EHS 512.Sewage and waste water management.

WASTE WATER SYSTEMS.

(1.) Combined Sewer Systems: Collect both sanitary sewage and stormwater runoff in a single
pipe.
(2.) Separate Sewer Systems: Use separate pipes for sanitary sewage and stormwater runoff.
(3. ) Decentralized Wastewater Systems: Treat wastewater on-site, often used for small
communities or individual homes.

Wastewater Flow Rates

1. Peak Flow Rate: The maximum flow rate of wastewater, typically occurring during heavy
rainfall or high usage periods.
2. Average Flow Rate: The average flow rate of wastewater over a 24-hour period.
3. Dry Weather Flow Rate: The flow rate of wastewater during dry weather conditions.

Runoff

1. Stormwater Runoff: Rainwater that flows over land and into waterways, often carrying
pollutants.
2. Urban Runoff: Stormwater runoff from urban areas, which can carry pollutants from streets,
buildings, and other sources.

Groundwater Filtration

1. Natural Filtration: Groundwater filtration through soil, sand, and gravel, which removes
impurities and contaminants.
2. Artificial Filtration: Groundwater filtration using human-made systems, such as filters and
membranes.

Materials for Sewer Systems

1. Concrete Pipes: Durable and resistant to corrosion, but can be heavy and expensive.
2. PVC Pipes: Lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and affordable, but can be prone to cracking.
3. Ductile Iron Pipes: Strong, durable, and resistant to corrosion, but can be heavy and
expensive.
4. HDPE Pipes: Flexible, corrosion-resistant, and affordable, but can be prone to deformation.
5. Clay Pipes: Traditional, durable, and resistant to corrosion, but can be heavy and expensive.
considerations for selecting materials for sewer systems include:

1. Durability: Ability to withstand environmental conditions and last for a long time.
2. Corrosion resistance: Ability to resist damage from corrosive substances.
3. *Cost*: Initial cost of materials and installation, as well as ongoing maintenance costs.
4. Sustainability: Environmental impact and potential for reuse or recycling.
Pumps and Pumping Stations

1. Types of Pumps: Centrifugal pumps, positive displacement pumps, and submersible pumps
are commonly used in wastewater treatment.
2. Pumping Station Design: Pumping stations should be designed to handle peak flow rates,
with consideration for factors like pump size, piping, and valves.
3. Pump Selection: Pumps should be selected based on factors like flow rate, head, and
efficiency.
4. Pump Operation and Maintenance: Regular maintenance, such as checking for proper
alignment and lubrication, can help ensure efficient pump operation.

Wastewater Treatment Plant Designs

1. Primary Treatment: Physical processes, such as screening and sedimentation, remove large
objects and solids from wastewater.
2. Secondary Treatment: Biological processes, such as activated sludge and trickling filters,
remove organic matter and pollutants from wastewater.
3. Tertiary Treatment: Additional physical or chemical processes, such as filtration and
disinfection, further remove pollutants and contaminants from wastewater.
4. Sludge Treatment: Sludge is treated through processes like thickening, stabilization, and
dewatering to produce a stable, non-odorous product.

Types of Wastewater Treatment Plants

1. Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS) A biological treatment process that uses
microorganisms to break down organic matter.
2. Sequential Batch Reactors (SBRs): A type of activated sludge process that uses a
fill-and-draw approach to treat wastewater.
3. Trickling Filters: A biological treatment process that uses a fixed bed of media to support the
growth of microorganisms.
4. Lagoons: A type of wastewater treatment plant that uses a series of ponds to treat
wastewater through physical and biological processes.

Design Considerations

1. Flow Rate: Design the treatment plant to handle peak flow rates and average flow rates.
2. Water Quality: Design the treatment plant to meet specific water quality standards and
regulations.
3. Energy Efficiency: Design the treatment plant to minimize energy consumption and reduce
operating costs.
4. Maintenance and Operations: Design the treatment plant with maintenance and operations in
mind, including accessibility and safety features.

Resources

1. WEF Manual of Practice: A comprehensive guide to wastewater treatment plant design and
operation.
2. ASC E Manual of Practice: A guide to wastewater treatment plant design, including pump
selection and piping design.
3. EPA Design Manual: A guide to wastewater treatment plant design, including information on
flow rate, water quality, and energy .
Here are key considerations for designing a wastewater treatment plant:

I. Flow Rate and Capacity

1. Average flow rate: Determine the average daily flow rate of wastewater.
2. Peak flow rate: Design the plant to handle peak flow rates, including stormwater runoff.
3. Capacity: Ensure the plant has sufficient capacity to treat the wastewater.

II. Water Quality and Treatment Objectives

1. Influent water quality: Analyze the characteristics of the incoming wastewater.

2. Effluent water quality: Determine the required water quality standards for the treated
wastewater.
3. Treatment objectives: Identify the specific pollutants or contaminants to be removed.

III. Treatment Process Selection

1. Physical processes: Screening, grit removal, and sedimentation.

2. Biological processes: Activated sludge, trickling filters, and rotating biological contactors.
3. Chemical processes: Coagulation, flocculation, and disinfection.

IV. Sludge Treatment and Management

1. Sludge generation: Estimate the amount of sludge generated.

2. Sludge treatment: Select a suitable treatment process, such as thickening, stabilization, and
dewatering.
3. Sludge disposal: Ensure proper disposal of treated sludge.

V. Energy Efficiency and Sustainability

1. Energy consumption: Minimize energy consumption through efficient design and operation.
2. Renewable energy: Consider using renewable energy sources, such as solar or biogas.
3. Sustainable materials: Select sustainable materials for construction and operation.
VI. Maintenance and Operations

1. Accessibility: Ensure easy access for maintenance and operations personnel.

2. Safety features: Incorporate safety features, such as emergency shutdown systems and
personal protective equipment.
3. Instrumentation and control: Implement effective instrumentation and control systems for
monitoring and controlling the treatment process.

VII. Regulatory Compliance and Permitting

1. Regulatory requirements: Ensure compliance with relevant regulations and standards.

2. Permitting: Obtain necessary permits and approvals before construction and operation.
3. Environmental impact assessment: Conduct an environmental impact assessment to identify
potential risks and mitigation measures.

VIII. Cost Estimation and Economic Analysis

1. Capital costs: Estimate the initial investment required for construction.

2. Operating costs: Calculate the ongoing expenses for maintenance, energy, and personnel.
3. Economic analysis: Conduct a cost-benefit analysis to evaluate the economic viability of the
project.

IX. Public Acceptance and Community Engagement

1. Public education: Educate the public about the importance of wastewater treatment and the
benefits of the project.
2. Community engagement: Engage with local communities and stakeholders to address
concerns and gather feedback.
3. Aesthetic design: Consider the aesthetic design of the treatment plant to minimize visual
impact and ensure harmony with the surrounding environment.

By considering these factors, designers and engineers can create effective, efficient, and
sustainable wastewater treatment plants that protect public health and the environment.

Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS) Process

1. Primary Treatment: Physical processes, such as screening and sedimentation, remove large
objects and solids.
2. Aeration Tank: Microorganisms break down organic matter in the presence of oxygen.
3. Secondary Clarifier: Settling of microorganisms and removal of excess sludge.
4. *Disinfection*: Disinfection of treated wastewater before discharge.
Sequential Batch Reactors (SBRs)

1. Fill Phase: Wastewater enters the reactor and mixes with microorganisms.
2. React Phase: Microorganisms break down organic matter.
3. Settle Phase: Microorganisms settle to the bottom.
4. Decant Phase: Treated wastewater is removed.
5. Idle Phase: Reactor is idle before the next cycle.

Trickling Filter Process

1. Primary Treatment: Physical processes remove large objects and solids.

2. Trickling Filter: Wastewater flows over a fixed bed of media, supporting microorganisms.
3.Secondary Clarifier: Settling of microorganisms and removal of excess sludge.

Lagoon Systems

1. Primary Lagoon: Physical processes remove large objects and solids.

2. Aerobic Lagoon: Microorganisms break down organic matter in the presence of oxygen.
3. Anaerobic Lagoon
: Microorganisms break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
4. Polishing Lagoon: Final treatment step, often with algae or aquatic plants.

Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Process

1. Bioreactor: Microorganisms break down organic matter.

2. Membrane Filtration: Wastewater passes through a semipermeable membrane, removing
solids and contaminants.

Hybrid Systems

1. Combination of Processes*l: Combining two or more treatment processes, such as CAS and
trickling filter.

Decentralized Systems

1. On-Site Treatment: Treatment occurs on-site, often using septic tanks or other small-scale
systems.

Green Infrastructure

1. Natural Systems: Using natural systems, such as wetlands or ponds, to treat wastewater.
These designs can be tailored to specific needs and can be combined to create hybrid systems.
The choice of design depends on factors like wastewater characteristics, treatment objectives,
and local regulations.