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LCS111 Lecture 20

The document discusses language contact and the dynamic nature of language, highlighting concepts such as lingua franca, pidgin, and creole. It emphasizes multilingualism as the norm and introduces key terms related to language practices, including languaging and translanguaging. Additionally, it covers code-switching and code-mixing as methods of communication in multilingual settings.

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3 views24 pages

LCS111 Lecture 20

The document discusses language contact and the dynamic nature of language, highlighting concepts such as lingua franca, pidgin, and creole. It emphasizes multilingualism as the norm and introduces key terms related to language practices, including languaging and translanguaging. Additionally, it covers code-switching and code-mixing as methods of communication in multilingual settings.

Uploaded by

bookishgirlnt
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE &

COMMUNICATION & SOCIETY


LCS 111
Linguistics Department
First floor, Old Arts Block.

Lecture 20
Revision
Lecture 19: Language contact and languaging

Key topics

• Two views of language


• Linguistic diversity
• Migration
• Lingua franca
• Pidgin
• Creole

• Textbook: 361-370 (1st Ed)


• 369-379 (2nd Ed)
FROM LANGUAGES TO LANGUAGING
Language Contact

Language Z used for


Lingua Franca wider
communication

Language X meets
Language Y Pidgin Language X and
Y are mixed

Creole – acquired as a
mother tongue. It gets
native speakers.
Summary
• Language as a process/dynamic. Each one of
us has a set of language varieties/resources
that we use to ‘language’ our way through the
world

• Multilingualism the ‘norm’ and not the ‘other’

• Three traditional terms explain the impact of


language contact in diverse settings:
• i.e. Lingua Franca; Pidgin & Creole
• Processes of Pidginisation and Creolisation
PART 4: Diversity and Difference
Lecture 22: Language Practices and
Languaging

Key topics

• Translanguaging vs. languaging


• Monolingualism/bilingualism/multilingualism
• Code-mixing
• Code-switching
• Mixed Codes

• Textbook: 371-375 (1st Ed)


• 380-387 (2nd Ed)
LANGUAGING VS.TRANS-LANGUAGING
Languaging Trans-languaging
🞆 Language is a verb 🞆 Process of using
knowledge of one
language so as to make
🞆 Process of making meaning in an additional
meaning using language language e.g. code mixing
as vehicle to
communicate 🞆 Moving back and forth
between languages that
you know and use in daily
life
Monolingualism, bilingualism and
multilingualism
● Monolingualism: a situation in which one language
is spoken in a community or society.

● Bilingualism refers to a situation in which people are


able to communicate effectively through two
languages (equally proficient in both or more
proficient in one).

● Multilingualism refers to a situation in which 3 or


more languages are known and used effectively for
communication (multilingual proficiency can vary in
the different languages).
The cooking pot
(Heugh, p.375/387)
Explaining the cooking pot
Linguistic repertoires
● Repertoires include a range of language systems,
codes and registers/styles and fragments.
● Even monolinguals have more than one register for
their language.
● People in multilingual settings have access to a
wider range of languages and codes, and therefore
may have more expanded linguistic repertoires.
● A multilingual repertoire e.g. English in the bank,
mixed Afrikaans with friends, standard isiXhosa
with parents.
● Functional multilingualism > language varieties
serve different functions/used in different contexts
● People are ‘translanguaging’ > negotiating meaning
Trans-Languaging between and across codes
🞆 https://www.tiktok.com/@zee.at.eez/video/73462429
38260933893
Perserverence, raht?
Mixed with laziness
You get my soap bar
Daym
hehehehe
ek moet ander seep kry, ya
anyway, when I'm in the shower, raht,
my mind is too wet to still think about that blokkie,
that new blokkie in the kas that I must go get.
So we kap aan, we perservere,
with this soap bar was ek vir my weer
you know, I'm clean,
like like you can believe me
You can smell me
Code-switching
● The use of more than one language during
a single communicative event.
● Alternation of codes using larger units of
speech, such as whole clauses/sentences.
Teacher: Tariff is money that is paid to
the state. Itarifiti ifana netax le
ibhatalwayo ngezinto zingenayo
kwelolizwe.
[Tariff is just like tax that is paid for
goods coming into another country].
● The speaker needs to be fairly proficient
in two languages (bilingual competence).
Why do people code-switch?
Code-switching is meaningful; it fulfills
certain functions in a conversation.
People may code-switch in order to:
● Emphasize something
● Change the topic of conversation
● Repeat information
● Clarify information
● Translate and/or Interpret
● Include
● Exclude
Code-mixing
● Speakers alternate language codes
within a sentence or clause.
● Use of more than one language in
smaller units of speech
T : We have so many diseases, I
don’t know what it is called in
English but it is ‘n ernstige siekte …
um … pokke, in Afrikaans it’s
pokke, which killed half of the
population many years ago but even
today there’s still such sicknesses
Mixed codes
● Stable mixed codes e.g. Kaaps,
Flaaitaal/Tsotsitaal, isiCamtho
● Code-mixing / Mixed codes: these
terms are used interchangeably
● Language as an object: mixed codes,
mixed languages, code-mixing
● Language as a verb: translanguaging
How is this teacher using language to
negotiate meaning in the classroom?

● Student: Is vet ruspers...um...object? (fat


caterpillars)
● Teacher: No, who’s been vreet-ing? (gorging)
● Student : The vet caterpillars. (fat caterpillars)
● Teacher: Ja, the subject. Yes
● Student : So, what’s the object Miss?
● Teacher : Wat het hy geet? What has he been
eating, eating what?
● Student : Plantjies. (small plants)

● Code-switching? Code-mixing?
● Translanguaging?
Test Yourself!
Code-switching, code mixing or mixed codes?
● Andimfuni kaloku, he’s such a dork! <I don’t want
him, he’s such a dork!>
● My broer is alweer op ’n Maandag by die huis,
they’re going to fire him. <My brother’s at home
again on a Monday, they’re going to fire him>
● Siyatya intloko yegusha, but sometimes siyathanda
isibindi nenqatha. <We eat sheep’s head, but
sometimes we like [to have] lifer with fat>
● Moenie mix jou languages nie! <Don’t mix your
languages!>
● Jy propaganda alweer! <You’re propaganda’ing
again!>
● Online but jy reply nie <Online but you don’t
reply [lit. Online but you reply not]> English ?
Afrikaans?
CODE SWITCHING? OR MIXING?
🞆 https://youtu.be/h0GSqpkhS_4 (first 25 seconds)
Muysken (2011) typology of language mixing
Summary
• Languaging: using language to communicate
• Translanguaging: using more than one
language to communicate
• Linguistic repertoire/s: menu of language
varieties
• Functional multilingualism
• Code-switching/Code-mixing/Mixed Codes
• Muysken’s Typology of language mixing
Reading for lecture 21
Textbook: 376 – 385
(1st Ed)
nd
388-397 (2 Ed)

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