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 CHAPTER 7 TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

7.1 INVERSE FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

1. Yes one-to-one, the graph passes the horizontal line test.

2. Not one-to-one, the graph fails the horizontal line test.

3. Not one-to-one since (for example) the horizontal line y œ 2 intersects the graph twice.

4. Not one-to-one, the graph fails the horizontal line test.

5. Yes one-to-one, the graph passes the horizontal line test

6. Yes one-to-one, the graph passes the horizontal line test

7. Not one-to-one since the horizontal line y œ 3 intersects the graph an infinite number of times.

8. Yes one-to-one, the graph passes the horizontal line test

9. Yes one-to-one, the graph passes the horizontal line test

10. Not one-to-one since (for example) the horizontal line y œ 1 intersects the graph twice.

11. Domain: 0
x Ÿ 1, Range: 0 Ÿ y 12. Domain: x
1, Range: y  0

13. Domain: 1 Ÿ x Ÿ 1, Range:  1# Ÿ y Ÿ 1

# 14. Domain: _
x
_, Range:  1#
y Ÿ 1
#

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

390 Chapter 7 Transcendental Functions

15. Domain: 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 6, Range: 0 Ÿ y Ÿ 3 16. Domain: 2 Ÿ x Ÿ 1, Range:  1 Ÿ y
3

17. The graph is symmetric about y œ x.

(b) y œ È1  x# Ê y# œ 1  x# Ê x# œ 1  y# Ê x œ È1  y# Ê y œ È1  x# œ f
" (x)

18. The graph is symmetric about y œ x.

" " "

yœ x Ê xœ y Ê yœ x œ f
" (x)

19. Step 1: y œ x#  1 Ê x# œ y  1 Ê x œ Èy  1
Step 2: y œ Èx  1 œ f
" (x)

20. Step 1: y œ x# Ê x œ Èy, since x Ÿ !.

Step 2: y œ Èx œ f
" (x)

21. Step 1: y œ x$  1 Ê x$ œ y  1 Ê x œ (y  1)"Î$

Step 2: y œ $Èx  1 œ f
" (x)

22. Step 1: y œ x#  2x  1 Ê y œ (x  1)# Ê Èy œ x  1, since x 1 Ê x œ 1  Èy

"
Step 2: y œ 1  Èx œ f (x)

23. Step 1: y œ (x  1)# Ê Èy œ x  1, since x 1 Ê x œ È y  1

Step 2: y œ Èx  1 œ f
" (x)

24. Step 1: y œ x#Î$ Ê x œ y$Î#

Step 2: y œ x$Î# œ f
" (x)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

 Section 7.1 Inverse Functions and Their Derivatives 391

25. Step 1: y œ x& Ê x œ y"Î&

Step 2: y œ È5
x œ f
" (x);
Domain and Range of f
" : all reals;
& "Î&
f af
" (x)b œ ˆx"Î& ‰ œ x and f
" (f(x)) œ ax& b œx

26. Step 1: y œ x% Ê x œ y"Î%

Step 2: y œ %Èx œ f
" (x);
Domain of f
" : x 0, Range of f
" : y 0;

" "Î% ‰%
" "Î%
f af (x)b œ ˆx œ x and f (f(x)) œ ax% b œx

27. Step 1: y œ x$  1 Ê x$ œ y  1 Ê x œ (y  1)"Î$

Step 2: y œ $Èx  1 œ f
" (x);
Domain and Range of f
" : all reals;
$ "Î$ "Î$
f af
" (x)b œ ˆ(x  1)"Î$ ‰  1 œ (x  1)  1 œ x and f
" (f(x)) œ aax$  1b  1b œ ax$ b œx

" "
28. Step 1: y œ # x 7
# Ê # xœy 7
# Ê x œ 2y  7

"
Step 2: y œ 2x  7 œ f (x);
Domain and Range of f
" : all reals;
f af
" (x)b œ "# (2x  7)  7# œ ˆx  7# ‰  7
# œ x and f
" (f(x)) œ 2 ˆ "# x  7# ‰  7 œ (x  7)  7 œ x

" " "

29. Step 1: y œ x# Ê x# œ y Ê xœ Èy
"
Step 2: y œ Èx œ f
" (x)
Domain of f
" : x  0, Range of f
" : y  0;
f af
" (x)b œ "" # œ "" œ x and f
" (f(x)) œ "
œ "
œ x since x  0
Š Èx ‹ Šx‹ É x"# Š "x ‹

" " "

30. Step 1: y œ x$ Ê x$ œ y Ê xœ y"Î$
" 3 "
"
Step 2: y œ x"Î$
œÉ x œ f (x);

"
Domain of f : x Á 0, Range of f
" : y Á 0;
" "
"Î$
"
f af
" axbb œ $ œ x " œ x and f
" afaxbb œ ˆ x"$ ‰ œ ˆ x" ‰ œx
ax "Î$ b

x3 2y  3
31. Step 1: y œ x
2 Ê yax  2b œ x  3 Ê x y  2y œ x  3 Ê x y  x œ 2y  3 Ê x œ y
1
3
1
Step 2: y œ 2x
x
1 œ f axb;

"
Domain of f : x Á 1, Range of f
" : y Á 2;
b3‰ 2ˆ xx b
xc1  3 c2‰  3
ˆ 2x a2x  3b  3ax
1b 3
2 ax  3 b  3 a x
2 b
f af
" axbb œ b3‰ œ a2x  3b
2ax
1b œ 5x
œ x and f
" afaxbb œ ˆ xx b œ ax  3 b
ax
2 b œ 5x
œx
xc1
2 c2‰
1
ˆ 2x 5 3 5

Èx 2
32. Step 1: y œ Èx
3 Ê yˆÈx  3‰ œ Èx Ê yÈx  3y œ Èx Ê yÈx  Èx œ 3y Ê x œ Š y 3y

1‹
2
Step 2: y œ ˆ x 3x

1
‰ œ f
1 a xb ;
Domain of f
" : Ð_, 0Ó  a1, _b, Range of f
" : Ò0, 9Ñ  a9, _b;
2 2
Ɉ x 3x
c1‰ Ɉ x 3x
c1‰
3x
xc1
f af
" axbb œ ; If x  1 or x Ÿ 0 Ê 3x
x
1 0Ê œ œ 3x
3x
3ax
1b œ 3x
œ x and
xc1
3
2 2 3x 3
c1‰
3
Ɉ x 3x c1‰
3
Ɉ x 3x

Èx
3Š È x c 3 ‹
2

"
f afaxbb œ
Èx œ 9x
œ 9x
œx
Š Èx c 3 ‹
1  ˆÈ x
ˆÈ x
3 ‰‰ 2 9

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

392 Chapter 7 Transcendental Functions

33. Step 1: y œ x2  2x, x Ÿ 1 Ê y  1 œ ax  1b2 , x Ÿ 1 Ê Èy  1 œ x  1, x Ÿ 1 Ê x œ 1  Èy  1

Step 2: y œ 1  Èx  1 œ f
1 axb;
Domain of f
" : Ò1, _Ñ, Range of f
" : Ð_, 1Ó;
2
f af
" axbb œ Š1  Èx  1‹  2Š1  Èx  1‹ œ 1  2Èx  1  x  1  2  2Èx  1 œ x and

f
" afaxbb œ 1  Èax2  2xb  1, x Ÿ 1 œ 1  Éax  1b2 , x Ÿ 1 œ 1  lx  1l œ 1  a1  xb œ x

1 Î5 y5
1 5
1
34. Step 1: y œ a2x3  1b Ê y5 œ 2x3  1 Ê y5  1 œ 2x3 Ê 2 œ x3 Ê x œ É
3 y
2

1
Step 2: y œ É œ f
1 ax b ;
3 x 5
2
Domain of f
" : a_, _b, Range of f
" : a_, _b;
3 1 Î5 1 Î5

1
1 1 Î5 1 Î5
f af
" axbb œ Œ2ŠÉ
5
 1 œ Š 2Š x  1‹ œ aax5  1b  1b œ ax5 b œ x and
3 x 5
2 ‹ 2 ‹

5
1Î5
3 ’a2x3 1b “
1  1 b
1
f
" afaxbb œ Ê 3 a2x 3
œÉ œÉ 2 œ x
3 2x 3
2 2

35. (a) y œ 2x  3 Ê 2x œ y  3 (b)

Ê x œ y#  3# Ê f
" (x) œ x
#  3
#
df c" "
(c) df ¸
dx xœ 1 œ 2, dx ¹ xœ1 œ #

" "
36. (a) y œ 5 x7 Ê 5 xœy7 (b)

"
Ê x œ 5y  35 Ê f (x) œ 5x  35
" df c"
(c) df ¸
dx xœ 1 œ 5 , dx ¹ xœ$%Î& œ5

37. (a) y œ 5  4x Ê 4x œ 5  y (b)

Ê x œ 54  y4 Ê f
" (x) œ 5
4  x
4
df c" "
(c) df ¸
dx xœ1Î# œ 4, dx ¹ xœ3 œ 4

"
38. (a) y œ 2x# Ê x# œ # y (b)
"
"
Ê xœ È2
Èy Ê f (x) œ È x#
(c) df ¸
dx xœ& œ 4xk xœ5 œ 20,
df c" " "
dx ¹ xœ&0 œ #È 2
x
"Î# ¹ œ #0
xœ50

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

 Section 7.1 Inverse Functions and Their Derivatives 393
$
39. (a) f(g(x)) œ ˆÈ
3
x‰ œ x, g(f(x)) œ È
3
x3 œ x (b)
w # w w
(c) f (x) œ 3x Ê f (1) œ 3, f (1) œ 3;
gw (x) œ 3" x
#Î$ Ê gw (1) œ 3" , gw (1) œ "
3
(d) The line y œ 0 is tangent to f(x) œ x$ at (!ß !);
the line x œ 0 is tangent to g(x) œ $Èx at (0ß 0)

40. (a) h(k(x)) œ "

4
ˆ(4x)"Î$ ‰$ œ x, (b)
"Î$
x$
k(h(x)) œ Š4 † 4‹ œx
3x#
(c) hw (x) œ w w
4 Ê h (2) œ 3, h (2) œ 3;
w
k (x) œ 4
3 (4x)

#Î$
Ê kw (2) œ "3 , kw (2) œ "
3
x$
(d) The line y œ 0 is tangent to h(x) œ 4 at (!ß !);
the line x œ 0 is tangent to k(x) œ (4x)"Î$ at
(!ß !)

df c" " " df " " "

41. df
dx œ 3x#  6x Ê dx ¹ x œ f(3) œ df º œ 9 42. df
dx œ 2x  4 Ê dx ¹ x œ f(5) œ df º œ 6
dx xœ3 dx xœ5

df " df " " " dg " dg " " "

43. dx ¹ x œ 4 œ dx ¹ x œ f(2) œ df º œ ˆ 3" ‰ œ3 44. dx ¹x œ 0 œ dx ¹ x œ f(0) œ dg º œ 2
dx xœ2 dx xœ0

" "
45. (a) y œ mx Ê x œ m y Ê f
" (x) œ m x

" "
(b) The graph of y œ f (x) is a line through the origin with slope m.

" "
46. y œ mx  b Ê x œ y
m  b
m Ê f
" (x) œ m x b
m; the graph of f
" (x) is a line with slope m and y-intercept  mb .

47. (a) y œ x  1 Ê x œ y  1 Ê f
" (x) œ x  1

(b) y œ x  b Ê x œ y  b Ê f
" (x) œ x  b
(c) Their graphs will be parallel to one another and lie on
opposite sides of the line y œ x equidistant from that
line.

48. (a) y œ x  1 Ê x œ y  1 Ê f
" (x) œ 1  x;

the lines intersect at a right angle
(b) y œ x  b Ê x œ y  b Ê f
" (x) œ b  x;
the lines intersect at a right angle
(c) Such a function is its own inverse.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

394 Chapter 7 Transcendental Functions

49. Let x" Á x# be two numbers in the domain of an increasing function f. Then, either x"
x# or
x"  x# which implies f(x" )
f(x# ) or f(x" )  f(x# ), since f(x) is increasing. In either case,
f(x" ) Á f(x# ) and f is one-to-one. Similar arguments hold if f is decreasing.

" " " df c" "

50. f(x) is increasing since x#  x" Ê 3 x#  5
6  3 x"  56 ; df
dx œ 3 Ê dx œ ˆ "3 ‰ œ3

" "
51. f(x) is increasing since x#  x" Ê 27x$#  27x"$ ; y œ 27x$ Ê x œ 3 y"Î$ Ê f
" (x) œ 3 x"Î$ ;
df " " ¸ " "
df
dx œ 81x# Ê dx œ 81x# 13 x"Î$ œ 9x#Î$
œ 9 x
#Î$

" "
52. f(x) is decreasing since x#  x" Ê 1  8x$#
1  8x"$ ; y œ 1  8x$ Ê x œ # (1  y)"Î$ Ê f
" (x) œ # (1  x)"Î$ ;
df c" " ¸
"
df
dx œ 24x# Ê dx œ
24x# 12 Ð1 xÑ"Î$ œ 6("
x)#Î$
œ  "6 (1  x)
#Î$

53. f(x) is decreasing since x#  x" Ê (1  x# )$
(1  x" )$ ; y œ (1  x)$ Ê x œ 1  y"Î$ Ê f
" (x) œ 1  x"Î$ ;
df c" "
"
df
dx œ 3(1  x)# Ê dx œ
3(1
x)# ¹ 1cx"Î$ œ 3x#Î$
œ  "3 x
#Î$

&Î$ &Î$
54. f(x) is increasing since x#  x" Ê x#  x" ; y œ x&Î$ Ê x œ y$Î& Ê f
" (x) œ x$Î& ;
df c" "
df
dx œ 5
3 x#Î$ Ê dx œ 5 ¹
x#Î$ x$Î&
œ 3
5x#Î&
œ 3
5 x
#Î&
3

55. The function g(x) is also one-to-one. The reasoning: f(x) is one-to-one means that if x" Á x# then f(x" ) Á f(x# ), so
f(x" ) Á f(x# ) and therefore g(x" ) Á g(x# ). Therefore g(x) is one-to-one as well.

56. The function h(x) is also one-to-one. The reasoning: f(x) is one-to-one means that if x" Á x# then f(x" ) Á f(x# ), so
" "
f(x" ) Á f(x# ) , and therefore h(x" ) Á h(x# ).

57. The composite is one-to-one also. The reasoning: If x" Á x# then g(x" ) Á g(x# ) because g is one-to-one. Since
g(x" ) Á g(x# ), we also have f(g(x" )) Á f(g(x# )) because f is one-to-one. Thus, f ‰ g is one-to-one because
x" Á x# Ê f(g(x" )) Á f(g(x# )).

58. Yes, g must be one-to-one. If g were not one-to-one, there would exist numbers x" Á x# in the domain of g with
g(x" ) œ g(x# ). For these numbers we would also have f(g(x" )) œ f(g(x# )), contradicting the assumption that
f ‰ g is one-to-one.

59. (g ‰ f)(x) œ x Ê g(f(x)) œ x Ê gw (f(x))f w (x) œ 1

60. W(a) œ 'f(a) 1 ’af
" (y)b  a# “ dy œ 0 œ 'a 21x[f(a)  f(x)] dx œ S(a); Ww (t) œ 1’af
" (f(t))b  a# “ f w (t)
f(a) a
# #

œ 1 at#  a# b f w (t); also S(t) œ 21f(t)'a x dx  21'a xf(x) dx œ c1f(t)t#  1f(t)a# d  21'a xf(x) dx Ê Sw (t)
t t t

œ 1t# f w (t)  21tf(t)  1a# f w (t)  21tf(t) œ 1 at#  a# b f w (t) Ê Ww (t) œ Sw (t). Therefore, W(t) œ S(t) for all t − [aß b].

61-68. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
with( plots );#63
f := x -> sqrt(3*x-2);
domain := 2/3 .. 4;
x0 := 3;
Df := D(f); # (a)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

 Section 7.1 Inverse Functions and Their Derivatives 395

plot( [f(x),Df(x)], x=domain, color=[red,blue], linestyle=[1,3], legend=["y=f(x)","y=f '(x)"],

title="#61(a) (Section 7.1)" );
q1 := solve( y=f(x), x ); # (b)
g := unapply( q1, y );
m1 := Df(x0); # (c)
t1 := f(x0)+m1*(x-x0);
y=t1;
m2 := 1/Df(x0); # (d)
t2 := g(f(x0)) + m2*(x-f(x0));
y=t2;
domaing := map(f,domain); # (e)
p1 := plot( [f(x),x], x=domain, color=[pink,green], linestyle=[1,9], thickness=[3,0] ):
p2 := plot( g(x), x=domaing, color=cyan, linestyle=3, thickness=4 ):
p3 := plot( t1, x=x0-1..x0+1, color=red, linestyle=4, thickness=0 ):
p4 := plot( t2, x=f(x0)-1..f(x0)+1, color=blue, linestyle=7, thickness=1 ):
p5 := plot( [ [x0,f(x0)], [f(x0),x0] ], color=green ):
display( [p1,p2,p3,p4,p5], scaling=constrained, title="#63(e) (Section 7.1)" );
Mathematica: (assigned function and values for a, b, and x0 may vary)
If a function requires the odd root of a negative number, begin by loading the RealOnly package that allows Mathematica
to do this. See section 2.5 for details.
<<Miscellaneous `RealOnly`
Clear[x, y]
{a,b} = {2, 1}; x0 = 1/2 ;
f[x_] = (3x  2) / (2x  11)
Plot[{f[x], f'[x]}, {x, a, b}]
solx = Solve[y == f[x], x]
g[y_] = x /. solx[[1]]
y0 = f[x0]
ftan[x_] = y0  f'[x0] (x-x0)
gtan[y_] = x0  1/ f'[x0] (y  y0)
Plot[{f[x], ftan[x], g[x], gtan[x], Identity[x]},{x, a, b},
Epilog Ä Line[{{x0, y0},{y0, x0}}], PlotRange Ä {{a,b},{a,b}}, AspectRatio Ä Automatic]

69-70. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
with( plots );
eq := cos(y) = x^(1/5);
domain := 0 .. 1;
x0 := 1/2;
f := unapply( solve( eq, y ), x ); # (a)
Df := D(f);
plot( [f(x),Df(x)], x=domain, color=[red,blue], linestyle=[1,3], legend=["y=f(x)","y=f '(x)"],
title="#70(a) (Section 7.1)" );
q1 := solve( eq, x ); # (b)
g := unapply( q1, y );
m1 := Df(x0); # (c)
t1 := f(x0)+m1*(x-x0);
y=t1;
m2 := 1/Df(x0); # (d)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

396 Chapter 7 Transcendental Functions

t2 := g(f(x0)) + m2*(x-f(x0));
y=t2;
domaing := map(f,domain); # (e)
p1 := plot( [f(x),x], x=domain, color=[pink,green], linestyle=[1,9], thickness=[3,0] ):
p2 := plot( g(x), x=domaing, color=cyan, linestyle=3, thickness=4 ):
p3 := plot( t1, x=x0-1..x0+1, color=red, linestyle=4, thickness=0 ):
p4 := plot( t2, x=f(x0)-1..f(x0)+1, color=blue, linestyle=7, thickness=1 ):
p5 := plot( [ [x0,f(x0)], [f(x0),x0] ], color=green ):
display( [p1,p2,p3,p4,p5], scaling=constrained, title="#70(e) (Section 7.1)" );
Mathematica: (assigned function and values for a, b, and x0 may vary)
For problems 69 and 70, the code is just slightly altered. At times, different "parts" of solutions need to be used, as in the
definitions of f[x] and g[y]
Clear[x, y]
{a,b} = {0, 1}; x0 = 1/2 ;
eqn = Cos[y] == x1/5
soly = Solve[eqn, y]
f[x_] = y /. soly[[2]]
Plot[{f[x], f'[x]}, {x, a, b}]
solx = Solve[eqn, x]
g[y_] = x /. solx[[1]]
y0 = f[x0]
ftan[x_] = y0  f'[x0] (x  x0)
gtan[y_] = x0  1/ f'[x0] (y  y0)
Plot[{f[x], ftan[x], g[x], gtan[x], Identity[x]},{x, a, b},
Epilog Ä Line[{{x0, y0},{y0, x0}}], PlotRange Ä {{a, b}, {a, b}}, AspectRatio Ä Automatic]

7.2 NATURAL LOGARITHMS

1. (a) ln 0.75 œ ln 3
4 œ ln 3  ln 4 œ ln 3  ln 2# œ ln 3  2 ln 2
(b) ln 4
9 œ ln 4  ln 9 œ ln 2#  ln 3# œ 2 ln 2  2 ln 3
"
(c) ln œ ln 1  ln 2 œ  ln 2
# (d) ln È 3
9 œ "3 ln 9 œ "
3 ln 3# œ 2
3 ln 3
(e) ln 3È2 œ ln 3  ln 2"Î# œ ln 3  "# ln 2
(f) ln È13.5 œ " ln 13.5 œ " ln 27 œ " aln 3$  ln 2b œ " (3 ln 3  ln 2)
# # # # #

"
2. (a) ln 125 œ ln 1  3 ln 5 œ 3 ln 5 (b) ln 9.8 œ ln 49
5 œ ln 7#  ln 5 œ 2 ln 7  ln 5
(c) ln 7È7 œ ln 7$Î# œ 3
# ln 7 (d) ln 1225 œ ln 35# œ 2 ln 35 œ 2 ln 5  2 ln 7
"
ln 35  ln ln 5  ln 7
ln 7 "
(e) ln 0.056 œ ln 7
125 œ ln 7  ln 5$ œ ln 7  3 ln 5 (f) ln 25
7
œ # ln 5 œ #

#
3. (a) ln sin )  ln ˆ sin5 ) ‰ œ ln
sin )
œ ln 5 " ‰
(b) ln a3x#  9xb  ln ˆ 3x œ ln Š 3x 3x
9x ‹ œ ln (x  3)
Š sin5 ) ‹ 

#
"
(c) # ln a4t% b  ln 2 œ ln È4t%  ln 2 œ ln 2t#  ln 2 œ ln Š 2t# ‹ œ ln at# b

4. (a) ln sec )  ln cos ) œ ln [(sec ))(cos ))] œ ln 1 œ 0

(b) ln (8x  4)  ln 2# œ ln (8x  4)  ln 4 œ ln ˆ 8x 4 4 ‰ œ ln (2x  1)
$ "Î$
(c) 3 ln Èt#  1  ln (t  1) œ 3 ln at#  1b  ln (t  1) œ 3 ˆ "3 ‰ ln at#  1b  ln (t  1) œ ln Š (t (t1)(t
 1)

")
‹
œ ln (t  1)

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 Section 7.2 Natural Logarithms 397
" " ‰ "
5. y œ ln 3x Ê yw œ ˆ 3x
1 ‰
(3) œ x 6. y œ ln kx Ê yw œ ˆ kx (k) œ x

7. y œ ln at# b Ê dy
dt œ ˆ t"# ‰ (2t) œ 2
t 8. y œ ln ˆt$Î# ‰ Ê dy
dt
" ‰ ˆ 3 "Î# ‰
œ ˆ t$Î# # t œ 3
2t

9. y œ ln 3
x œ ln 3x
" Ê dy
dx œ ˆ 3x" " ‰ a3x
# b œ  x"

10. y œ ln 10
x œ ln 10x
" Ê dy
dx œ ˆ 10x" " ‰ a10x
# b œ  x"

11. y œ ln ()  1) Ê dy
d) œ ˆ ) " 1 ‰ (1) œ "
)1 12. y œ ln (2)  2) Ê dy
d) œ ˆ #) " 2 ‰ (2) œ "
)1

3(ln x)#
13. y œ ln x$ Ê dy
dx œ ˆ x"$ ‰ a3x# b œ 3
x 14. y œ (ln x)$ Ê dy
dx œ 3(ln x)# † d
dx (ln x) œ x

15. y œ t(ln t)# Ê dy

dt œ (ln t)#  2t(ln t) † d
dt (ln t) œ (ln t)#  2t ln t
t œ (ln t)#  2 ln t

t(ln t)c"Î#
16. y œ tÈln t œ t(ln t)"Î# Ê dy
dt œ (ln t)"Î#  "# t(ln t)
"Î# † d
dt (ln t) œ (ln t)"Î#  #t
"
œ (ln t)"Î#  #(ln t)"Î#

x% x% x% " 4x$
17. y œ 4 ln x  16 Ê dy
dx œ x$ ln x  4 † x  16 œ x$ ln x

4 3
18. y œ ax2 ln xb Ê dy
dx œ 4ax2 ln xb ˆx2 † 1
x  2x ln x‰ œ 4x6 aln xb3 ax  2x ln xb œ 4x7 aln xb3 8x7 aln xb4

t ˆ "t ‰
(ln t)(1) 1
ln t

19. y œ ln t
t Ê dy
dt œ t# œ t#

"  ln t t ˆ "t ‰
("  ln t)(1) "
1
ln t

20. y œ t Ê dy
dt œ t# œ t# œ  lnt# t

(1  ln x) ˆ "x ‰
(ln x) ˆ x" ‰ "

 lnxx
lnxx "
21. y œ ln x
1  ln x Ê yw œ (1  ln x)#
œ x
(1  ln x)#
œ x(1  ln x)#

(1ln x) ˆln x  x† "x ‰
(x ln x) ˆ x" ‰ ("  ln x)#
ln x

22. y œ x ln x
1  ln x Ê yw œ (1ln x)#
œ (1  ln x)# œ1 ln x
(1  ln x)#

23. y œ ln (ln x) Ê yw œ ˆ ln"x ‰ ˆ "x ‰ œ "

x ln x

" " " "

24. y œ ln (ln (ln x)) Ê yw œ ln (ln x) † d
dx (ln (ln x)) œ ln (ln x) † ln x † d
dx (ln x) œ x (ln x) ln (ln x)

"
25. y œ )[sin (ln ))  cos (ln ))] Ê dy
d) œ [sin (ln ))  cos (ln ))]  ) cos (ln )) † )  sin (ln )) † ") ‘
œ sin (ln ))  cos (ln ))  cos (ln ))  sin (ln )) œ 2 cos (ln ))

sec ) tan )  sec# ) sec )(tan )  sec ))

26. y œ ln (sec )  tan )) Ê dy
d) œ sec )  tan ) œ tan )  sec ) œ sec )

" "  1)  x
27. y œ ln xÈ x  1
œ  ln x  # ln (x  1) Ê yw œ  x"  #" ˆ x " 1 ‰ œ  2(x 3x  2
2x(x  1) œ  2x(x  1)

" 1x " "  1 " x  ˆ 1
" x ‰ (1)‘ œ " 1
x1x "
28. y œ # ln 1
x œ # cln (1  x)  ln (1  x)d Ê yw œ # # ’ (1  x)("
x) “ œ 1
x#

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

398 Chapter 7 Transcendental Functions

1  ln t (1
ln t) ˆ "t ‰
(1  ln t) ˆ t" ‰ "
ln t  "  ln t

29. y œ 1
ln t Ê dy
dt œ (1
ln t)# œ t t t
(1
ln t)#
t
œ 2
t(1
ln t)#

"Î#
30. y œ Éln Èt œ ˆln t"Î# ‰ Ê dy
œ "
#
ˆln t"Î# ‰
"Î# † d ˆln t"Î# ‰ œ "
#
ˆln t"Î# ‰
"Î# † "
† d ˆt"Î# ‰
dt dt t"Î# dt

œ "
#
ˆln t"Î# ‰
"Î# † "
† #" t
"Î# œ "
t"Î# 4tÉln Èt

" sec (ln )) tan (ln )) tan (ln ))

31. y œ ln (sec (ln ))) Ê dy
d) œ sec (ln )) † d
d) (sec (ln ))) œ sec (ln )) † d
d) (ln )) œ )

Èsin ) cos ) 2
" " ) sin ) ‰
32. y œ ln 1  2 ln ) œ # (ln sin )  ln cos ))  ln (1  2 ln )) Ê dy
d) œ # sin ) 
ˆ cos cos )  )
1  # ln )
"
œ # ’cot )  tan )  4
)(1  2 ln )) “

# &
x  1b " 5†2x
33. y œ ln Š aÈ 1
x
‹ œ 5 ln ax#  1b  # ln (1  x) Ê yw œ x#  1  #" ˆ 1
" x ‰ (1) œ 10x
x#  1  "
#(1
x)

&
34. y œ ln É (x(x2)1)#! œ "
# [5 ln (x  1)  20 ln (x  2)] Ê yw œ "
#
ˆ x 5 1  20 ‰
x# œ 5
# ’ (x(x2)1)(x

4(x  1)
 2) “
2
œ  5# ’ (x 3x1)(x  #) “

35. y œ 'x#Î2 ln Èt dt Ê
x# # #
dy
dx œ Šln Èx# ‹ † d
dx ax# b  Šln É x# ‹ † d
dx Š x# ‹ œ 2x ln kxk  x ln
kx k
È2

36. y œ 'Èx ln t dt Ê
È
3 x
dy
dx œ ˆln È
3
x‰ † d
dx
ˆÈ
3
x‰  ˆln Èx‰ † d
dx
ˆÈx‰ œ ˆln È
3
x‰ ˆ 3" x
#Î$ ‰  ˆln Èx‰ ˆ #" x
"Î# ‰
ln È3 x ln Èx
œ 
3È x2 2È x
3

37. 'cc32 x" dx œ cln kxkd
#

$ œ ln 2  ln 3 œ ln 3
2
38. 'c01 3x3
# dx œ cln k3x  2kd !
" œ ln 2  ln 5 œ ln 52

39. ' y 2y
25 dy œ ln ky#  25k  C

# 40. ' 4r8r
5 dr œ ln k4r#  5k  C
#

41. '01 2
sincost t dt œ cln k2  cos tkd !1 œ ln 3  ln 1 œ ln 3; or let u œ 2  cos t Ê du œ sin t dt with t œ 0
Ê u œ 1 and t œ 1 Ê u œ 3 Ê '0 2
sincost t dt œ '1 u" du œ cln kukd $" œ ln 3  ln 1 œ ln 3
1 3

42. '01Î3 1
4 4sincos) ) d) œ cln k1  4 cos )kd !1Î$ œ ln k1  2k œ  ln 3 œ ln "3 ; or let u œ 1  4 cos ) Ê du œ 4 sin ) d)
c1
with ) œ 0 Ê u œ 3 and ) œ 13 Ê u œ 1 Ê '0 1
4 4sincos) ) d) œ 'c3 u" du œ cln kukd
"
1Î3
"

$ œ  ln 3 œ ln 3

"
43. Let u œ ln x Ê du œ x dx; x œ 1 Ê u œ 0 and x œ 2 Ê u œ ln 2;
'12
2 ln x
x dx œ '0
ln 2
2u du œ cu# d 0 œ (ln 2)#
ln 2

"
44. Let u œ ln x Ê du œ x dx; x œ 2 Ê u œ ln 2 and x œ 4 Ê u œ ln 4;
'24
dx
x ln x œ 'ln 2
ln 4
"
u du œ cln ud lnln 42 œ ln (ln 4)  ln (ln 2) œ ln ˆ ln
ln 2 œ ln Š ln 2 ‹ œ ln ln 2
4‰ ln 2 ˆ 2 ln 2 ‰ œ ln 2
#

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

 Section 7.2 Natural Logarithms 399
"
45. Let u œ ln x Ê du œ x dx; x œ 2 Ê u œ ln 2 and x œ 4 Ê u œ ln 4;
'2 4
dx
x(ln x)# œ 'ln 2 u
# du œ  "u ‘ ln 2 œ  ln"4 
ln 4 ln 4 "
ln # œ  ln"##  "
ln 2 œ  2 ln" #  "
ln # œ "
# ln 2 œ "
ln 4

"
46. Let u œ ln x Ê du œ x dx; x œ 2 Ê u œ ln 2 and x œ 16 Ê u œ ln 16;
'2 16
dx
œ "
#
'ln 2
ln 16
u
"Î# du œ u"Î# ‘ ln 2 œ Èln 16  Èln 2 œ È4 ln 2  Èln 2 œ 2Èln 2  Èln 2 œ Èln 2
ln 16
2xÈln x

47. Let u œ 6  3 tan t Ê du œ 3 sec# t dt;

' 6 3sec #
3 tan t dt œ
t ' duu œ ln kuk  C œ ln k6  3 tan tk  C

48. Let u œ 2  sec y Ê du œ sec y tan y dy;

' sec# ysectanyy dy œ ' duu œ ln kuk  C œ ln k2  sec yk  C

49. Let u œ cos x

# Ê du œ  "# sin x
# dx Ê 2 du œ sin x
# dx; x œ 0 Ê u œ 1 and x œ 1
# Ê uœ "
È2 ;
È2 È2
'01Î2 tan x# dx œ '01Î2 cos
sin x
#
x dx œ 2 '1
1Î
du
u œ c2 ln kukd 11Î œ 2 ln "
È2 œ 2 ln È2 œ ln 2
#

1 " 1
50. Let u œ sin t Ê du œ cos t dt; t œ 4 Ê uœ È2 and t œ # Ê u œ 1;

'11ÎÎ42 cot t dt œ '11ÎÎ42 cos t

sin t dt œ '1ÎÈ2 du
1
"
u œ cln kukd "ÎÈ# œ  ln
"
È2 œ ln È2

) " ) ) 1 " È3
51. Let u œ sin 3 Ê du œ 3 cos 3 d) Ê 6 du œ 2 cos 3 d) ; ) œ # Ê uœ # and ) œ 1 Ê u œ # ;
È3Î2 È3Î2
'1Î2 2 cot 3) d) œ '1Î2
1 1 2 cos

sin )
)
3
d) œ 6 '1Î2 du
u œ 6 cln kukd 1Î2 œ 6 Šln
È3
#  ln "# ‹ œ 6 ln È3 œ ln 27
3

1 "
52. Let u œ cos 3x Ê du œ 3 sin 3x dx Ê 2 du œ 6 sin 3x dx; x œ 0 Ê u œ 1 and x œ 1# Ê uœ È2 ;
È2 È2
'01Î12 6 tan 3x dx œ '01Î12 6cossin3x3x dx œ 2 '11Î du
u œ 2 cln kukd 11Î œ 2 ln "
È2  ln 1 œ 2 ln È2 œ ln 2

53. ' dx
2Èx  2x
œ' dx
2 È x ˆ1  È x ‰
; let u œ 1  Èx Ê du œ "
#È x
dx; ' 2Èx ˆdx1  Èx‰ œ ' du
u œ ln kuk  C
œ ln ¸1  Èx¸  C œ ln ˆ1  Èx‰  C

54. Let u œ sec x  tan x Ê du œ asec x tan x  sec# xb dx œ (sec x)(tan x  sec x) dx Ê sec x dx œ du
u ;

' sec x dx
Èln (sec x  tan x) œ' du
uÈln u
œ ' (ln u)
"Î# † "
u du œ 2(ln u)"Î#  C œ 2Èln (sec x  tan x)  C

" " "

55. y œ Èx(x  1) œ (x(x  1))"Î# Ê ln y œ
w

# ln (x(x  1)) Ê 2 ln y œ ln (x)  ln (x  1) Ê 2y

y œ x  x 1
Èx(x  1) (2x  1)
Ê yw œ ˆ "# ‰ Èx(x  1) ˆ x"  " ‰
x 1 œ 2x(x  1) œ 2x  "
2Èx(x  1)

" "
cln ax#  1b  2 ln (x  1)d Ê
w

56. y œ Èax#  1b (x  1)# Ê ln y œ #

y
y œ #
ˆ x#2x 1  2 ‰
x
1
" ‰ # # a2x#
x  1b kx
1k
Ê yw œ Èax# +1b (x  1)# ˆ x# x 1  x
1 œ Èax#  1b (x  1)# ’ axx#
x1b (xx
1)1 “ œ Èx#  1 (x
1)

"Î# " " dy "

57. y œ É t t 1 œ ˆ t t 1 ‰ Ê ln y œ # [ln t  ln (t  1)] Ê y dt œ #
ˆ "t  " ‰
t1

"
Ê dy
dt œ # É t t 1 ˆ "t  " ‰
t1 œ "
# É t t 1 ’ t(t " 1) “ œ "
2Èt (t  1)$Î#

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

400 Chapter 7 Transcendental Functions

" " dy
58. y œ É t(t 1 1) œ [t(t  1)]
"Î# Ê ln y œ # [ln t  ln (t  1)] Ê y dt œ  #" ˆ "t  " ‰
t1

Ê dy
œ  "# É t(t 1 1) ’ t(t2t  1)
"
“œ 2t  1
dt 2 at#  tb$Î#

" " dy " cos )

59. y œ È)  3 (sin )) œ ()  3)"Î# sin ) Ê ln y œ # ln ()  3)  ln (sin )) Ê y d) œ #()  3)  sin )

Ê dy
d) œ È)  3 (sin )) ’ 2() " 3)  cot )“

" " dy sec# )

60. y œ (tan )) È2)  1 œ (tan ))(2)  1)"Î# Ê ln y œ ln (tan ))  # ln (2)  1) Ê y d) œ tan )  ˆ #" ‰ ˆ #) 2 1 ‰
#
) " tan )
Ê dy
d) œ (tan )) È2)  1 Š sec
tan )  #)  1 ‹ œ asec# )b È2)  1  È 2)  1

" dy " " "

61. y œ t(t  1)(t  2) Ê ln y œ ln t  ln (t  1)  ln (t  2) Ê y dt œ t  t1  t#

Ê dy
dt œ t(t  1)(t+2) ˆ "t  "
t1  " ‰
t# œ t(t  1)(t  2) ’ (t  1)(t t(t2)1)(t
t(t  2)  t(t  1)
 2) “ œ 3t#  6t  2

" " dy
62. y œ t(t  1)(t  2) Ê ln y œ ln 1  ln t  ln (t  1)  ln (t  2) Ê y dt œ  "t  "
t1  "
t#

Ê dy
dt œ "
t(t  1)(t  2)
 "t  "
t1  " ‘
t# œ
"
t(t  1)(t  #) ’ (t  1)(t t(t2)1)(t
t(t  2)  t(t  1)
 2) “
#
œ  at$3t3t#6t2t2b#

)5 " dy " " sin )

63. y œ ) cos ) Ê ln y œ ln ()  5)  ln )  ln (cos )) Ê y d) œ )5  )  cos ) Ê dy
d) œ ˆ ) )cos
5 ‰ ˆ "
) )5 
"
)  tan )‰

) sin ) " " dy (sec ))(tan ))

64. y œ Èsec ) Ê ln y œ ln )  ln (sin ))  # ln (sec )) Ê y d) œ ’ ")  cos )
sin )  2 sec ) “
) sin ) ˆ " "
Ê d) œ Èsec ) )
dy
 cot )  # tan )‰

xÈ x#  1 yw
65. y œ (x  1)#Î$
Ê ln y œ ln x  "# ln ax#  1b  2
3 ln (x  1) Ê y œ "
x  x
x#  1  2
3(x  1)
È #
Ê yw œ x(x x1)#Î$1 ’ "x  x# x 1  3(x 2 1) “

(x  1) "!
" yw
66. y œ É (2x  1)& Ê ln y œ # [10 ln (x  1)  5 ln (2x  1)] Ê y œ 5
x1  5
2x  1
(x  1) ˆ 5 "!
Ê yw œ É (2x  1)& x1 
5 ‰
2x  1

3 x(x
2) " yw " ˆ x"  "

67. y œ É x#  1 Ê ln y œ 3 cln x  ln (x  2)  ln ax#  1bd Ê y œ 3 x
#  2x ‰
x#  1
3 x(x
2) "
Ê yw œ 3" É x#  1 x 
ˆ "
x
#  2x ‰
x#  1

x(x  1)(x
2) "

68. y œ É
3
ax#  1b (2x  3) Ê ln y œ 3 cln x  ln (x  1)  ln (x  2)  ln ax#  1b  ln (2x  3)d
x(x  1)(x
2) ˆ "
Ê yw œ "3 É
3
ax#  1b (2x  3) x 
"
x1  "
x
#  2x
x#  1  2 ‰
2x  3

1
69. (a) f(x) œ ln (cos x) Ê f w (x) œ  cos w w
x œ  tan x œ 0 Ê x œ 0; f (x)  0 for  4 Ÿ x
0 and f (x)
0 for
sin x

0
x Ÿ 13 Ê there is a relative maximum at x œ 0 with f(0) œ ln (cos 0) œ ln 1 œ 0; f ˆ 14 ‰ œ ln ˆcos ˆ 14 ‰‰

œ ln Š È"2 ‹ œ  #" ln 2 and f ˆ 13 ‰ œ ln ˆcos ˆ 13 ‰‰ œ ln "
# œ  ln 2. Therefore, the absolute minimum occurs at
1
xœ 3 with f ˆ 13 ‰ œ  ln 2 and the absolute maximum occurs at x œ 0 with f(0) œ 0.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

 Section 7.2 Natural Logarithms 401

sin (ln x) "
(b) f(x) œ cos (ln x) Ê f w (x) œ œ 0 Ê x œ 1; f w (x)  0 for
Ÿ x
1 and f w (x)
0 for 1
x Ÿ 2
x #
Ê there is a relative maximum at x œ 1 with f(1) œ cos (ln 1) œ cos 0 œ 1; f ˆ "# ‰ œ cos ˆln ˆ "# ‰‰
"
œ cos ( ln 2) œ cos (ln 2) and f(2) œ cos (ln 2). Therefore, the absolute minimum occurs at x œ # and
x œ 2 with f ˆ "# ‰ œ f(2) œ cos (ln 2), and the absolute maximum occurs at x œ 1 with f(1) œ 1.

70. (a) f(x) œ x  ln x Ê f w (x) œ 1  "x ; if x  1, then f w (x)  0 which means that f(x) is increasing
(b) f(1) œ 1  ln 1 œ 1 Ê f(x) œ x  ln x  0, if x  1 by part (a) Ê x  ln x if x  1

71. '15 (ln 2x  ln x) dx œ '15 ( ln x  ln 2  ln x) dx œ (ln 2)'15 dx œ (ln 2)(5  1) œ ln 2% œ ln 16

72. A œ 'c01Î4  tan x dx  '01Î3 tan x dx œ ' 01Î4
cossinxx dx  '01Î3
cossinxx dx œ cln kcos xkd !
1Î%  cln kcos xkd !1Î$
" "
œ Šln 1  ln È2 ‹  ˆln #  ln 1‰ œ ln È2  ln 2 œ 3
# ln 2

73. V œ 1'0 Š Èy2 1 ‹ dy œ 41 '0

3 # 3
"
y 1 dy œ 41 cln ky  1kd $! œ 41(ln 4  ln 1) œ 41 ln 4

74. V œ 1 '1Î6 cot x dx œ 1 '1Î6

1Î2 1Î2
1Î#
cos x
sin x dx œ 1 cln (sin x)d 1Î' œ 1 ˆln 1  ln "# ‰ œ 1 ln 2

75. V œ 21'1Î2 x ˆ x"# ‰ dx œ 21 '1Î2 x" dx œ 21 cln kxkd #"Î# œ 21 ˆln 2  ln #" ‰ œ 21(2 ln 2) œ 1 ln 2% œ 1 ln 16
2 2

76. V œ 1 '0 Š Èx9x ‹ dx œ 271'0 dx œ 271 cln ax$  9bd ! œ 271(ln 36  ln 9) œ 271(ln 4  ln 9  ln 9)
3 # 3
$
$9

œ 271 ln 4 œ 541 ln 2

 ln x Ê 1  ayw b# œ 1  ˆ 4x  x" ‰ œ 1  Š x 4x
4 ‹ œ Š x 4x 4 ‹ Ê L œ '4 É1  ayw b# dx

# # # 8
x# # #
77. (a) y œ 8

œ '4 dx œ '4 ˆ x4  "x ‰ dx œ ’ x8  ln kxk“ œ (8  ln 8)  (2  ln 4) œ 6  ln 2

8 # 8 # )
x 4
4x %
# # # # # # #

16  16
(b) x œ ˆ y4 ‰  2 ln ˆ y4 ‰ Ê dx
dy œ y
8  2
y Ê 1 Š dx
dy ‹ œ 1  Š y8  2y ‹ œ 1  Š y 8y ‹ œ Šy 8y ‹

Ê L œ '4 Ê1  Š dx ' dy œ '4 Š y8  2y ‹ dy œ ’ 16

12 # 12 # 12 # "#
y 16
dy ‹ dy œ 4  2 ln y“ œ (9  2 ln 12)  (1  2 ln 4)
y
8y %
œ 8  2 ln 3 œ 8  ln 9

78. L œ '1 É1 
2
" "
x# dx Ê dy
dx œ x Ê y œ ln kxk  C œ ln x  C since x  0 Ê 0 œ ln 1  C Ê C œ 0 Ê y œ ln x

79. (a) My œ '1 x ˆ "x ‰ dx œ 1, Mx œ '1 ˆ 2x '12 x" œ 4" , M œ '1

2 2 # 2
" ‰ ˆ"‰
x dx œ
"
# #
" ‘
dx œ  2x "
"
x dx œ cln kxkd #" œ ln 2
My " ˆ "4 ‰
Ê xœ M œ ln 2 ¸ 1.44 and y œ Mx
M œ ln 2 ¸ 0.36
(b)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

402 Chapter 7 Transcendental Functions

80. (a) My œ '1 x Š È"x ‹ dx œ '1 x"Î# dx œ x$Î# ‘ "' œ 42; Mx œ ' Š È '116 x" dx
16 16 16
"
2
3 " 1 2 x
‹ Š È"x ‹ dx œ "
#

œ "
# cln kxkd "' '
" œ ln 4, M œ 1
16
"
Èx
"'
dx œ 2x"Î# ‘ " œ 6 Ê x œ
My
M œ 7 and y œ Mx
M œ ln 4
6

(b) My œ '1 x Š È"x ‹ Š È4x ‹ dx œ 4'1 dx œ 60, Mx œ '1 Š 2È ‹ Š È"x ‹ Š È4x ‹ dx œ #'1 x
$Î# dx
16 16 16 16
"
x

œ 4 x
"Î# ‘" œ 3, M œ '1 Š È"x ‹ Š È4x ‹ dx œ 4'1

"' 16 16
"
dx œ c4 ln kxkd "'
My
" œ 4 ln 16 Ê x œ œ 15
x M ln 16 and
yœ Mx
M œ 3
4 ln 16

81. faxb œ lnax3  1b, domain of f: a1, _b Ê f w axb œ 3x2

x3
1 ; f w axb œ 0 Ê 3x2 œ 0 Ê x œ 0, not in the domain;
f w axb œ undefined Ê x3  1 œ 0 Ê x œ 1, not in domain. On a1, _b, f w axb  0 Ê f is increasing on a1, _b
Ê f is one-to-one

2x  1x 2x2  1
82. gaxb œ Èx2  ln x, domain of g: x  0.652919 Ê g w axb œ œ ; g w axb œ 0 Ê 2x2  1 œ 0 Ê no real
2Èx2 ln x 2xÈx2 ln x

solutions; g w axb œ undefined Ê 2xÈx2  ln x œ 0 Ê x œ 0 or x ¸ 0.652919, neither in domain. On x  0.652919,

g w axb  0 Ê g is increasing for x  0.652919 Ê g is one-to-one

"
83. dy
dx œ1 x at ("ß 3) Ê y œ x  ln kxk  C; y œ 3 at x œ 1 Ê C œ 2 Ê y œ x  ln kxk  2

84. d# y
dx# œ sec# x Ê dy
dx œ tan x  C and 1 œ tan 0  C Ê dy
dx œ tan x  1 Ê y œ ' (tan x  1) dx
œ ln ksec xk  x  C" and 0 œ ln ksec 0k  0  C" Ê C" œ 0 Ê y œ ln ksec xk  x

" ¸
85. (a) L(x) œ f(0)  f w (0) † x, and f(x) œ ln (1  x) Ê f w (x)k xœ0 œ 1x xœ0 œ 1 Ê L(x) œ ln 1  1 † x Ê L(x) œ x
ww "
(b) Let faxb œ lnax  "b. Since f axb œ  ax" b#

! on Ò!ß !Þ"Ó, the graph of f is concave down on this interval and the
largest error in the linear approximation will occur when x œ !Þ". This error is !Þ"  lna"Þ"b ¸ !Þ!!%'* to five
decimal places.
(c) The approximation y œ x for ln (1  x) is best for smaller
positive values of x; in particular for 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 0.1 in the
graph. As x increases, so does the error x  ln (1  x).
From the graph an upper bound for the error is
0.5  ln (1  0.5) ¸ 0.095; i.e., kE(x)k Ÿ 0.095 for
0 Ÿ x Ÿ 0.5. Note from the graph that 0.1  ln (1  0.1)
¸ 0.00469 estimates the error in replacing ln (1  x) by
x over 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 0.1. This is consistent with the estimate
given in part (b) above.

86. For all positive values of x, d ln a

dx c x dœ 1
a †  xa2 œ  1x and d
dx c
ln a  ln x d œ 0  1
x œ  1x . Since ln xa and ln a  ln x have
x

the same derivative, then ln xa œ ln a  ln x  C for some constant C. Since this equation holds for all positve values of x,
it must be true for x œ 1 Ê ln 1x œ ln 1  ln x  C œ 0  ln x  C Ê ln 1x œ ln x  C. By part 3 we know that
ln 1x œ ln x Ê C œ 0 Ê ln xa œ ln a  ln x.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

 Section 7.3 Exponential Functions 403

87. (a) (b) yw œ cos x

asin x . Since lsin xl and lcos xl are less than
or equal to 1, we have for a  "

" w "
a
" Ÿ y Ÿ a
" for all x.
Thus, lim yw œ ! for all x Ê the graph of y looks
aÄ_
more and more horizontal as a Ä  _.

88. (a) The graph of y œ Èx  ln x appears to be concave

upward for all x  0.

" " Èx
(b) y œ Èx  ln x Ê yw œ #È x
 x Ê yww œ  4x"$Î#  "
x# œ "
x# Š 4  1‹ œ 0 Ê Èx œ 4 Ê x œ 16.
Thus, yww  0 if 0
x
16 and yww
0 if x  16 so a point of inflection exists at x œ 16. The graph of
y œ Èx  ln x closely resembles a straight line for x 10 and it is impossible to discuss the point of
inflection visually from the graph.

7.3 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

1. (a) e
0Þ3t œ 27 Ê ln e
0Þ3t œ ln 3$ Ê (0.3t) ln e œ 3 ln 3 Ê 0.3t œ 3 ln 3 Ê t œ 10 ln 3

(b) ekt œ "# Ê ln ekt œ ln 2
" œ kt ln e œ  ln 2 Ê t œ  lnk2
t
(c) eÐln 0Þ2Ñt œ 0.4 Ê ˆeln 0Þ2 ‰ œ 0.4 Ê 0.2t œ 0.4 Ê ln 0.2t œ ln 0.4 Ê t ln 0.2 œ ln 0.4 Ê t œ ln 0.4
ln 0.2

2. (a) e
0Þ01t œ 1000 Ê ln e
0Þ01t œ ln 1000 Ê (0.01t) ln e œ ln 1000 Ê 0.01t œ ln 1000 Ê t œ 100 ln 1000
"
(b) ekt œ 10 Ê ln ekt œ ln 10
" œ kt ln e œ  ln 10 Ê kt œ  ln 10 Ê t œ  lnk10
" t
(c) eÐln 2Ñt œ # Ê ˆeln 2 ‰ œ 2
" Ê 2t œ 2
" Ê t œ 1

Èt Èt
3. e œ x# Ê ln e œ ln x# Ê Èt œ 2 ln x Ê t œ 4(ln x)#

# # #
4. ex e2x1 œ et Ê ex 2x1 œ et Ê ln ex 2x1 œ ln et Ê t œ x#  2x  1

5. y œ e
5x Ê yw œ e
5x d
dx (5x) Ê yw œ 5e
5x

6. y œ e2xÎ3 Ê yw œ e2xÎ3 d
dx
ˆ 2x
3
‰ Ê yw œ 2
3 e2xÎ3

7. y œ e5
7x Ê yw œ e5
7x d
dx (5  7x) Ê yw œ 7e5
7x

# #
8. y œ eˆ4Èxx ‰ Ê yw œ eˆ4Èxx ‰ d
dx
ˆ4Èx  x# ‰ Ê yw œ Š È2  2x‹ eˆ4Èxx# ‰
x

9. y œ xex  ex Ê yw œ aex  xex b  ex œ xex

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

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