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waste-management-1 Total Geography
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solutions/kPzGnZ/waste-management-1 Chapter 16.Impact of Waste accumulation
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solutions/8VD62L/waste-management-2 Chap 17. Methods of Safe Disposal
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waste-management-2 Total Geography
================
Chapter 16. Impact of Waste accumulation
Very Short Questions
Q-1: What is known as waste?
Answer:
Waste is a thing is not required by the producer, processor or owner. It is generally
discarded or thrown away by households, industries, etc.
Q-2: How many types of waste?
Answer:
Wastes are of three types: Solid, liquid, or gaseous.
Q-3: What are sources of waste?
Answer:
Waste is generated from a number of sources. The major sources of waste are domestic
waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, biomedical waste, municipal waste etc.
Q-4: What are the sources of agricultural wastes.
Answer:
Fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides and other chemical agents.
Q-5: What is meant by domestic waste?
Answer:
Wastes generated due to domestic activities are called domestic wastes.
Fruits and vegetable peels, paper, polythenes, discarded clothes etc. are the sources
of domestic waste.
Q-6: Define gaseous waste. Answer:
It includes fuel exhausts containing carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, etc. ,
and smog which is formed as a hazy mixture of gases when fuel exhaust reacts with sunlight.
Q-7: What does industrial waste include?
Answer:
Industrial wastes include any material that is rendered useless during a manufacturing
process. e. g. Metals, Chemicals, Gases.
Q-8: What is biomedical waste?
Answer:
Biomedical waste generated from hospital activities, pathology, laboratory and other
associated areas. e. g Blades, Needles, Body part etc.
Q-9: What form of waste is generated from the oil refineries?
Answer:
Petroleum is found in raw form while refining, it releases a large amount of gaseous and
liquid waste.
Q-10: What is hazardous waste? How is it generated?
Hazardous waste is waste material, often in chemical form that comes from agriculture,
radioactive sources, and industries can pose a long term risk to health and environment.
Q-9: What form of waste is generated from the oil refineries?
Answer:
Petroleum is found in raw form while refining, it releases a large amount of gaseous and
liquid waste.
-11: What is segregation?
Segregation is the initial stage of waste disposal.
The waste can segregated according to their features like sharp edged waste like blades,
knives, plastic glass, bottles, etc. Q-12: What is open dumping of wastes?
Answer:
In these method waste materials is dumped in open low lands far away from the city. It is a
common and cheapest method of disposing waste on land.
Nowadays; this method is improved and is called landfill.
Q-13: How is solid waste disposed of in an incinerator?
Answer:
Solid waste disposal is its reduction in weight and volume. In the incinerator the waste is
burned and if reduces by 90% in weight and volume. Q-14: What do you understand by
landfill?
Sanitary landfill is a way of disposing refuse on land without creating nuisances or hazards to
public health or safety.
The waste is packed and dumped at the site and is covered with earth daily to prevent
insects or rodents from entering into the landfill.
Q-15: What is composting?
Answer:
Composting is a natural degradation process in which biodegradable materials are
decomposed by microbes and converted into manure.
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Chap 17. Methods of Safe Disposal
Why there is a need for waste management?
There is a need for waste management because:
Increase in population has led to the large-scale accumulation of wastes. Hence, it is
important to manage the wastes.
There are dangers of spreading many diseases when wastes get accumulated on land
and water bodies.
There are many kinds of wastes that are being generated today. Waste management
results in segregation of wastes into dry, wet, biodegradable and non-
biodegradable. Waste can be recycled if collected and managed efficiently. Waste
materials such as plastic, glass and paper can be segregated into different columns
in order to process them to make new products which will save the natural
resources.
Waste management will not only save natural resources, biodiversity, and human
life, it will also impact the economy in a positive way as there will be more jobs
created for running an efficient waste management system.
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ICSE 2025 Specimen:
Which of the following methods of disposal is best applicable for the waste depicted in the
picture below?
(Glass Waste)
(a) Burning waste in open area.
(b) Recycling waste.*
(c) Dumping.
(d) Composting
Question 12
(i) What is the impact of waste generation on the following? [2]
(a) Surface water Waste dumped near a water source percolates through the soil into
the water bodies and contaminates the water. This results in the accumulation of toxic
substances in the water bodies and further in the food chain through plants and animals
that feed on it.
(b) Landscape It spoils the aesthetic beauty of the land and causes severe damage
to the earth.
(ii) Why is dumping considered a harmful method of waste disposal? [2]
Open dumping contaminates the streams, rivers and lakes. It also contaminates soil and
drinking water. This type of dumping also decreases the quality of life of the nearby areas
and the local communities.
(iii) Fire broke out at the Kochi city waste treatment plant. Thick clouds of [3]
toxic smoke engulfed the city. The waste at the plant also contained plastic and biomedical
wastes, both of which on combustion are extremely harmful for the general health ofpeople.
— Economic Times, 10.03.2023
(a) Which method of waste management would have helped in
reducing health hazard in the above case? [Analyse]
1. Segregation of plastic and bio-medical wastes.
(b) Mention one measure you can adopt in school to reduce waste. [Apply]
1. Reusing, composting, or sending waste for recycling; Creating awareness amongst
students o all ages;
2. and Banning the use of plastics
(c) State one way in which domestic waste can be made useful. [Understand]
Converting old clothes into useful items like doormats, covers, decorative items, Kitchen
waste can be made into compost and Reusing glass bottles, unused pages of books.
(iv) (a) What are landfills? [3] Landfills are the large area on the outskirts of cities where
the waste is deposited on or in the ground and covered with earth.
(b) Enumerate two advantages of composting as a method of waste
disposal.
Advantages of composting:
It enhances the soil nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.
It enhances the water retention capacity of the soil.
It increases the fertility of soil by adding humus.
It works as a natural waste disposal system.
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2024
With reference to the picture below, answer the questions that follow:
(a) Which waste management method is depicted here? Segregation
(b) State one way in which this method may be implemented at our home. Segregating
waste into biodegradable and non- biodegradable items
(ii) Explain how waste accumulation can be harmful. (Any two points) [2]
(a) Waste accumulation results in air pollution which may cause Acid Rain and several
Air- borne Diseases/ Bad Odour/Release harmful Greenhouse gases/ Chemicals near the
underground water by leakage.
(b) Water pollution affects human health and also animal life on land, it also affects
Aquatic animals adversely/ Eutrophication/ Biomagnification.
(iii) Explain how waste generated in following sectors may be made useful. (Give one
example for each) [3]
(a) Household : Many materials like glass, metal, plastics, cloths, paper, etc. that is used
in our day to day life can be reused. e.g., cloth bags can be used instead of plastic bags
by making bags out of old clothes, donating old clothes, toys and furniture, etc.
(b) Industry : Some solid wastes from the industry can be utilised directly, e.g., fly ash from
power plant is used as a substitute for cement, for making roads and filing up low lying
areas.
(c) Agriculture : The dry straws from agriculture can be used to feed cattle.
(iv) (a) Give two uses of composting. [3]
(i) Composting is a highly nutrient rich fertilizer source that will reduce the amount of
synthetic fertilizers used in the farming fields.
(ii) Compost decreases the erosion potentiality on the fields and enhances the structural
ability of soil.
The presence of microorganisms like Bacteria, Fungi, etc. aerate the soil which
speeds up composting and convert nitrogen to a usable form.
(b) Why are landfills set up far away from the city? (Any two reasons)
It prevents plant diseases and also protects the spread of pathogen diseases.
To avoid water overflow, landfills are built outside the cities. Upon arrival of the
garbage or bin, the city is dismantled. In order to keep the city free of waste, landfills
are located outside the cities.
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2023 Exam
12.(i) Why should waste management be practiced in every school? [2] It is very important
for the proper waste disposal and management of waste by applying the 3R – Reduce,
Reuse and Recycle.
(1) Reducing means lessening the amount of trash/garbage produced and reusing of paper
for all kinds.
(2) Reducing, reusing, recycling and waste material will improve the economic and
environmental performance of the school.
(ii) Mention one advantage and one disadvantages of dumping of waste. [2]
The advantage of dumping waste is this is the conventional, inexpensive and widely
used method of waste disposal.
The disadvantage of this method is that the solid waste materials which are left in
the open give out bad odour and are the breeding grounds for mosquitoes, flies and
other harmful bacteria which causes a variety of diseases.
(iii) Briefly answer the following: [3]
(a) How is segregation of the waste helpful? (a) Segregation of waste is the first and
important step of safe disposal of waste for an effective waste management. Waste
Segregation causes lesser pollution.
(b) Old tyres can be reused for making shoes, chappals etc.
(b) Mention one way in which we can reuse waste. Old tyres can be reused for making
shoes, chappals etc.
(c) Mention one benefit of Composting. Compost is a way of Recycling and Reuse of
organic waste. It not only reduces waste accumulation but also increases plant growth
(iv) (a) How is recycling of waste helpful? Give an example of recycling of waste. [3]
(b)Mention any one initiative taken by the Government to manage waste.
(1) Reducing means lessening the amount of trash/garbage produced and reusing of paper
for all kinds.
(2) Reducing, reusing, recycling and waste material will improve the economic and
environmental performance of the school.
The advantage of dumping waste is this is the conventional, inexpensive and widely used
method of waste disposal.
The disadvantage of this method is that the solid waste materials which are left in the open
give out bad odour and are the breeding grounds for mosquitoes, flies and other harmful
bacteria which causes a variety of diseases.
(a) Segregation of waste is the first and important step of safe disposal of waste for an
effective waste management. Waste Segregation causes lesser pollution.
(b) Old tyres can be reused for making shoes, chappals etc.
(c) Compost is a way of Recycling and Reuse of organic waste. It not only reduces waste
accumulation but also increases plant growth.
(a) (a) How is recycling of waste helpful? Give an example of recycling of waste. [3]
Recycling of waste reduces the consumption of raw materials and energy usage and also
reduces air and water pollution. It is the key component of modern waste reduction
procedure.
e.g., Paper: It would save our forest if less trees were cut. Paper can be recycled by selling
them to be used again.
(b)Mention any one initiative taken by the Government to manage waste.
One of the initiatives taken by the government to manage waste is through the following
programmes:
• Swachh Bharat Mission’, ‘National Water ,Mission’ and ‘Waste to Wealth Mission’.
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2022 Semester 1
Question 6
(i) Why is there a need for waste management in India? (Two points)
Increase in population has led to the large-scale accumulation of wastes. Hence,
it is important to manage the wastes.
Waste management reduces greenhouse gas emissions and improves the quality
of air and water, and the condition of any area affected by the waste.
(ii) Segregation considered a safe method of waste disposal. Explain.
Separating waste allows us to recycle more items, preventing their disposal in
landfills. By reducing landfill disposal, we reduce our environmental impact
Waste segregation facilitates the process of reuse, recycling, and recovery of
waste. Segregating waste can improve the recycling process. For example,
separating wet waste from dry waste is a simple way to help recycling
companies. It will help to recycle non-biodegradable waste and treat
biodegradable waste directly.
(iii) Mention three ways that may be used in India to reduce waste.
Adopt the 3Rs that is Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
Place moist wastes such as leftover foods, vegetables, peels, and the like in an
organic trashcan that can be composted later.
Composting in the kitchen and yards.By placing organic waste in ground-level
compost pits and preparing compost.
By reducing disposable things and encouraging the usage of recyclable materials.
(iv) Mention three reasons as to why the dumping of waste may be harmful.
The three reasons why the dumping of waste may be harmful are:
The chemicals that are disposed of by dumping them into our waterways like
streams, rivers and aquifers make it unsafe to use for drinking and agricultural
purposes.
Dumping makes the waste rot and decomposes producing harmful gases like CO
2
and methane both of which are greenhouse gases contributing to global warming.
Open dumping also provides a place for germs, insects and other vectors to grow
and spread diseases.
------------
Why is there a need for waste management in large metropolitan cities? (i) Waste disposal
is quite a task in metropolitan cities as dumping of waste in landfills sometimes release
methane gas which in- creases the level of air pollution in the city. Thus the waste needs to
be managed rather than deposing or dumping.
Why is composting considered a safe method of waste disposal? Composting is considered
as one of the efficient ways of treating biological waste, be- cause the microorganisms
decomposes the organic waste. This not only reduces the size of the waste to 50% but it
gets converted into natural fertilizer known as compost or humus
Why should we reuse waste? The waste materials needs to be reused as far as possible
because recycling needs a lot of energy to dismantle and re-manufacture new products.
Moreover, the process of reuse reduces the waste and pollution and also the raw material
requirement. Thus it saves both forest and supply of water.
How can farm waste be made useful? Farm waste can be recycled and reused in following
ways
(1) It can be used as biofuels such as biodiesel and ethanol.
(2) By products of sugarcane can be a good substitute for plastics. Differ- ent
products such as bowls, plates, and containers can be manufac- tured from these
by products.
(3) Farm compost can be dumped un- der specific condition in order to produce
compost or humus which can be used for plant growth.
(c) How is dumping of waste harmful? Dumping of waste damages environ- ment and hence
it is often considered illegal to dump waste. The place where the waste materials are
dumped, its ad- jacent area gets affected by land, water, soil and air pollution. The surface
water as well as ground water gets contami- nated by the dumped waste.
(iv) Mention three ways to reduce waste generation at home. [3]
There are various ways to reduce waste generation at home. Important among them are
as follows:
a) Avoid the use of single use plastics.
(b) To use reusable bottles and cups for having beverages while travelling.
(c) Use of reusable bags for shopping of groceries, vegetables and other essen- tial
items.
(d) By donating unused materials to the needy in our surroundings.
(e) By dumping bio-waste in the gardens in order to get compost for plant growth
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School 2024:
Minimizing waste generation is the first step towards waste management.”-
Define:
Vermicomposting: Vermicomposting or worm composting is a simple technology for
converting biodegradable waste into organic manure with the help of earthworms. In fact,
earthworms can greatly speed up the composting process and the castings, earthworm
poop, is high in nitrogen.
Carbon footprint. A carbon footprint is the total amount of Greenhouse Gases – GHGs
(especially carbon dioxide and methane) released into the atmosphere by different human
activity. (2)
(a) Identify the type of waste generated by rapid growth of consumerism. This often
includes bulky items like foam, cardboard, thermocol and plastic wrap.
State two ways in which this problem can be controlled.
1. Replace single-use plastic packaging, bottles, and containers with reusable products
or eliminate packaging when possible. ...
2. Buy used clothing and household items.
3. Repair, rather than replace, broken items.
4. Learn more about how to Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.
(b) Mention three initiatives by the government to ensure efficient disposal of waste
A Government of India Order in November 2015 made it mandatory for all road
developers in the country to use waste plastic and bituminous mixes to construct
roads.
Swachh Bharat Mission for Solid Waste Management. The mission includes provisions
for plastic waste management, such as promoting waste segregation at the source
and setting up plastic waste management systems.
shaping effective solid waste management systems, providing the regulatory
frameworks, incentives, and support needed to promote sustainable waste practices
and protect public health and the environment
(i) What do you mean by segregation of waste? Physical separation of waste into different
categories.
(ii) Why is segregation of waste essential before its disposal? [2] Segregation is needed for
recycling.
(b) Why should sewage be treated before disposal? [2]
Sewage depletes the oxygen and disturbs the balance of aquatic life. Huge quantity of
domestic sewage does not give any time to the environment to recover.
Briefly answer each of the following:
(i) What is the effect of Waste accumulation on terrestrial life? (1) Waste accumulation
cause foul smell.
(2) Increase of rodents and housefly.
(3) Water run off pollutes the water/ cause air pollution.
(4) It harms the plant kingdom by changing
(ii) What are the consequences of Water pollution? Sewage depletes the oxygen
(eutrophication) and disturbs the balance of aquatic life. Fish & other aquatic animals may
die due to the pollution created by waste.
(iii) What is the benefit of Composting?
Composting is a method of decomposing the organic solid waste into humus, using micro-
organisms.
(1) Compost is used in the agricultural fields to improve the fertility of the soil.
(2) Composting also reduces the pollution due to bio-degradable waste.
How can recycling of Waste help in reducing waste? Explain with suitable examples.
(i) We can make new materials from the used items. E.g. Card board from used paper. It
reduces the waste as it converts a useless product to useful product.
Mention one initiative taken by the Government to manage waste.
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan has contributed in reducing the waste generation through
composting.
(2) Government encourages paperless process- ing (Digital India).
(3) Government encourages 3R’s of waste management. It takes initiatives to recycle.
(4) Subsidy is given for bio-gas plants.
How can you as an individual contribute towards waste management?
(1) Recycle (i.e., sell the scrap materials) the non-biodegradable waste like plastic,
paper, glass etc.
(2)Re-use the materials like plastic bottles, carry bags etc.
(3) Convert bio-degradable waste to compost or use them for the preparation of bio-gas.
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