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Notes 3.4

The document discusses the Chain Rule in calculus, which is used to differentiate composite functions. It provides the theorem for the Chain Rule, examples of its application, and special cases for various types of functions. Additionally, it includes examples demonstrating how to find derivatives using the Chain Rule for different functions.

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3 views2 pages

Notes 3.4

The document discusses the Chain Rule in calculus, which is used to differentiate composite functions. It provides the theorem for the Chain Rule, examples of its application, and special cases for various types of functions. Additionally, it includes examples demonstrating how to find derivatives using the Chain Rule for different functions.

Uploaded by

ahmed.ebrahim.alhaddar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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8 JASIM ISMAEEL, CALCULUS I

3.4. The Chain Rule


?
Problem: Differentiate the function F pxq “ x2 ` 1.
?
Notice that F pxq is a composite function. If we let y “ f puq “ u and u “ gpxq “ x2 ` 1,
then F pxq “ f ˝ g. To differentiate F we use the chain rule.

Theorem 3.21 (The Chain Rule). If g is differentiable at x and f is differentiable at gpxq,


then the composite function y “ f ˝ g defined by ypxq “ f pgpxqq is differentiable at x and
y 1 is given by
y 1 pxq “ f 1 pgpxqq ¨ g 1 pxq.
In Leibniz notation, if y “ f puq and u “ gpxq are both differentiable functions, then
dy dy du
“ .
dx du dx

Note: When using the chain rule, we work from the outside to the inside:
d
f p gpxq q “ f1 p gpxq q ¨ g 1 pxq .
dx ljhn ljhn ljhn ljhn ljhn
outer evaluated derivative evaluated derivative
function at inner of outer at inner of inner
function function function function
?
Example 3.22. Find h1 pxq if hpxq “ x2 ` 1

Example 3.23. Differentiate


(a) y “ sinpx2 q

(b) y “ sin2 pxq

Special Cases: When the outer function is a power function, a trigonometric function, or
an exponential function the chain rule gives:
d
rgpxqsn “ nrgpxqsn´1 ¨ g 1 pxq
dx
d d
psin gpxqq “ cospgpxqq ¨ g 1 pxq pcsc gpxqq “ ´ cscpgpxqq cotpgpxqq ¨ g 1 pxq
dx dx
d d
pcos gpxqq “ ´ sinpgpxqq ¨ g 1 pxq psec gpxqq “ secpgpxqq tanpgpxqq ¨ g 1 pxq
dx dx
d d
ptan gpxqq “ sec2 pgpxqq ¨ g 1 pxq pcot gpxqq “ ´ csc2 pgpxqq ¨ g 1 pxq
dx dx
d gpxq
re s “ egpxq ¨ g 1 pxq
dx
3.4. The Chain Rule 9

Example 3.24. Differentiate y “ px3 ´ 1q100 .

1
Example 3.25. Find f 1 pxq if f pxq “ ? .
3
x `x`1
2

ˆ ˙9
t´2
Example 3.26. Find the derivative of gptq “ .
2t ` 1

Example 3.27. Differentiate y “ p2x ` 1q5 px3 ´ x ` 1q4 .

Longer Chains:

d
hpf pgpxqqq “ h1 pf pgpxqqq ¨ f 1 pgpxqq ¨ g 1 pxq
dx

Example 3.28. If f pxq “ sinpcosptan xqq, find f 1 pxq.

Example 3.29. Differentiate y “ esecp3xq .

Derivatives of General Exponential Functions:

d x d gpxq
pb q “ bx ln b (b ° 0) pb q “ bgpxq ln b ¨ g 1 pxq
dx dx

Example 3.30. Find the derivatives of the following functions.


(a) gpxq “ 2x
2
(b) hpxq “ 5x
a
Example 3.31. If hpxq “ 4 ` 3f pxq, where f p1q “ 7 and f 1 p1q “ 4, find h1 p1q.

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