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Statistics Intro Feb 2025

Statistics involves the collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data, with applications in various fields such as customer satisfaction and academic performance. It is categorized into descriptive statistics, which describe data without inference, and inferential statistics, which make predictions about a population based on a sample. Key concepts include population, sample, variables, and levels of measurement, which help in classifying and analyzing data.

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22 views20 pages

Statistics Intro Feb 2025

Statistics involves the collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data, with applications in various fields such as customer satisfaction and academic performance. It is categorized into descriptive statistics, which describe data without inference, and inferential statistics, which make predictions about a population based on a sample. Key concepts include population, sample, variables, and levels of measurement, which help in classifying and analyzing data.

Uploaded by

LoraineConcepcion
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Statistics

What is Statistics?
• Statistics is the collection, organization,
presentation, analysis and interpretation of
numerical data.
Some Applications of Statistics
• Determining the level of customer satisfaction on
the internet services provided by a certain
telecommunication company.
• Determining the number of absences of
Mathematics in the Modern World (MMW)
students during online classes.
• Relationship of faculty status and work
commitment.
• Prediction of the number of freshman students
for the next school year.
Major Categories of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics
– includes methods concerned with collecting,
describing, and analyzing a set of data without
drawing conclusions (or inferences) beyond the data.
2. Inferential Statistics
– includes methods concerned with the analysis of a
subset of data leading to predictions or inferences
about the entire set of data, that is, to generalize
results beyond the data collected provided that the
data collected is a part (sample) of a large set of
items (population).
Examples of Descriptive Statistics
• Total number of Statistics students weighing
at least 50 kilograms.
• The University registrar cited statistics
showing an increase in the number of
students during the past five years.
Example of Inferential Statistics
• A new teaching strategy designed to improve
the academic performance of college students
was tested on randomly selected college
students. Based on the results, it was
concluded that the new teaching strategy is
effective in improving the academic
performance of college students.
Key Terms
• Population - a collection of persons, things, or
objects under study
• Sample – is a subset of the population.
• Variable – a characteristic of interest for each
person or thing in a population.
• Constant – a variable that only assumes one
value.
Key Terms
• Parameter – a numerical measure that describes
the population or universe of interest.
• Statistic – a numerical measure of a sample.
• Frame – a listing of all the elements in a
population.
• Census – the process in which information is
gathered for all units in the population.
• Sample survey or sampling – the process in
which information obtained is only a part of the
population.
Types of Variables
1. Qualitative variables –
– Variables that can be placed into distinct categories,
according to some characteristic or quality.
– Examples: gender, marital status and blood type.
2. Quantitative variables
– Variables that are numerical and can be ordered or
ranked
– Examples: age, weight, height and body mass index.
Types of Quantitative Variables
1. Discrete variables – assume values that can be
counted
– Examples: number of patients in a hospital, number
of students who obtained 1.0 grade in MMW

2. Continuous variables – can assume an infinite


number of values between any two specific
values. They are obtained by measuring. They
often include fractions and decimals.
– Examples: temperature, weight and height
Classification of Variables
Levels of Measurement
1. Nominal level - classifies data into mutually
exclusive (nonoverlapping), exhausting
categories in which no order or ranking can
be imposed on the data.
– Classifying survey subjects as male or female
– Classifying residents according to zip codes
Levels of Measurement
2. Ordinal level - classifies data into categories
that can be ranked; however, precise
differences between the ranks do not exist.
– From student evaluations, guest speakers might
be ranked as superior, average, or poor.
– Floats in a parade might be ranked as first place,
second place, etc.
– People can be classified according to their build
as small, medium, or large
Levels of Measurement
3. Interval level - ranks data, and precise
differences between units of measure do exist;
however, there is no meaningful zero.
– IQ is an example . There is a meaningful difference of
1 point between an IQ of 109 and an IQ of 110 but IQ
does not measure people with no intelligence.
– Temperature is another example of interval
measurement, since there is a meaningful difference
of 1F between each unit, such as 72F and 73F,
however, 0F does not mean no heat at all.
Levels of Measurement or
Measurement Scales
4. Ratio level - possesses all the characteristics of
interval measurement, and there exists a true
zero. In addition, true ratios exist when the
same variable is measured on two different
members of the population.
– Examples of ratio scales are those used to measure
height, weight, area, and number of phone calls
received.
Examples of Measurement Scales
Exercises
1. Investigate the following problems and determine what
is more appropriate to use – descriptive or inferential
statistics.
a. The Mathematics Department would like to know the
number of BS Mathematics students interested to join the
National Statistics Month motorcade.
b. Office of Student Affairs would like to predict the number of
students who would like to stay at the University’s
dormitories. However, the enrolment period is a week
before the classes start so the said office randomly selected
100 students and the results were used as an estimate.
c. Do girls learn to walk at an earlier age than boys?
d. A biology student measured the mercury content of 20 fish
samples taken from a river and found that the average
mercury content is 400 units.
Exercises
2. Which of the following statements best describes
statistical inference?
a. A decision, estimate, prediction, or generalization
about the sample based on information contained in a
population. The population parameters are estimated
using the sample.
b. A statement made about a sample based on the
measurements in that sample. Statistical inference
helps us draw conclusion about the unknown
population characteristics based on the sample.
c. A decision, estimate, prediction or generalization about
the population based on information contained in a
sample.
Exercises
3. A random sample of 100 computer science
students in CMU was selected and several
variables were recorded for each student.
Which of the following is NOT CORRECT?
a. The average time it takes a student to study in one
subject is a continuous variable.
b. Socioeconomic status was coded as 1=low income,
2=middle income, 3=high income and is an interval
scaled variable.
c. The students ID number is a nominal scale variable.
Exercises
4. Identify the following as qualitative or quantitative
variable. If quantitative, classify whether it is discrete
or continuous. Also, indicate the appropriate level of
measurement required in each (nominal, ordinal,
interval, ratio).
a. Car ownership (answers the question: Do you own a
car?)
b. Citizenship
c. Tuition fees
d. Color of the skin
e. Body temperature of patients measured in degree
Celsius upon hospital admission
f. Religion

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