Wireless & Mobile Sensing

Dr. Abdelwahab Fawzy

ECE, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University
IOT358 Wireless & Mobile Sensing Dr. Abdelwahab Fawzy

Overview

Classification of WSNs

WSN Design Factors

Topologies of WSNs

Routing in WSNs

2
IOT358 Wireless & Mobile Sensing Dr. Abdelwahab Fawzy

Classification of WSNs

3
IOT358 Wireless & Mobile Sensing Dr. Abdelwahab Fawzy

Classification of WSNs
1) Static and Mobile WSN
• In static WSN, all the sensor nodes are connected without movement
• In mobile WSN, mobile sensor nodes are needed (animal monitoring)

4
IOT358 Wireless & Mobile Sensing Dr. Abdelwahab Fawzy

Classification of WSNs
2) Deterministic and Non-deterministic WSN
• In deterministic WSNs, the sensor node position is calculated and fixed (Preplanned)
• Non-deterministic WSNs are used in harsh environments or hostile operating conditions
(positioning cannot be predetermined.)

5
IOT358 Wireless & Mobile Sensing Dr. Abdelwahab Fawzy

Classification of WSNs
3) Single Base Station and Multi Base Station WSN
• In multi-base station WSNs, more than one BS is used, and a sensor node can transfer data to the closest BS.
4) Static Base Station and Mobile Base Station WSN
• In mobile base station WSN, the BS moves around the sensing region.

6
IOT358 Wireless & Mobile Sensing Dr. Abdelwahab Fawzy

Classification of WSNs
5) Single-hop and Multi-hop WSN
• In single-hop WSNs, the sensor nodes are directly connected to the base station.
• In multi-hop WSNs, peer nodes and cluster heads are used to relay the information to reduce energy consumption.
6) Homogeneous and Heterogeneous WSN
• In homogeneous WSNs, all the nodes have the same energy consumption, storage capabilities, and computational power.
• In heterogeneous WSNs, some sensor nodes have higher computational power and energy requirements than others
• Also the processing and communication tasks are divided accordingly.

7
IOT358 Wireless & Mobile Sensing Dr. Abdelwahab Fawzy

WSN Design Factors

1) Fault Tolerance
• Sensor nodes are prone to unexpected failure because of lack of power, physical damage, or software problems.
• Fault tolerance is the ability to sustain sensor network functionalities without any interruption due to sensor node failures.
2) Scalability
• While the high-density deployment of the sensing nodes provides redundancy and improves fault tolerance, it creates a
scalability challenge.
• The networking protocols developed for WSN should be able to handle these large numbers of nodes efficiently.
3) Production Cost
• Since WSNs consist of a large number of nodes, the cost of a single node is very important to justify the overall cost.

4) Hardware Constraints
• Energy efficient → to maximize lifetime
• Small → for ease of deployment
• Inexpensive → so that many nodes can be deployed
• Reliable → to minimize maintenance

8
IOT358 Wireless & Mobile Sensing Dr. Abdelwahab Fawzy

Cont.
5) Sensor Network Topology
a) Pre-deployment Phase
• Sensor nodes can be either (random deployment/planned deployment)
b) Post-deployment phase
After deployment, the topology may vary due to
• Long-term changes: Sensor movement
• Short-term changes: Change connectivity due to jamming, interference,
noise, or moving obstacles
• Permanent changes: Node failure
• Periodic changes: Turning nodes off for a specific amount of time
Networking protocols should be able to adapt to all these changes
c) Re-deployment Phase
• To prolong the network lifetime If several nodes fail or deplete their energy.
6) Environment
• May be inaccessible (Unfriendly/Harsh environment)
• Adaptive to the environmental condition
• Temperature/Humidity/Movement/Underwater/Underground
9
IOT358 Wireless & Mobile Sensing Dr. Abdelwahab Fawzy

Cont.
7) Transmission Media
• Nodes communicate through a wireless medium using:
• (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) ISM frequency bands.
• Infrared can be used in harsh environments, where RF signals suffer from high attenuation
• Optica, Acoustic.
8) Security
• Encryption is the process of taking a message and scrambling its contents so that only certain people can look at your message.
• In WSNs, Fast and simple algorithms are required for encryption, authentication, etc.

10
IOT358 Wireless & Mobile Sensing Dr. Abdelwahab Fawzy

Topologies in WSNs

Feature Star Topology Mesh Topology Cluster Topology

Structure Direct communication between Nodes interconnected with Nodes grouped into clusters with cluster
nodes and a BS multiple paths heads (CHs)
Complexity Low High Moderate
Fault Tolerance Low (BS failure affects network) High (multiple paths increase Moderate (CH failure affects cluster)
reliability)
Scalability Limited (central node bottleneck) High (can add more nodes easily) High (scalable with CHs)
Energy Efficiency Low to Moderate (depends on BS) Low High
Latency Low (direct communication) Variable (depends on path length) Moderate (intra-cluster communication)
Use Cases Small networks with low data Large networks requiring high Networks with high data traffic and
traffic reliability and high scalability energy efficiency needs
11
IOT358 Wireless & Mobile Sensing Dr. Abdelwahab Fawzy

Typical Sensor network

❑ Typical Sensor network Combines multiple topologies to gain their benefits.

1) Remote Sensor Node 3) Base Station (BS)
• The smallest unit in the network. • The central brain of the network.
• Collects data from the environment (e.g., temperature, light). • Receives and analyzes data from all clustering nodes.
• Has limited power and processing capabilities. • Makes decisions based on the collected data.
2) Cluster Head (CH) Node
• Acts as a middleman between remote sensors and BS.
• Gathers data from multiple remote sensors in its vicinity.
• Performs initial data processing to reduce data volume.
• Forwards processed data to BS. 12
IOT358 Wireless & Mobile Sensing Dr. Abdelwahab Fawzy

Energy-efficient Routing

❑ The power consumption of a node can be divided into three domains:

• Sensing
• Data Processing
• Communication
Active Node Consumption
14
❑ Energy-efficient routing protocols:
• These protocols aim to minimize the energy consumption of WSNs by selecting the 12

Current Consumption (mA)

most efficient routes for data transmission. 10

8
❑ Common strategies include:
6
1) Cluster-based routing: Grouping nodes into clusters to reduce the number of transmissions.
2) Multi-hop routing: Allowing data to be transmitted through multiple hops to conserve 4
energy.
2
3) Power-aware routing: Considering the remaining energy of nodes when selecting routes.
0
Sensing MCU Radio
13
IOT358 Wireless & Mobile Sensing Dr. Abdelwahab Fawzy

❑ Data Collection in WSNs

• Data collection can follow different approaches:
1) Time-driven (regular reporting)
2) Event-driven (reporting during specific events)
3) Query-driven (data requested by the sink)

Sink

Time-driven Event-driven Query-driven

14
IOT358 Wireless & Mobile Sensing Dr. Abdelwahab Fawzy

Routing in WSNs

• Routing protocols are responsible for identifying or discovering routes from a source or sender to the intended receiver.
• This route discovery process can also be used to distinguish between different types of routing protocols.

❑ Classification of Routing Protocols in WSNs

1) Reactive Protocols
• They create routes only when data needs to be transmitted.
• Routes are established on-demand (which may cause delays).
• This approach is better suited for networks where communication is infrequent or event-driven.
2) Proactive Protocols
• Maintain up-to-date routes to all possible destinations in the network.
• They continuously update routing tables, even if no data is being sent.
• They are ideal for networks with frequent and consistent communication needs.
3) Hybrid Protocols
• They combine aspects of both reactive and proactive approaches to optimize performance.

15
IOT358 Wireless & Mobile Sensing Dr. Abdelwahab Fawzy

Routing Metrics in WSNs

❑ Routing Metrics provide a quantitative measure to evaluate different routes based on various factors, such as:
1) Minimum Hops
• Measures the number of intermediate nodes between the source and destination.
• It aims to reduce the number of hops.
2) Quality-of-Service (QoS)
• The choice of a QoS metric depends on the type of application.
• QoS refers to specific network performance measures like delay, throughput, and error rate.
3) Energy
• Energy efficiency is a key concern in routing for WSNs, but there are various ways to interpret it
a) Minimum energy per packet
Selecting the path that uses the least energy.
b) Maximum (average) energy capacity
Favors paths where the nodes have the highest remaining battery levels
c) Maximum minimum energy capacity
chooses the path where the lowest energy capacity among the nodes is maximized
d) Maximum time to network partition
The goal is to prevent critical nodes from depleting their energy, which could split the network into disconnected parts.
16
IOT358 Wireless & Mobile Sensing Dr. Abdelwahab Fawzy

❑ Example
• A small sensor network, where a source node wishes to transmit a packet to a destination node.
• The number on each link indicates the link cost for packet propagating.
• The numbers in parentheses below the nodes indicate their remaining energy capacity.

Methodology Selected Path Notes

Minimum energy per packet/Min(cost) A-D-G Cost = 5

Maximum (average) energy capacity C-E-G Energy = 8
Maximum minimum energy capacity B-G Max(Min) =2
Maximum time to network partition Avoid node D …

17
[email protected]