 The subnet mask just says where to look for the network portion in
a given IPv4 address

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Bitwise AND Operation

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IPv4 Subnet masks
Valid Subnet Masks

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Network Address and Broadcast address
 For a network, 192.168.10.0/24 network
There are 8-bit allocated for host part.

• Network Address:
• All 0’s in the host part: 0000 0000 = 0
• So, network address = 192.168.10.0

• Broadcast address:
• All 1’s in the host part: 1111 1111 = 255
• So, broadcast address = 192.168.10.255

• IP range: 1- 254

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Types of IPv4 Address
Legacy Classful Addressing

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Classless Addressing

 Formal name is Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

 Created a new set of standards that allowed service providers to

allocate IPv4 addresses on any address bit boundary (prefix length)
instead of only by a class A, B, or C address

 Example:
192.168.10.0/23

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Examining the Prefix Length

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Examining the Prefix Length (cont.)

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Private IP address

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Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
Private address blocks are:
 Hosts that do not require access to the Internet can use private
addresses
 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)
 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12)
 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16)

 Not globally routable

 Address translation is done at Router to convert
private IP into Public IP address and vice versa

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What is NAT?
 NAT is a process used to translate network addresses.
 NAT’s primary use is to conserve public IPv4 addresses.
 NAT is usually implemented at border network devices, such as
firewalls or routers.
 NAT allows the networks to use private addresses internally, only
translating to public addresses when needed.
 Devices within the organization can be assigned private addresses
and operate with locally unique addresses.
 When traffic must be sent or received to or from other organizations
or the Internet, the border router translates the addresses to a public
and globally unique address.

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NAT

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Subnetting

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Network Segmentation
Reasons for Subnetting
Subnetting is the process of segmenting a network into multiple
smaller network spaces called subnetworks or subnets.
 Large networks must be segmented into smaller subnetworks,
creating smaller groups of devices and services to:
• Control traffic by containing broadcast traffic within each
subnetwork.
• Reduce overall network traffic and improve network performance.
Communication Between Subnets
 A router is necessary for devices on different networks and subnets
to communicate.
 Devices on a network and subnet use the router interface attached to
their LAN as their default gateway.

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Different networks for different groups
Planning the Network

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Basic Subnetting
 Borrowing Bits to Create Subnets
 Borrowing 1 bit 21 = 2 subnets

Borrowing 1 Bit from the host portion creates 2 subnets with the same subnet mask

Subnet 0 Subnet 1
Network 192.168.1.0-127/25 Network 192.168.1.128-255/25
Mask: 255.255.255.128 Mask: 255.255.255.128
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Subnets in Use
Subnets in Use

Subnet 0
Network 192.168.1.0-127/25

Subnet 1
Network 192.168.1.128-255/25

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Subnetting Formulas

Calculate number
of subnets

Calculate number
of hosts

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Creating 4 Subnets
Borrowing 2 bits to create 4 subnets. 22 = 4 subnets

Creating 4 Subnets

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Creating Eight Subnets
Borrowing 3 bits to Create 8 Subnets. 23 = 8 subnets

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Creating Eight Subnets (Cont.)

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Creating Eight Subnets (Cont.)

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Subnetting Based on Host Requirements
Two considerations when planning subnets:
 Number of subnets required
 Number of host addresses required

Formula to determine number of usable hosts: 2^n-2

 2^n (where n is the number of remaining host bits) is used to
calculate the number of hosts.
 -2 (The subnetwork ID and broadcast address cannot be used on
each subnet.)

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Traditional Subnetting: Equal Addresses
 Subnets that require
fewer addresses have
unused (wasted)
addresses
 For example, WAN links
only need two addresses.

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Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)
 The variable-length subnet
mask (VLSM) or
subnetting a subnet
provides more efficient
use of addresses.
 VLSM allows a network
space to be divided in
unequal parts.
 Subnet mask varies,
depending on how many
bits have been borrowed
for a particular subnet.
 Network is first subnetted,
and then the subnets are
resubnetted.

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Benefits of Variable Length Subnet Masking
Basic VLSM

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Creating Eight Subnets (Cont.)

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Let us do another example ..

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