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II. Amplitude Modulation AM

This document provides an overview of Amplitude Modulation (AM) in analog communication systems, explaining its definition, types, and mathematical expressions. It details the frequency spectrum of AM waves, average power calculations, and various modulation types such as DSB-SC, SSB, and VSB. Additionally, it covers the processes of signal generation and demodulation in AM systems.

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hadji3894
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17 views23 pages

II. Amplitude Modulation AM

This document provides an overview of Amplitude Modulation (AM) in analog communication systems, explaining its definition, types, and mathematical expressions. It details the frequency spectrum of AM waves, average power calculations, and various modulation types such as DSB-SC, SSB, and VSB. Additionally, it covers the processes of signal generation and demodulation in AM systems.

Uploaded by

hadji3894
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER II :

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
AM

Pr. MOUNIR Bouras 3rd year electronics degree


II. Amplitude Modulation AM
1. Introduction

* Analog communication system :

Fig. 1. Block diagram for an analog communication system.

* Communication :
The process of transferring information from one place to
another.”
The process of establishing connection between two points
for information exchange
II. Amplitude Modulation AM
1. Introduction

* Communication Channel:

“ Communication channel is the medium through which


message signal travels from sender (transmitter) to receiver “

* Why modulation ?
In baseband communication, the low frencuency message
signal cannot be transmitted effectively over the
transmission channel
II. Amplitude Modulation AM
1. Introduction

* Modulation Definition
“ Modulation is the process of mixing a low energy message
signal with the high energy carrier signal to produce a new
high energy signal which carries information to a long distance. “

* Types of Modulation
There are four basic types of analog modulation :
II. Amplitude Modulation AM
2. Introduction

Definition: “ It is a type of modulation where the amplitude of


the carrier signal is varied (changed) in accordance
with the amplitude of the message signal “
The frequency and phase of carrier signal remain constant.

 The mathematical expression for the complete modulated wave is :

: The sensitivity of the modulator


II. Amplitude Modulation AM
2. Mathematical Expression

 Consider message signal (am) given by:

: Modulation index

* Modulation Index or Modulation Depth :

Modulation Index m = Am / Ac

Am , Ac : is the maximum amplitude of the


message signal and the carrier signal
II. Amplitude Modulation AM
3. Mathematical Expression
When Mi = 1

- There are three types of modulation :


1. Perfect-Modulation (m = 1): has a modulation
depth of 100%. Causes no distortion. When Mi < 1

2. Under-Modulation (m < 1): has a modulation


depth of less than 100%. causes no distortion.
3. Over-Modulation (m > 1): has a modulation
When Mi > 1
depth of greater than 100%. Causes distortion.
II. Amplitude Modulation AM
3. Frequency Spectrum of AM:

 Consider the expression of AM (amplitude modulated) wave given by :

* Note that ωc = 2π fc and ωm = 2π fm.

* We know that, the TF of circular functions is :


II. Amplitude Modulation AM
3. Frequency Spectrum of AM:

 From these above equations, we can prepare the frequency spectrum of


AM wave as shown in the below figure:
II. Amplitude Modulation AM
3. Frequency Spectrum of AM:
Carrier
Ac
Lower side band Upper side band
Ac m / 2 Ac m / 2

fLSB : Is lower sideband frequency fm fm

fUSB : Is upper sideband frequency


fc – fm fc fc + fm
Frequency
fLSB fUSB

- This contains the full carrier and both the sidebands. Hence, it is also called
Double Sideband Full Carrier (DSBFC) system.

* Bandwidth of Amplitude Modulation:


- we can obtain the bandwidth of AM wave as,

BW = fUSB - fLSB = (fc + fm) – (fc – fm) => BW = 2 fm


II. Amplitude Modulation AM
3. Frequency Spectrum of AM:

 In the case of any modulating signal m(t) whose Fourier transform is M(f),
the spectrum of the A-M signal is as follows :

Modulating signal m(t)


with its spectrum M(f)

AM Spectrum
II. Amplitude Modulation AM
3. Frequency Spectrum of AM:

4
Exemple : An audio frequency signal (3 sin 2Π * 10 t) is used to amplitude
5
modulate a carrier of (4 sin 2Π * 10 t) , calculate S(f) ? m = 0.5.

Réponse : The amplitude modulated signal with full carrier is written as:
II. Amplitude Modulation AM
4. Average Power in AM Wave

* The average Carrier for tow side bands can be Given as:

* Resistance R is a characteristic impendence antenna.


* Where, A0 represent r.m.s. voltages values.

 Power of AM wave is equal to the sum of powers of carrier, upper


sideband, and lower sideband :

 The average Carrier Power is given as:

 The average power in sideband is given as: :


II. Amplitude Modulation AM
4. Average Power in AM Wave

 The ratio of the total power is:

Exemple: The total power emitted by an antenna is 100 kw. The depth m=0.8
- calculate the ratio of the total power ( carried and message ) ?
Answer:
II. Amplitude Modulation AM
4. AM Signal Generation

4.1 Quadratic modulator:


“ Quadratic modulation is characterized by a quadratic relationship
between the modulator's output current io(t) and its input voltage Vi(t) “
II. Amplitude Modulation AM
4. AM Signal Generation
II. Amplitude Modulation AM
4. AM Signal Generation

4.2 Modulateur Multiplieur:


“ Multiplier modulation is characterized by a
multiplication between two input voltages “

- Operating principle of a multiplier modulator


II. Amplitude Modulation AM
5. Detection or Demodulation of AM Wave

Definition:
“ The process of recovering the message signal from the received modulated
signal is known as demodulation, this process of detection is exactly opposite of
modulation “

 There are tow tyoes of AM detections or demodulators such as :

5.1. Coherent demodulation Or synchronous detection:

2
 Expanding the term in cos (x), we obtain :
II. Amplitude Modulation AM
5. Detection or Demodulation of AM Wave

 By filtering the signal i(t) using a low-pass filter, the term i is removed,
and only the term m(t) remains.

5.2 Demodulation by envelope detection :

“ When the modulation depth m is less than 1, the envelope of s(t) is


identical to the modulating signal m(t). The simplest method is to extract
the envelope of s(t) “
II. Amplitude Modulation AM
5. Types of Amplitude Modulation

There are three types of amplitude modulation:

1. Double Sideband-suppressed carrier (DSB - SC) Modulation:


“ In this type of amplitude modulation, the transmitted wave only has two
sidebands, which are the upper sideband and the lower sideband. “

 Average Power :

 bandwidth requirement here is the same as before: BW = 2 fm

 Démodulation d'un signal AM-P : synchronous detection


II. Amplitude Modulation AM
5. Types of Amplitude Modulation

2. Single Sideband (SSB) Modulation :


“ In this type of amplitude modulation, the transmission wave consists of only
one sideband, either it can be the upper band or the lower band “

 Consider :
 The modulated signal DSB - SC :

 To obtain an SSB-LSB, a low-pass filter is introduced to remove all


frequency components of i(t) greater than fc. After filtering, only:
II. Amplitude Modulation AM
5. Types of Amplitude Modulation

 Average Power :

 bandwidth requirement here is the


same as before: BW = fm

 Demodulation of an SSB signal:


synchronous demodulation
II. Amplitude Modulation AM
5. Types of Amplitude Modulation

3. Vestigial Sideband (VSB) Modulation:


 the video signal is characterized by a large bandwidth (5 to 6 MHz
according to the standards).
It is therefore not possible to use SSB or AM-P modulations.
A compromise must therefore be found between AM and SSB, this is the VSB
In this type of amplitude modulation, one sideband has almost passed
through the transmission wave, and just a trace of the other sideband is
retained.

 bandwidth : BW = > fm
 Demodulation of an VSB signal: by envelope detection

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