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Module 1

The document discusses types of structures and loads, categorizing structures into tie rods, beams, columns, trusses, cables, arches, frames, and surface structures. It also outlines various loads that structures must support, including dead loads, live loads, wind loads, snow loads, and earthquake loads. Additionally, it addresses structural design considerations, emphasizing the importance of accounting for material and load uncertainties through methods like Allowable-stress Design (ASD) and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD).

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11 views4 pages

Module 1

The document discusses types of structures and loads, categorizing structures into tie rods, beams, columns, trusses, cables, arches, frames, and surface structures. It also outlines various loads that structures must support, including dead loads, live loads, wind loads, snow loads, and earthquake loads. Additionally, it addresses structural design considerations, emphasizing the importance of accounting for material and load uncertainties through methods like Allowable-stress Design (ASD) and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD).

Uploaded by

finnrusher7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TYPES OF STRUCTURES AND LOADS

A structure refers to a system of connected parts used to support a load. To analyze a structure properly,
certain idealizations must be made as to how the members are supported and connected together. The
loadings are determined from codes and local specifications, and the forces in the members and their
displacements are found using the theory of structural analysis.

Classification of Structures
1. Tie Rods - Structural members subjected to 4. Trusses -
a tensile force. Due to the nature of this consist of
load, these members are rather slender, slender
and are often chosen from rods, bars, elements,
angles, or channels. usually
2. Beams arranged in
- are triangular
usually fashion.
straight a. Planar
trusses
are
composed
of
members that lie in the same plane
and are frequently used for bridge
and roof support,
b. whereas space trusses have
horizontal members used primarily to carry members extending in three
vertical loads and are designed to resist dimensions and are suitable for
bending moment. derricks and towers.
3.

Planar Trusses

Columns - Members that are generally vertical


and resist axial compressive loads.
Occasionally, columns are subjected to both
an axial load and a bending moment as
shown in the figure. These members are
referred to as beam columns.
Space Trusses

5. Cables and Arches - Cables are usually


flexible and carry their loads in tension
which are commonly used to support other dimensions. Such structures may also be
bridges and building roofs. The arch made of rigid material such as reinforced
achieves its strength in compression, since concrete. As such they may be shaped as folded
it has a reverse curvature to that of the plates, cylinders, or hyperbolic paraboloids, and
are referred to as thin plates or shells.
cable.

The roof of the “Georgia Dome” in Atlanta,


Cables
Georgia can be considered as a thin membrane.

Loads
Once the dimensional requirements for a structure
have been defined, it becomes necessary to
determine the loads the structure must support.
Often, it is the anticipation of the various loads that
Arches
will be imposed on the structure that provides the
6. Frames - often used in buildings and are basic type of structure that will be chosen for
composed of beams and columns that are either design.
pin or fixed connected. The loading on a frame
cause bending of its members, and if it has rigid 1. Dead Loads - consist of the weights of the
joint connections, this structure is generally various structural members and the weights
“indeterminate” from a standpoint of analysis. of any objects that are permanently
attached to the structure.

7. Surface Structures - made from a material


having a very small thickness compared to its
Example. The floor beam in Fig. 1–8 is used to
support the 6-ft width of a lightweight plain concrete
slab having a thickness of 4 in. The slab serves as
a portion of the ceiling for the floor below, and
therefore its bottom is coated with plaster.
Furthermore, an 8-ft-high, 12-in.-thick lightweight
solid concrete block wall is directly over the top
flange of the beam. Determine the loading on the
beam measured per foot of length of the beam.

3. Wind Loads - When structures block the


flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic energy is
converted into potential energy of pressure,
which causes a wind loading.
4. Snow Loads - Roof loading due to snow can
be quite severe, and therefore protection
against possible failure is of primary
concern.
5. Earthquake Loads - Earthquakes produce
loadings on a structure through its
interaction with the ground and its response
characteristics.
2. Live Loads - an vary both in their magnitude
and location. They may be caused by the
weights of objects temporarily placed on a Structural Design
structure, moving vehicles, or natural forces.
Whenever a structure is designed, it is important to
give consideration to both material and load
uncertainties. These uncertainties include a
possible variability in material properties, residual
stress in materials, intended measurements being
different from fabricated sizes, loadings due to
vibration or impact, and material corrosion or
decay.
1. Allowable-stress Design (ASD) – This
method includes both the material and load
uncertainties into a single factor of safety.
The many types of loads discussed
previously can occur simultaneously on a
structure, but it is very unlikely that the
maximum of all these loads will occur at the
same time.
2. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
– This method separates material
uncertainty from load uncertainty since
uncertainty can be considered using
probability theory.

Examples:

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