Sheet No.2 Job No.

2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the proposed construction of

bridge over River Fenni at Sabroom, South Tripura.

1.1. General:

VKS infratech management pvt. Ltd., Consulting Engineers & Planners, 181,
Pratapnagar, lane no.18, opp. pkt-, Mayur Vihar Phase-1, Delhi- 110091 has entrusted
a job to Agartha Project Consultancy Services Pvt. Ltd for preparation of geotechnical
investigation report along with proposal of foundation design load for the proposed
construction of Bridge over River Fenni at Sabroom, South Tripura.

1.2. Scope of Work:

The soil exploration includes sinking of total 4 (four) nos. of boreholes among which
two boreholes of nearly 60.0m (BH01 & BH03) and another two boreholes (BH02 &
BH04) nearly 40.0m deep from the existing ground surface and collection of
undisturbed and disturbed soil samples from the borehole, and testing of these
samples in the laboratory. Shell and Augar & partly wash boring was adopted for
field sampling and testing. Soil samples thus collected were forwarded to laboratory
after proper sealing.

This report is the presentation of the findings of subsoil laboratory

investigation results and suggests an idea about the sub surface strata and their
respective engineering parameters for determining the safe bearing capacity of
foundation at desired level along with expected settlement. The effect of seismic forces
in calculation of bearing capacity and structural design of foundation is beyond the
scope of present report. However, liquefaction potential is assessed for the subsoil
deposits encountered in the boreholes.

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of proposed Bridge over River Fenni at Sabroom, South Tripura.
 Sheet No.3 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

AGARTALA SABROOM

D I A
D
O
B
BH 04
A

FENCING

I N
70 mtr.

BH 03

80 mtr.

Down Stream Up Stream

NGLADESH

BH 01
S-10
International Piller

2215
70 mtr.

BH 02

Ramgarh
FEENI
BA

Fig. 1.1: Bore hole location plan

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of proposed Bridge over River Fenni at Sabroom, South Tripura.
 Sheet No.4 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

2.0 EXPLORATION PROGRAMME & TECHNIQUES

The aim and objective of the present study is to bring out the soil stratification,
strength and settlement characteristics of different strata based on which suitability of
different types of foundation could be analyzed. This is accomplished by borehole
studies including field & laboratory tests followed by the necessary interpretation and
analysis.

The soil exploration programme is drawn to find out the general stratification of
soil and related parameters, which when put to analysis would provide the best
possible knowledge of foundation behavior at this site. The programme included:

i) Sinking borehole at 4 (four) predetermined locations. The termination

depths of boreholes (01 & 03) are 60.0m and boreholes (02 & 04) are 40.0m.
ii) Conducting Standard penetration Tests [SPT] at suitable interval.
iii) Collection of disturbed/ representative samples at suitable intervals.
iv) Collection of undisturbed samples at and from cohesive deposits only.
v) Conducting necessary laboratory testing on collected soil samples.

2.1 FIELD WORK

A brief description of method of boring, field tests, collection of samples etc.
and type of equipments used are given below.

BORING:
The scope of this soil investigation is limited to four boreholes in the location as
suggested (refer Fig. 1.1). Boring through the soil was carried out by Augar and Wash
method to sink nominal 150 mm diameter borehole by using manually operated
winch. Suitable casings have been used upto 5.0 m below the existing ground level to
prevent cavity inside the borehole. Bentonite clay slurry has also been used whenever
sand layer was encountered. During the process of boring, both undisturbed and
disturbed soil samples were collected at suitable intervals and at the change of strata

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of proposed Bridge over River Fenni at Sabroom, South Tripura.
 Sheet No.5 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

whichever was encountered earlier by open drive sampling method. Besides, SPT
tests were also conducted at suitable intervals and recorded.

COLLECTION OF REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES

Representative soil samples were collected frequently from auger, split spoon
sampler of standard penetrometer and cutting shoe of undisturbed sampling
assembly to maintain a continuous record of strata encountered. All the samples were
labeled and placed in air-tight containers and shifted to the laboratory for
identification and testing.

STANDARD PENETRATION TESTS

Standard Penetration Tests were conducted in each exploratory borehole at

suitable intervals. The numbers of blows required for middle 30cm penetration of the
split spoon sampler out of a total penetration of 60cm driven by a 63.5 Kg hammer
falling freely through a height of 75 cm were recorded as N – values. The samples
from the split spoon were collected after each test and properly labeled and placed in
air-tight containers before sending to the laboratory for identification and testing. The
test procedure conformed to IS 2131-1981.

COLLECTION OF UNDISTURBED SAMPLES

Undisturbed samples were collected by means of 100 mm ID open drive

sampler assembly having area ratio of about 14%. Before sampling, the boreholes
were thoroughly cleaned. The sampling assembly was driven to the required depth
manually with the help of a jarring link. Samples collected in the tube were retained,
labeled and waxed at both ends before sending to the laboratory.

GROUND WATER

During the field investigation, ground water observation was made. The
standing water level was measured in the borehole after 24 hours of removal of
casings. These levels of ground water are likely to change with normal seasonal
variations.

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of proposed Bridge over River Fenni at Sabroom, South Tripura.
 Sheet No.6 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

Table 2.1 Summary of field work

BH RL. of Termination No. of No. of No. of

GWT (M)
No Top Depth [M] UDS SPT D.S.
5.4 m below
01 14.766m 60.907 m Miss 40 2
EGL
5.5 m below
02 15.673m 40.0 m Miss 27 2
EGL
4.7 m below
03 13.467m 62.186 m 01 40 2
EGL
5.0 m below
04 15.594m 40.079 m Miss 27 2
EGL

2.2 LABORATORY TESTS

The following laboratory tests are conducted on selected soil samples.

Bulk Density (gm/cm3)
Natural Moisture Content (%)
Liquid & Plastic Limits [Atterberg Limits] (%)
Sieve Analysis
Hydrometer Analysis
Consolidation Test
Unconfined Compression Test
/Undrained Triaxial Test [UU]
Specific Gravity

BULK DENSITY
It is the ratio of the weight [moist] and volume of the sample.

NATURAL MOISTURE CONTENT

It is the percentage loss of weight of sample on oven drying at or above 100°c.

ATTERBERG LIMITS [LL & PL]

It is the moisture content at transition when soil starts behaving like liquid [LL]
and as plastic [PL].

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of proposed Bridge over River Fenni at Sabroom, South Tripura.
 Sheet No.7 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

SIEVE & HYDROMETER ANALYSIS

The percent content of gravel, sand, silt & clay of a sample are determined with
the help of sieves and principles of falling velocity of particles in a liquid.

CONSOLIDATION TEST
A sample in a mould is subjected to different stages of load and vertical
compression of the sample thickness is recorded at definite time intervals. Cc is found

by using e-log p curves.

UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST (UC)

A special type of undrained unconsolidated triaxial test where all round
confining pressure is kept zero.

UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL TEST (UU)

Set of sample is subjected to different all-round confining pressure. Vertical
axial pressure is then applied till failure in shear of sample occurs. C & φ parameters
are then obtained with the help of Mohr’s Envelops.

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of proposed Bridge over River Fenni at Sabroom, South Tripura.
 Sheet No.8 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

3.0 ENGINEERING STRATIFICATION, INTERPRETATION AND PROPERTIES

3.1 General

Soil profiles were drawn on the basis of analysis of samples obtained from 4
(four) boreholes and presented in bore logs enclosed in the “Appendix I”. The
characteristic parameters of each individual strata as obtained from laboratory tests
are also presented strata wise. An average soil property for each stratum highlighting
all the boreholes is shown in Table 3.1. The results of the Standard Penetration Tests
(S.P.T.) of each possible layer have also been recorded and corrected N values shown
against each respective layer in Table 3.5 to 3.8 and Appendix V. A general sub soil
profile highlighting the physical and engineering parameters layer wise across each
borehole is presented in Fig. 3.1.

3.2 Subsurface Layer and their properties

Stratification:

BH01
Up to the full depth of boring i.e. 60.907m from the existing ground level
(EGL), the soil consists of 4 (four) distinct layers of virgin soil. The water table has
been located to remain at 5.4 m below EGL. From EGL, a layer of light gray to
brownish gray clayey silty fine sand to medium to stiff sandy clayey silt layer having
thickness of nearly 7.907 m has been observed. Further, a layer of light brown silty
fine to medium sand is observed which continues from 7.907 m to 20.907 m below
EGL which shows good SPT values. The above layer is followed by another layer of
dark gray stiff to hard clayey silt with fine sand laminations and slate formation upto
a depth of 26.907 m below EGL. From datum 26.907 m to 60.907 m, a layer of light
brown to dark gray densely packed fine to medium sand soil layer is encountered
upto the depth of termination, i.e., 60.907 m which shows high SPT values.

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of proposed Bridge over River Fenni at Sabroom, South Tripura.
 Sheet No.9 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

BH02
Up to the full depth of boring i.e. 40.0m from the existing ground level (EGL),
the soil consists of 4 (four) distinct layers of virgin soil. The water table has been
located to remain at 5.5m below EGL. From EGL, a layer of dark brown soft sandy
clayey silt to loose sandy silt layer having thickness of nearly 8.0m has been observed.
Further, a layer of light gray to dark brown fine to medium to coarse sand is observed
continuing from 8.0 m to 17.0 m below EGL which shows good SPT values. The above
layer is followed by dark gray stiff to hard clayey silt with fine sand laminations and
slate formation upto a depth of 20.0m below EGL. From datum 20.0m to 40.0m, a layer
of dark brown fine to medium sand soil layer is encountered upto the depth of
termination, i.e., 40.0m which shows very high SPT values.

BH03
Up to the full depth of boring i.e. 62.186m from the existing ground level
(EGL), the soil consists of 4 (four) distinct layers of virgin soil. The water table has
been located to remain at 4.7m below EGL. From EGL, a layer of dark brown to gray
sandy silt to soft sandy clayey silt layer having thickness of nearly 7.186m has been
observed. Further, a layer of dark brown fine to medium to coarse sand is observed
which continues from 7.186m to 21.186m below EGL which shows good SPT values.
The above layer is followed by dark gray stiff to hard clayey silt with slate formation
upto a depth of 28.186m below EGL. From datum 28.186m to 62.186m below EGL, a
layer of light brown fine to medium sand soil layer is encountered upto the depth of
termination, i.e., 62.186 m which shows high SPT values.

BH04
Up to the full depth of boring i.e. 40.079m from the existing ground level
(EGL), the soil consists of 4 (four) distinct layers of virgin soil. The water table has
been located to remain at 5.0m below EGL. From EGL a layer of dark gray soft sandy
clayey silt to stiff clayey silt layer having thickness of nearly 8.079m has been
observed. Further, a layer of dark brown fine to medium sand with traces of clay
binders is observed which continues from 8.079m to 25.079m below EGL which shows

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of proposed Bridge over River Fenni at Sabroom, South Tripura.
 Sheet No.10 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

good SPT values. The above layer is followed by light gray stiff to hard clayey silt
upto a depth of 27.079m below EGL. From a datum of 27.079m to 40.079m below EGL,
a layer of dark brown fine to medium sand (densely packed) soil layer is encountered
upto the depth of termination, i.e., 40.079m below EGL which shows very high SPT
values.

3.3 Variation of ‘N’ value (corrected) with depth:

The recorded ‘N’ values in the field are presented in general soil profile and also
given in the bore log. The ‘N’ values play an important role to have an idea about
the consistency or relative density of the particular strata. Not only that, it also gives
with co-relation factor, the soil parameters to evaluate bearing capacity and
settlement of any particular soil strata. It has been suggested that the SPT be
standardized to some energy ratio Rg keeping in mind the data collected so far from
the existing SPT. Bowles (1996) suggests that the observed SPT value ‘N’ be reduced
to a standard blow count corresponding to 70 percent of standard energy. Terzaghi,
et al. (1996) suggest 60 percent. In this report, this has been considered as 60%, and
represented as ‘N60’. However, the recorded SPT value is corrected for different
factors, such as,
(a) Hammer efficiency correction (Eh)
(b) Drill rod (Cd), sampler (Cs) and borehole corrections (Cb)
(c) Correction due to overburden pressure (CN)
Ncor may be expressed as N cor = C N NE h C d C s Cb

Ncor is related to the standard energy ratio used by the designer. Ncor may be expressed
as N60 or N70 according to the designer's choice. Detailed discussion about these
corrections is presented elsewhere (Murthy 2004). The corrected ‘N60’ value vs. depth
is presented in Table 3.5 to 3.8 and graphically presented in Appendix V.

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of proposed Bridge over River Fenni at Sabroom, South Tripura.
 Sheet No.11 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

Table 3.1 Average subsoil properties for BH01

Description of layer
Layer-I Layer-II Layer-III Layer-IV
and its properties
Light gray to brownish gray Light brown silty fine to Dark gray stiff to hard Light brown to dark
Layers clayey silty fine sand to medium sand clayey silt with fine sand gray densely packed fine
medium to stiff sandy clayey laminations and slate to medium sand
silt

R.L of layer: thickness (EGL to 7.907m): 7.907m (7.907m to 20.907m): 13.0m (20.907m to 26.907m): 6.0m (26.907m to 60.907m): 34m

Field moisture (%) 22.07 21.36 13.37 14.63

Liquid Limit (L.L.) (%) 30.0 (1.5m to 6.0m) - 40.0 -

Plastic Limit (P.L) (%) 18.0 (1.5m to 6.0m) - 14.0 -

Bulk density “γ” (kN/m3) 18.20 19.20 18.20 20.0

Specific Gravity (Gs) 2.58 2.58 2.64 2.63

Void Ratio (eo) 0.569 0.495 0.353 0.383

Average Corrected “N60” 07 20 50 38

Cohesion(Cu) ( kN/m2) 40.0* Nil 20.0* Nil

Frictional angle (φ) 100* 330* - 380*

Compression Index (Cc) Nil Nil Nil Nil

Sand (%) 85 (upto 1.5m) 06 (beyond 90 03 98

Silt (%) 15 65 1.5m to 10 62 02
Clay (%) 29 7.0m) - 35 -

Table 3.2 Average subsoil properties for BH02

Description of layer
Layer-I Layer-II Layer-III Layer-IV
and its properties
Dark brown soft sandy clayey Light gray to dark Dark gray stiff clayey Dark brown fine to
Layers silt to sandy silt brown fine to coarse silt with fine sand medium sand
sand lamination and slate

R.L of layer: thickness (EGL to 8m): 8.0m (8m to 17m): 9.0m (17m to 20m): 3.0m (20m to 40m): 20.0m

Field moisture (%) 25.34 15.96 22.37 15.61

Liquid Limit (L.L.) (%) 32.0 - 38.0

Plastic Limit (P.L) (%) 16.0 - 14.0

Bulk density “γ” (kN/m3) 18.40 19.60 18.30 20.80

Specific Gravity (Gs) 2.61 2.60 2.66 2.61

Void Ratio (eo) 0.661 0.415 0.595 0.407

Average Corrected “N60” 04 20 35 39

Cohesion(Cu) ( kN/m2) 25.0* Nil 150* Nil

Frictional angle (φ) Nil 330* - 380*

Compression Index (Cc) Nil Nil Nil Nil

Sand (%) 05 97 05 98
Silt (%) 65 03 57 02
Clay (%) 30 - 38 -

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of proposed Bridge over River Fenni at Sabroom, South Tripura.
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Table 3.3 Average subsoil properties for BH03

Description of layer
Layer-I Layer-II Layer-III Layer-IV
and its properties
Dark brown to gray sandy silt Dark brown fine to Dark gray stiff to hard Light brown fine to
Layers to soft sandy clayey silt medium to coarse sand clayey silt with slate medium sand
formation

R.L of layer: thickness (EGL to 7.186m): 7.186m (7.186m to 21.186m): 14.0m (21.186m to 28.186m): 7.0m (28.186m to 62.186m): 34.0m

Field moisture (%) 24.98 16.86 14.23 16.75

Liquid Limit (L.L.) (%) 38.0 - 42.0 -

Plastic Limit (P.L) (%) 14.0 - 16.0 -

Bulk density “γ” (kN/m3) 17.90 19.50 18.50 19.80

Specific Gravity (Gs) 2.65 2.58 2.64 2.63

Void Ratio (eo) 0.662 0.435 0.376 0.520

Average Corrected “N60” 05 25 50 38

Cohesion(Cu) ( kN/m2) 20.50 Nil 200.0* Nil

Frictional angle (φ) Nil 330* Nil 380*

Compression Index (Cc) Nil Nil Nil Nil

Sand (%) 32 (upto 1.5m) 06 (beyond 96 02 98

Silt (%) 55 62 1.5m to 04 58 02
Clay (%) 13 32 5.0m) - 40 -

Table 3.4 Average subsoil properties for BH04

Description of layer
Layer-I Layer-II Layer-III Layer-IV
and its properties
Dark gray soft sandy clayey silt Dark brown fine to Light gray stiff to hard Dark brown fine to
Layers to stiff clayey silt medium sand with clayey silt medium sand
traces of clay binders

R.L of layer: thickness (0m to 8.079m): 8.079m (8.079m to 25.079m): 17.0m (25.079m to 27.079m): 2.0m (27.079m to 40.079m): 13.0m

Field moisture (%) 36.28 16.43 15.34 15.95

Liquid Limit (L.L.) (%) 40.0 - 42.0 -

Plastic Limit (P.L) (%) 16.0 - 14.0 -

Bulk density “γ” (kN/m3) 18.20 19.50 18.70 20.0

Specific Gravity (Gs) 2.64 2.60 2.66 2.62

Void Ratio (eo) 0.958 0.427 0.408 0.418

Average Corrected “N60” 02 35 50 40

Cohesion(Cu) ( kN/m2) 20.0* Nil 200.0* Nil

Frictional angle (φ) Nil 350* - 380*

Compression Index (Cc) UDS (slip) Nil Nil Nil

Sand (%) 22 (upto 1.5m) 03 (beyond 92 02 98

Silt (%) 61 64 1.5m to 08 61 02
Clay (%) 17 33 8.0m) - 37 -
*indicates parameters calculated from available empirical correlation from literature (Murthy, 2009)

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of proposed Bridge over River Fenni at Sabroom, South Tripura.
 Sheet No.13 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

Table 3.5 Depth Vs Corrected N values for BH01

Corrected N values
Calculated
(after overburden
Recorded Minimum Maximum phi (φ) as
Depth pressure and (N1)60 Layer
SPT N value (N1)60 (N1)60 per Peck
dilatancy correction
et al. 1972
,wherever required)
1.50 5 5 4 26
3.00 9 9 7 29
I 4 17
4.50 20 20 17 34
6.00 19 19 17 34
7.50 20 20 20 36
9.00 46 46 48 39
10.50 48 48 50 39
12.00 60 57 59 41
13.50 50 48 50 II 20 59 39
15.00 50 47 49 40
16.50 50 46 49 40
18.00 50 46 48 39
19.50 50 45 47 40
21.00 50 50 53 41
22.50 50 50 53 41
III 53 53
24.00 50 50 53 41
25.50 50 50 53 41
27.00 50 43 45 39
28.50 50 43 45 39
30.00 50 42 44 39
31.50 50 42 44 39
33.00 50 42 44 39
34.50 50 41 43 39
36.00 50 41 43 39
37.50 50 41 43 39
39.00 50 40 42 39
40.50 50 40 42 39
42.00 50 40 42 39
43.50 50 39 41 IV 45 40 38
45.00 50 39 41 38
46.50 50 39 41 38
48.00 50 39 40 38
49.50 50 38 40 38
51.00 50 38 40 38
52.50 50 38 40 38
54.00 50 38 40 38
55.50 50 38 40 38
57.00 50 38 40 38
58.50 50 38 40 38
60.00 50 38 40 38
N.B. N value more than 50 is considered as refusal in granular soils.

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of proposed Bridge over River Fenni at Sabroom, South Tripura.
 Sheet No.14 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

Table 3.6 Depth Vs Corrected N values for BH02

Corrected N values (after Calculated

Recorded
overburden pressure Minimum Maximum phi (φ) as per
Depth SPT N (N1)60 Layer
and dilatancy correction (N1)60 (N1)60 Peck et al.
value
,wherever required) 1972
1.50 2 2 2 24
3.00 6 6 5 28
4.50 7 7 6 I 2 8 28
6.00 8 8 7 29
7.50 8 8 8 29
9.00 21 21 22 33
10.50 61 58 61 43
12.00 80 72 76 44
II 22 76
13.50 50 47 49 38
15.00 50 46 49 38
16.50 50 46 48 37
18.00 20 20 21 33
III 21 53
19.50 50 50 53 41
21.00 60 52 54 42
22.50 50 44 46 40
24.00 50 43 46 40
25.50 50 43 45 39
27.00 50 42 45 39
28.50 50 42 44 39
30.00 50 42 44 39
IV 41 54
31.50 50 41 43 39
33.00 50 41 43 39
34.50 50 41 43 39
36.00 50 40 42 38
37.50 50 40 42 38
39.00 50 40 42 38
40.50 50 39 41 38

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of proposed Bridge over River Fenni at Sabroom, South Tripura.
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Table 3.7 Depth Vs Corrected N values for BH03

Corrected N values
(after overburden
Calculated
Recorded pressure and
Minimum Maximum phi (φ) as
Depth SPT N dilatancy (N1)60 Layer
(N1)60 (N1)60 per Peck et
value correction
al., 1972
,wherever
required)
1.50 5 5 4 27
3.00 6 6 5 I 4 5 28
4.50 5 5 4 27
6.00 13 13 12 30
7.50 38 38 37 37
9.00 85 78 82 49
10.50 61 57 60 43
12.00 50 48 50 II 12 82 41
13.50 50 47 49 40
15.00 50 46 49 40
16.50 50 46 48 40
18.00 50 45 47 40
19.50 50 50 53 41
21.00 50 44 46 40
22.50 50 44 46 III 45 53 40
24.00 50 43 46 40
25.50 50 43 45 39
27.00 50 43 45 39
28.50 50 42 44 39
30.00 50 42 44 39
31.50 50 42 44 39
33.00 50 41 43 39
34.50 50 41 43 39
36.00 50 41 43 39
37.50 50 40 42 39
39.00 50 40 42 39
40.50 50 40 42 39
42.00 50 39 41 38
43.50 50 39 41 IV 45 40 38
45.00 50 39 41 38
46.50 50 39 41 38
48.00 50 38 40 38
49.50 50 38 40 38
51.00 50 38 40 38
52.50 50 38 40 38
54.00 50 38 40 38
55.50 50 38 40 38
57.00 50 38 40 38
58.50 50 38 40 38
60.00 50 38 40 38

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of proposed Bridge over River Fenni at Sabroom, South Tripura.
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Table 3.8 Depth Vs Corrected N values for BH04

Corrected N
values (after
overburden Calculated
Recorded
pressure and Minimum Maximum phi (φ) as
Depth SPT N (N1)60 Layer
dilatancy (N1)60 (N1)60 per Peck
value
correction et al., 1972
,wherever
required)
1.50 1 1 1 26
3.00 4 4 3 27
4.50 3 3 3 I 1 66 27
6.00 52 52 48 40
7.50 69 67 66 45
9.00 80 75 79 48
10.50 80 74 77 47
12.00 50 48 50 41
13.50 50 47 50 41
15.00 50 47 49 40
16.50 50 46 48 II 79 46 40
18.00 50 45 48 40
19.50 50 50 53 41
21.00 50 44 47 40
22.50 50 44 46 40
24.00 50 43 46 40
25.50 50 43 45 39
III 45 45
27.00 50 43 45 39
28.50 50 42 44 39
30.00 50 42 44 39
31.50 50 42 44 39
33.00 50 41 43 39
34.50 50 41 43 IV 42 44 39
36.00 50 41 43 39
37.50 50 40 42 39
39.00 50 40 42 39
40.50 50 40 42 39

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of proposed Bridge over River Fenni at Sabroom, South Tripura.
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Fig. 3.1 - Generalised Soil Profile (BH 01, BH 02, BH 03 & BH 04)
HFL 16.126 M
R.L = 15.673 m R.L = 14.766 m R.L = 13.487 m R.L = 15.594 m
Depth in M. Layer Soil Description Layer Soil Description Layer Soil Description Layer Soil Description
BH 02 BH 01 BH 03 BH 04
X1 = 0.907 M
X2 = 2.186 M X3 = 0.079M
2.00 2 N 5 N 5 N 1 N Layer - I
U miss miss U miss
Layer - I
U
Layer - I U
6 N 9 N 6 N
Layer - I 4 N
4.00 Light gray to brownish gray loose Dark gray soft sandy clayey silt to stiff
7 N 20 N 5 N 3 N
Dark brown soft sandy clayey silt to clayey silty fine sand to medium to Dark brown to gray sandy loose clayey silt
5.40 M 4.7 M 5.0 M
5.5 M sandy silt stiff sandy clayey silt silt to soft sandy clayey silt
6.00
8 N 19 N 13 N >50 Refusal

8 N N
7.186 M N >50 Refusal
8.00 8.0 M 7.907 M
20 38
8.079 M
21 N 46 N >50 Refusal >50 Refusal
10.00
Layer - II Layer - II Layer - II
>50 Refusal 48 N >50 Refusal >50 Refusal
Layer - II
12.00
>50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal
Dark brown fine to medium to coarse sand
Light gray to dark brown fine to coarse sand
14.00 >50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal
Dark brown fine to medium sand with
Light brown silty fine to medium sand
>50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal traces of clay binders
16.00
>50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal
17.0 M
18.00
20 N >50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal

20.00 >50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal

20.0 M
>50 Refusal Layer - III 20.907 M >50 Refusal 21.186 M >50 Refusal >50 Refusal
22.00
>50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal
Dark gray stiff clayey silt with fine Layer - III
sand lamination with slate formation
24.00
>50 Refusal >50 Refusal Dark gray stiff to hard clayey silt with fine sand >50 Refusal
Layer - III >50 Refusal
laminations with slate formations 25.079 M
26.00 >50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal Dark gray stiff to hard clayey silt >50 Refusal Layer - III
Layer - IV
with slate formation Light gray stiff to hard clayey silt
>50 Refusal 26.907 M >50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal
27.079 M
28.00
>50 Refusal >50 Refusal 28.186 M >50 Refusal >50 Refusal
Layer - IV
30.00 Dark brown fine to medium sand
>50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal
(densely packed)
32.00 >50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal
Layer - IV Dark brown fine to medium sand (densely
>50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal packed)
34.00
Light brown fine to medium sand
>50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal
(densely packed)
36.00 Layer - IV
>50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal

38.00 >50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal >50 Refusal

>50 Refusal >50 Refusal Light brown to dark gray densely packed fine to >50 Refusal >50 Refusal
40.00 >50 Refusal medium sand >50 Refusal
40.0 M >50 Refusal >50 Refusal
40.079 M

42.00
>50 Refusal >50 Refusal

44.00 >50 Refusal >50 Refusal

>50 Refusal >50 Refusal

46.00
>50 Refusal >50 Refusal

48.00
>50 Refusal >50 Refusal

50.00 >50 Refusal >50 Refusal

>50 Refusal >50 Refusal

52.00
>50 Refusal >50 Refusal

54.00
>50 Refusal >50 Refusal

56.00 >50 Refusal >50 Refusal

>50 Refusal >50 Refusal

58.00
>50 Refusal >50 Refusal

60.00 >50 Refusal >50 Refusal

60.907 M BH means Bore Hole

62.00 N means "SPT" value
62.186 M
U means UDS
64.00

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4.0 Analysis of results and design of foundation

4.1 General

Based on the soil exploration results, further analysis is carried out in this
chapter to determine the suitable foundation along with proposal of depth and
allowable bearing capacity of the foundation for the proposed bridge construction
over Fenni river at Sabroom. Both pile and well foundation is attempted for the
proposed bridge construction as suggested in terms of reference. In this context, it is
important to make a rational consideration of design parameters of soil for each
layer and boreholes explored. Table 4.1 presents the design parameters of subsoil
based on average soil properties. However, selection of design parameters involves
conservative judgment on the available parameters or standard correlation available
in the literature. For designing of any foundation, it should be noted that the
attempted foundation would be safe from two basic criteria, i.e., (i) limit state of
shear or bearing capacity failure and (ii) limit state of serviceability or settlement
criteria. However, a stability check will also be carried out for a well foundation with
respect to lateral loading. In addition, CBR for the nearby borrow pit soil, suitability
of ground water for construction and chemical aggressiveness with concrete, and
calculation of earth pressure coefficients are also reported in this chapter.

4.2 Average design subsoil parameters and stratification

The layer wise average design sub-soil parameters are presented separately
for BH01, BH02, BH03 and BH04 respectively in the present section for the sake of
design of deep foundation. The site exhibits uniformity of sub-soil layersas observed
from subsoil properties and stratification of layers encountered in the four boreholes.
On the basis of soil parameters available from laboratory & field tests, it has been
observed that the site consists of poor to moderate quality of foundation material
uptoan average depth of 6.0 m below EGL which consists of heterogeneous alluvial
deposit of soft to medium to stiff sandy clayey silt to loose sandy silt/silty fine to
medium sand. The water table is observed at 5.0 m, 4.5 m, 2.5 m and 5.0 m below

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EGL in BH02, BH01, BH03 and BH04 respectively. From an average datum of 6.0 m
to 20.0 m below EGL, a silty fine to medium sand to medium to coarse sand with -

Table 4.1 Selection of subsoil design engineering parameters (BH01)

Layer I Layer II Layer III Layer IV

Engineering Parameters
(EGL to 7.0m) (7.0 to 20.0m) (20.0 to 26.0m) (26.0 to 60.0m)
Name of the layer Light gray to brownish Light brown silty Dark gray stiff to hard Light brown to dark
gray clayey silty fine sand fine to medium clayey silt with fine gray densely packed
to medium to stiff sandy sand sand laminations and fine to medium sand
slate
clayey silt
Thickness 7.0m 13.0m 6.0m 34.0 m
Classification (USCS) SM-CL SM ML SM
Field moisture (%) 22.07 21.36 13.37 14.63
Bulk density “γ” (kN/m3) 18.20 19.20 18.20 20.0
Void ratio (eo) 0.569 0.495 0.353 0.383
Average corrected “N60” 07 20 50 35
Cohesion (Cu) (kN/m2) 40.0* Nil 200.0* Nil
Frictional angle () 100* 330* Nil 380*
Compression Index (Cc) UDS (Slip) Nil Nil Nil

*indicates shear strength and consolidation parameters of this layer is calculated from standard correlation available elsewhere (Peck et
al., 1974 and Nagaraju and Murthy, 1985)

Table 4.2 Selection of subsoil design engineering parameters (BH02)

Layer I Layer II Layer III Layer IV

Engineering Parameters
(EGL to 8.0M) (8.0 to 17.0m) (17.0 to 20.0m) (20.0 to 40.0m)
Name of the layer Dark brown soft sandy Light gray to dark Dark gray stiff to Dark brown fine to
clayey silt to sandy silt brown fine to hard clayey silt medium sand
coarse sand with fine sand
laminations
Thickness 8.0m 9.0m 3.0m 20.0m
Classification (USCS) CL/ML SM CL SM
Field moisture (%) 25.34 15.96 22.37 15.61
Bulk density “γ” (kN/m3) 18.40 19.60 18.30 20.80
Void ratio (eo) 0.661 0.415 0.595 0.407
Average corrected “N60” 04 20 35 39
Cohesion (Cu) (kN/m2) 25.0* Nil 150* Nil
Frictional angle () Nil 330* Nil 380*
Compression Index (Cc) UDS (Slip) Nil Nil Nil

*indicates shear strength and consolidation parameters of this layer is calculated from standard correlation available elsewhere (Peck et
al., 1974 and Nagaraju and Murthy, 1985)

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Table 4.3 Selection of subsoil design engineering parameters (BH03)

Layer I Layer II Layer III Layer IV

Engineering Parameters
(EGL to 5.0m) (5.0 to 19.0m) (19.0 to 26.0m) (26.0 to 60.0m)
Name of the layer Dark brown to gray sandy Dark brown fine to Dark gray stiff to Light brown fine
silt to soft sandy clayey medium to coarse hard clayey silt to medium sand
silt sand with slate
formation
Thickness 5.0m 14.0m 7.0m 34.0m
Classification (USCS) ML-CL SM CL SM
Field moisture (%) 24.98 16.86 14.23 16.75
Bulk density “γ” (kN/m3) 17.90 19.50 18.50 19.80
Void ratio (eo) 0.662 0.435 0.376 0.520
Average corrected “N60” 05 25 50 38
Cohesion (Cu) (kN/m2) 20.50 Nil 200.0* Nil
Frictional angle () Nil 330* Nil 380*
Compression Index (Cc) UDS (Slip) Nil Nil Nil

*indicates shear strength and consolidation parameters of this layer is calculated from standard correlation available elsewhere (Peck et
al., 1974 and Nagaraju and Murthy, 1985)

Table 4.4 Selection of subsoil design engineering parameters (BH04)

Layer I Layer II Layer III Layer IV

Engineering Parameters
(EGL to 8.0m) (8.0 to 25.0m) (25.0 to 27.0m) (27.0 to 40.0m)
Name of the layer Dark gray soft sandy Dark brown fine to Light gray stiff to Dark brown fine to
clayey silt to stiff clayey medium sand with hard clayey silt medium sand
silt traces of clay binders (densely packed)
Thickness 8.0m 17.0m 2.0m 13.0m
Classification (USCS) CL SM CL SM
Field moisture (%) 36.28 16.43 15.34 15.95
Bulk density “γ” (kN/m3) 18.20 19.50 18.70 20.0
Void ratio (eo) 0.958 0.427 0.408 0.418
Average corrected “N60” 02 35 50 40
Cohesion (Cu) (kN/m2) 20.0* Nil 200.0* Nil
Frictional angle () Nil 350* Nil 380*
Compression Index (Cc) UDS (Slip) Nil Nil Nil

*indicates shear strength and consolidation parameters of this layer is calculated from standard correlation available elsewhere (Peck et
al., 1974 and Nagaraju and Murthy, 1985)

localized soft clay binders is observed in all theboreholes which shows good SPT values
and suitable layer for laying any foundation. The above layer is followed by a relatively thin
layer of stiff silty clay to clayey silt with slate rock formation upto an average depth of 24.0

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m below EGL. Finally, a considerably thick layer consisting of densely packed fine to
medium sand is encountered with refusal SPT values is encountered upto depth of
termination, i.e., 60 m and 40 m below EGL in BH02, BH03 and BH01, BH04 respectively.
From the above view point, scour depth calculation, geotechnical design of pile foundation
and well foundation are carried out in the next section which is required for preparation of
consultancy and detailed project report for bridge over river Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.

4.3 Calculation of scour depth

The maximum scour depth (MSD) along with other necessary parameters, such as,
mean diameter of particle size (dm) andLacey‟s silt factor (ksf) are presented in Table
4.5 for each bore hole. It is observed that the subsoil at below EGL, i.e., layer I in all
the boreholes are consists of heterogeneous mix of loose tosoft to medium sandy silt
to silty sand to sandy clayey silt soil which is highly prone to both scouring action
due toflood and susceptible under liquefaction during earthquake. Hence, the
selection of depth and design of deep foundation is performed considering
maximum depth of scourobserved in BH01, i.e., 7.40 m below HFL.

Table 4.5 Calculated scour depth for borehole locations

Max.
Normal
Design Scour
Scour
Bore weighted Design Silt depth
Depth weighted mean depth
Hole mean Discharge factor below
(m) diameter (mm) below
No. diameter (m3/sec) (ksf) HFL
HFL(dsm)
(dm) (2dsm)
(m)
(m)
0.50 0.299
1 0.299 0.963* 3.70 7.40
1.50 0.024
0.50 0.022
2 0.022 2.856** 2.58 5.16
3.00 0.019
460
0.50 0.031
3 0.031 3.00** 2.53 5.06
2.00 0.023
1.00 0.039
4 0.039 3.140** 2.49 4.98
3.00 0.018
*using Eq. (III) as given in A1
**using Eq. (IV) as given in A1

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A.1: Sample calculation of scour depth for BH01

Procedure stated in IRC: 78-2014 has been adopted to calculate normal and maximum scour
depth for different bore holes. The mean scour depth below the highest flood level (HFL) for
natural channels flowing over scourable bed is calculated from the following equation.
2
Db 1/ 3
d s m  1 .3 4 ( ) …. (I)
K sf

Q
Eq. (I) can also be expressed in the form d s m  0 .4 7 3 ( )
1/3
…(II)
K sf

where, Q = Total design discharge of channel in m3/sec

Db= The design discharge for foundation per metre width of effective waterway.
Ksf= Silt factor for a representative sample of bed material obtained upto the level of
anticipated deepest scour.

Ksf is given by the expression, K s f  1 .7 6 dm , .... (III)

dm being the weighted mean diameter in millimeter and is calculated following procedures
stated in IRC: 5-1998. However, for bed material comprising of clay having weighted mean
diameter less than 0.04 mm, IRC: 78-2014 suggests calculation of silt factor by the following
expression

K s f  F (1  c) ... (IV)

where, c is cohesion in kg/cm2 and

F = 1.50 for φ > 10° and < 15°
= 1.75 for φ >5° and < 10°
= 2.00 for φ < 5°
Further, Maximum Scour depth (near abutments) = 2dsm
(near Piers) = 1.75dsm
Maximum Scour depth for different bore holes with design discharge of 460m3/sec and their
respective silt factors are presented above in Table 4.5.

Calculation of Weighted Mean Diameter and Silt factor

The results of grain size distribution analysis of different samples obtained at every change
of strata. Procedures indicated in IRC: 5-1998 are then adopted to calculate the weighted
mean diameter (dm) of bed materials. A sample calculation for soil sample collected at a
depth of 0.5m from BH01 is shown here.

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Table A-1 Grain Size distribution of Soil Sample from BH 01 at a depth of 0.5m (Refer
Appendix III: Grain size distribution curve)

Cumulative
Sieve Size Percent
percent retained Percent retained (%)
(mm) finer
(%)
(%)
2.360 100 0.00 0.00
2.000 100 0.00 0.00
1.180 99.93 0.07 0.07
0.600 95.30 4.70 4.63
0.425 82.50 17.50 12.80
0.300 60.80 39.20 21.70
0.150 15.60 84.40 45.20
0.075 15.00 85.00 0.60
Pan 0.00 100.00 15.00

Table A-2 Weighted mean diameter of soil sample from BH 01 at a depth of 0.5m (IRC: 5-
1998)
1 2 3 4
Percentage of
Sieve size Mean size Col. 2  Col.3
weight retained
2.8-2.36 2.580 0.00 0
2.36-2.00 2.180 0.00 0
2.00-1.18 1.590 0.07 0.11
1.18-0.60 0.890 4.63 4.12
0.60-0.425 0.513 12.8 6.56
0.425-0.30 0.363 21.70 7.86
0.30-0.15 0.225 45.20 10.17
0.15-0.075 0.113 0.60 0.07
0.075 -0.063 0.069 15.00 1.03

Where weighted mean diameter (dm)=

 C ol4
=
2 9 .9 3
 0 .2 9 9 mm
100 100
Silt factor (Ksf) = 1 .7 6 dm

= 1 .7 6 0 .2 9 9
= 0.963

Calculation of Maximum Scour depth for BH 01,

Design discharge (Q) = 460 m3/sec
Silt factor (Ksf) = 0.963
Q 1/3
Mean Scour depth, (dsm) = 0 .4 7 3 ( )
K sf

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406
= 0 .4 7 3 ( )
1/ 3

0 .9 6 3

= 3.70 m
Maximum Scour depth (near abutments) = 2dsm
= 2  3.70 = 7.40 m

In case of BH 02
Mean weighted diameter is calculated following the similar procedure as done for BH 01.
Calculated mean weighted diameter (dm) = 0.022 mm

dm< 0.04 mm, Silt factor is calculated using eq. (IV)

Silt factor (Ksf) = F (1  c)

Friction Angle (φ) = 10°

Cohesion (c) = 0.25 kg/cm2
For φ = 10°, taking F = 1.75, we get

Ksf= F (1  c)

= 1 .7 5 (1  0 .2 5 )

= 2.856

Q
Mean Scour depth, (dsm) = 0 .4 7 3 ( )
1/3

K sf

406
= 0 .4 7 3 ( )
1/ 3

2 .8 5 6

= 2.58 m
Maximum Scour depth (near abutments) = 2dsm

= 2  2.58 = 5.16 m

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4.4 Assessment of liquefaction potential of the site

Evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils is an important step for geotechnical

investigations in earthquake-liable region like Tripura which is situated high seismic
risk zone. Liquefaction susceptibility of the proposed bridge location is performed in
the present report considering subsoil parameters and field test results observed for
BH01 to BH04 locations. The most common procedure around the world for
evaluating liquefaction resistance is “simplified procedure” developed originally by
Seed and Idriss (1977) using blow counts from the standard penetration.
In order to evaluate liquefaction resistance of soils using simplified
procedure, it is required to estimate two primary seismic variables: cyclic stress ratio
(CSR) and cyclic resistance ratio (CRR). CSR is the seismic demand placed on a soil,
and CRR is the capacity of a soil layer to resist liquefaction. Seed and Idriss (1971)
formulated the following equation to assess the cyclic stress ratio.
a m ax  v0
CSR  0 . 65  ( ) ( )  rd
g  v 0

where amax is the peak ground acceleration, g is the acceleration of gravity, V0and

V0 are total and effective overburden stresses, respectively, and r d is a stress

reduction factor at a depth of interest. For routine practice and noncritical projects,
the following equations were recommended by apanel of experts convened by
National Centre for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER) in 1996 (Youd and
Idriss 2001):
rd =1.0-0.00765z for z≤9.15m
rd=1.174-0.0267z for 9.15m z≤23m where z is the depth below the
ground surface in metres.
Several tests have used for evaluation of liquefaction resistance; including the
standard penetration test (SPT), the cone penetration test (CPT), shear-wave velocity
measurements (vs), and the Becker penetration test (BPT). Present report considers
the SPT based method for obtaining the liquefaction resistance. SPT-based
evaluation of liquefaction resistance is widely used because of more extensive
databases and past experience. Recommended criteria for SPT-based evaluation of
liquefaction resistance are largely incorporated with the CSR versus (N1)60is plotted.

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(N1)60 is the corrected SPT blow count that can be calculated using equation:
(N1)60= NMCNCECBCRCS
where Nm is the measured penetration resistance, CN is the factor to normalized NM
to a common reference effective overburden stress (100KPa), CE, CB, CR and CS are
the connection for hammer energy ratio, borehole diameter, rod length, and sample
with or without liners, respectively. Appendix VI presents a graph of a calculated
CSR and corresponding data for the sites where liquefaction effects were or not
observed following past earthquakes with magnitude of approximately 7.5. CRR
curves in the same figure were conservatively positioned to separate regions with
data indicative of liquefaction from regions with data indicative of non-liquefaction.
The CRR curves in figure are valid only for magnitude 7.5 earthquakes and 0.5g of
intensity of motion. If earthquake magnitude is not 7.5 we should consider scaling
factor.
It is observed from the figures considering BH01 to BH04 that the top layer
varying from 5m to 9m below EGL is found to be susceptible under liquefaction
during seismic excitation. The cohesionless soil layer encountered below 9m depth
shows strong resistance against liquefaction in all the boreholes. Further, it is to be
noted that maximum scour level is calculated as around 6.54m below lowest bed
level (LBL) and 8.726m below from the highest bed level (datum line) for the
proposed bridge at Fenni river. The maximum scour depth (MSD) is avoided for
calculation of vertical and lateral resistance for designing of deep foundation which
may also consider the zero soil resistance from the liquefiable susceptible zone of soil
layer. As the liquefaction prone soil layer and maximum scour depth zone is almost
same.

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4.5 Design of pile foundation as per IS2911-Part 2-2010

Deep foundation in the form of long pile may be used for supporting the proposed
bridge piers/abutments. In recent practice in bridge foundation, pile foundation is
mostly used in India due to ease of construction and to save time, money and
workmanship as compared to conventional well foundation. Hence, bored cast-in-
situ piles may be used in this case to avoid noise pollution and to eliminate the
driving effect to the adjacent structure if any.

Considering the bore hole positions, it is assumed that BH01 and BH03 as per
site plan are considered as central pier location of bridge and BH02 and BH04
indicates abutment locations respectively. The piles at central pier and abutment
locations can be placed at a depth of 30m and 25m below lowest bed level (LBL)
respectively. The cut-off levels for different boreholes are calculated accordingly
which are presented below. The determination of pile capacity for different
diameters is presented in Table 4.6 using layer stratification as considered in average
design soil profile presented in Table 4.1 to Table 4.4 and following IS2911-Part 2-
2010 guideline.

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Table 4.6 Recommended values of safe vertical and lateral load for single pile (FOS = 2.5
for skin friction and 5 for end bearing resistance)

Safe vertical
Bore hole Pile Allowable
Load Recommended Lateral
number/ Depth of pile Diameter Deflection
calculated Load (kN) Load (kN)
location (mm) (mm)
(kN)
0.01times
diameter of
31.28m below 1000 5480 5000 30
pile at scour
E.G.L with 1.28m level
BH01/ cut-off level
Pier below EGL 1200 8100 7500 62 -do-
(Length = 30m)
1500 13390 10000 145 -do-

27.20m below 1000 5130 4750 30 -do-

E.G.L with 2.20m
BH02/ cut-off level 1200 7760 6500 62 -do-
Abutment below EGL
(Length = 25m) 1500 13440 10000 145 -do-

1000 4880 4500 30 -do-

30.0 m below
BH03/ E.G.L with pile
1200 7300 7000 62 -do-
Pier cap level at EGL
(Length = 30m)
1500 10970 9000 145 -do-

27.10 m below 1000 4030 3500 30 -do-

E.G.L with 2.10 m
BH04/
cut-off level 1200 5820 5000 62 -do-
Abutment
below EGL
(Length = 25m) 1500 8840 8000 145 -do-

N.B.
1. Group action of pile may be considered if spacing to diameter ratio (s/d) less
than 3.0 used. To utilize the complete load carrying capacity, the s/d ratio to be
used greater than 3.0.
2. Vertical as well as lateral load test as per Indian standard must be carried out
on initial pile and test pile.
3. Design of pile is limited to only static load only. However, due to limited
scope of work, dynamic design of pile is not attempted herein.
4. Skilled workforce should be engaged for carrying out pile construction job.
5. Safety of any adjacent structure must be ensured during construction of
foundation.

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A2: Sample calculation for design of a pile foundation considering BH03 under vertical
and lateral loading is presented below.
Pile Dia : 1.000M
Existing Ground level : 0.000M
Existing GWT level : -2.000M
EGL to Maximum Scour level : -9.000M (Not considered)
Pile Termination level : -30.000M
For maximum overburden pressure at Pile tip 18 x dia length of pile has been taken

****ULTIMATE END BEARING CAPACITY****

For Granular Soils

Qeg = Ap(0.5 * D * W * Nr + Pd * Nq)
where Ap = Cross sectional Area = 0.7850 Sq.M.
D = Pile Stem Dia = 1.00 M
W = Bulk Unit Wt. of soil at Pile tip = 0.98 T/Cu.M.
Nr = Bearing Capacity factor = 78.02
Pd = Effective overburden pressure at pile tip = 18.30 T/Sq.M.
Nq = Bearing Capacity factor = 90.00

Ultimate End Bearing Capacity Qeg =0.785*(0.5*1.000*0.980*78.02+18.300*90.00 ) =1322.91 T

For Cohesive Soils

Qec = Ap * Nc * Cp
where Ap = As defined above = 0.7850 Sq.M.
Nc = Bearing Capacity factor = 9
Cp = Average Cohesion at pile tip = 0.00 T/Sq.M.

Ultimate End Bearing Capacity Qec =0.785*0.000*9 =0.00 T

Total Ultimate End Bearing Capacity Qu = Qeg + Qec = 1322.91 T

Pd Level for this pile= -18.000 M

Layer No.1
Effective overburden pressure due to this layer =2.000x1.790+3.000x(1.790-1) =5.950T/Sq.M.
Layer No.2
Effective overburden pressure due to this layer =4.000x(1.950-1) =3.800T/Sq.M.
Layer No.3
Effective overburden pressure due to this layer =9.000x(1.950-1) =8.550T/Sq.M.
Layer No.4
Effective overburden pressure due to this layer =0.000x(1.950-1) =0.000T/Sq.M.
Layer No.5
No contribution from this layer
Total effective overburden pressure up to -18.000M level from EGL=18.300T/Sq.M.

****ULTIMATE SKIN FRICTION CAPACITY****

For Granular Soils

Qsg = Sum[K * Pdi * tan(d) * Asi] for all layers
where K = Earth Pressure Coeff.
Pdi= Effective Overburden presure for ith layer
d = Angle of wall friction for ith layer
Asi = Surface area of pile stem for ith layer
Negative Skin Friction Qsg(_ve) = Sum[0.5 * K * W * Ln * tan(d) * Asi] for all layers
W = Bulk Unit Wt. of soil

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W = Bulk Unit Wt. of soil

Ln = Thk. of Compressible layer
K = As defined above
d = As defined above
Asi = As defined above but with Ln

For Cohesive Soils

Qsc = Sum[a * C * As] for all layers
where a = Reduction factor
C = Average Cohesion
Asi = Surface area of pile stem for ith layer
Negative Skin Friction Qsc(_ve) = Sum[S * Asi] for all layers
S = Shear strength
Asi = As defined above but with Ln

Layer no. 1:
Thickness : 5.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 2.98 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.02
Asi : 0.00 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*2.98*0.02*0.00 = 0.00 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.50

Average Cohesion(C): 0.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.50*0.00*0.00 = 0.00 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[0.00-0.00]+[0.00-0.00]=0.00T/Sq.M.
Layer no. 2:
Thickness : 4.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 7.85 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.02
Asi : 0.00 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*7.85*0.02*0.00 = 0.00 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.70

Average Cohesion(C): 0.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.70*0.00*0.00 = 0.00 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[0.00-0.00]+[0.00-0.00]=0.00T/Sq.M.
Layer no. 3:
Thickness : 9.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 14.02 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.58
Asi : 28.26 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*14.02*0.58*28.26 = 228.69 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.30

Average Cohesion(C): 0.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.30*0.00*28.26 = 0.00 T

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
Sheet No.25 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[228.69-0.00]+[0.00-0.00]=228.69T/Sq.M.
Layer no. 4:
Thickness : 1.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 18.30 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.58
Asi : 3.14 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*18.30*0.58*3.14 = 33.16 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.30

Average Cohesion(C): 0.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.30*0.00*3.14 = 0.00 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[33.16-0.00]+[0.00-0.00]=33.16T/Sq.M.
Layer no. 5:
Thickness : 7.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 18.30 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.02
Asi : 21.98 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*18.30*0.02*21.98 = 7.02 T
Reduction factor(a) : 0.30
Average Cohesion(C): 20.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.30*20.00*21.98 = 131.88 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[7.02-0.00]+[131.88-0.00]=138.90T/Sq.M.
Layer no. 6:
Thickness : 34.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 18.30 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.70
Asi : 12.56 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*18.30*0.70*12.56 = 160.84 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.30

Average Cohesion(C): 0.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.30*0.00*12.56 = 0.00 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[160.84-0.00]+[0.00-0.00]=160.84T/Sq.M.

Total Skin Friction Capacity Qus = Qsg + Qsc = 561.85 T

****Safe Pile Capacity= Qeg/(FOS=5.0) + Qus/(FOS=2.5) = 513 T****

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
 Sheet No.26 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

LATERAL LOAD CAPACITY δ2 = [{(L1+Lf)/Lf} x δ1]

Unsupported length (L1) of fixed head pile = 6.54m

[The unsupported length is calculated by considering
L1 = 6.54m
the difference between pile cap level and maximum
δ1 = 0.01 x dia of Pile
scour level (MSL) which is same for all the
Maxm Scour
boreholes] level

Depth of fixity (Lf) is calculated from Fig 4 of IS

Lf
2911-Part 2-2010 as follows,
In fact Layer II contains moderate to densely packed
dark brown fine to medium to coarse sand with an
approximate thickness of 14m which mainly governs L1= Unsupported length of fixed head pile
Lf = depth of fixity
the depth of fixity of pile. δ1 and δ2 are permissible deflection of pile foundation as per
IS 2911-part 2-2010

Fig. 4.1 Laterally loaded design of pile

EI
The stiffness factor (T) is calculated in meter = 5 where EI is flexural stiffness of pile and  h is
h

modulus of subgrade reaction in kN/m3.  h as per Table 3 of IS 2911-Part 2-2010 = 5000 kN/m3 and
diameter of pile is assumed as 1.0m. Young’s modulus of RCC pile of M30 grade is assumed as
28  106 kN/m2

EI = ( 28  10 6  1
4
) = 13.74  105 kN-m2
64
Therefore T = 3.07 m. Refer Fig. 4 of IS 2911-Part 2-2010 and depth of fixity (Lf) is calculated as 5.56m.
3
V ( L1  L f )
Deflection at pile head, y  [IS 2911-Part 2-2010] where V is applied horizontal
3
 10
12 EI
force at pile head and permissible deflection at MSL is 0.01times diameter of pile as per IRC 78 (2014).
Accordingly, deflection at pile head is calculated as 0.022m presented in Fig. 4.1.
Using the above expression for fixed head pile, V is calculated as 30 kN. The lateral load calculation will
be same for BH01, BH02 and BH04 locations as layer II remains almost same nature and properties where
the depth of fixity is developed.

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
 Sheet No.27 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

Fig. 4.2: Design details of Pile foundation under vertical and lateral load
considering BH03 (dia = 1000 mm)

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
 Sheet No.28 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

A.3: Sample calculation for design of a pile foundation considering BH01 under vertical
and lateral loading is presented below.

Pile Dia : 1.000M

Existing Ground level : 0.000M
Existing GWT level : -4.500M
EGL to Maximum Scour level : -9.000M (Not considered)
Pile Termination level : -30.000M
For maximum overburden pressure at Pile tip 18 x dia length of pile has been taken

****ULTIMATE END BEARING CAPACITY****

For Granular Soils

Qeg = Ap(0.5 * D * W * Nr + Pd * Nq)
where Ap = Cross sectional Area = 0.7850 Sq.M.
D = Pile Stem Dia = 1.00 M
W = Bulk Unit Wt. of soil at Pile tip = 1.00 T/Cu.M.
Nr = Bearing Capacity factor = 78.02
Pd = Effective overburden pressure at pile tip = 20.36 T/Sq.M.
Nq = Bearing Capacity factor = 90.00

Ultimate End Bearing Capacity Qeg =0.785*(0.5*1.000*1.000*78.02+20.360*90.00 )=1469.06 T

For Cohesive Soils

Qec = Ap * Nc * Cp
where Ap = As defined above = 0.7850 Sq.M.
Nc = Bearing Capacity factor = 9
Cp = Average Cohesion at pile tip = 0.00 T/Sq.M.

Ultimate End Bearing Capacity Qec =0.785*0.000*9 =0.00 T

Total Ultimate End Bearing Capacity Qu = Qeg + Qec = 1469.06 T

Pd Level for this pile= -18.000 M

Layer No.1
Effective overburden pressure due to this layer =4.500x1.820+2.500x(1.820-1) =10.240T/Sq.M.
Layer No.2
Effective overburden pressure due to this layer =2.000x(1.920-1) =1.840T/Sq.M.
Layer No.3
Effective overburden pressure due to this layer =9.000x(1.920-1) =8.280T/Sq.M.
Layer No.4
Effective overburden pressure due to this layer =0.000x(1.920-1) =0.000T/Sq.M.
Layer No.5
No contribution from this layer
Total effective overburden pressure up to -18.000M level from EGL=20.360T/Sq.M.

****ULTIMATE SKIN FRICTION CAPACITY****

For Granular Soils

Qsg = Sum[K * Pdi * tan(d) * Asi] for all layers
where K = Earth Pressure Coeff.
Pdi= Effective Overburden presure for ith layer
d = Angle of wall friction for ith layer
Asi = Surface area of pile stem for ith layer
Negative Skin Friction Qsg(_ve) = Sum[0.5 * K * W * Ln * tan(d) * Asi] for all layers

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
Sheet No.29 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

W = Bulk Unit Wt. of soil

W = Bulk Unit Wt. of soil
Ln = Thk. of Compressible layer
K = As defined above
d = As defined above
Asi = As defined above but with Ln

For Cohesive Soils

Qsc = Sum[a * C * As] for all layers
where a = Reduction factor
C = Average Cohesion
Asi = Surface area of pile stem for ith layer
Negative Skin Friction Qsc(_ve) = Sum[S * Asi] for all layers
S = Shear strength
Asi = As defined above but with Ln

Layer no. 1:
Thickness : 7.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 5.12 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.02
Asi : 0.00 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*5.12*0.02*0.00 = 0.00 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.70

Average Cohesion(C): 0.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.70*0.00*0.00 = 0.00 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[0.00-0.00]+[0.00-0.00]=0.00T/Sq.M.
Layer no. 2:
Thickness : 2.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 11.16 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.02
Asi : 0.00 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*11.16*0.02*0.00 = 0.00 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.70

Average Cohesion(C): 0.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.70*0.00*0.00 = 0.00 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[0.00-0.00]+[0.00-0.00]=0.00T/Sq.M.
Layer no. 3:
Thickness : 9.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 16.22 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.58
Asi : 28.26 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*16.22*0.58*28.26 = 264.48 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.30

Average Cohesion(C): 0.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.30*0.00*28.26 = 0.00 T

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
Sheet No.30 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[264.48-0.00]+[0.00-0.00]=264.48T/Sq.M.
Layer no. 4:
Thickness : 2.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 20.36 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.58
Asi : 6.28 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*20.36*0.58*6.28 = 73.78 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.30

Average Cohesion(C): 0.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.30*0.00*6.28 = 0.00 T
Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]
=[73.78-0.00]+[0.00-0.00]=73.78T/Sq.M.
Layer no. 5:
Thickness : 6.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 20.36 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.02
Asi : 18.84 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*20.36*0.02*18.84 = 6.69 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.30

Average Cohesion(C): 20.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.30*20.00*18.84 = 113.04 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[6.69-0.00]+[113.04-0.00]=119.73T/Sq.M.
Layer no. 6:
Thickness : 34.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 20.36 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.70
Asi : 12.56 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*20.36*0.70*12.56 = 178.94 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.30

Average Cohesion(C): 0.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.30*0.00*12.56 = 0.00 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[178.94-0.00]+[0.00-0.00]=178.94T/Sq.M.

Total Skin Friction Capacity Qus = Qsg + Qsc = 637.26 T

Total Ultimate Pile Capacity Qu = Qus + Que = 2106.32 T

****Safe Pile Capacity= Qeg/(FOS=5.0) + Qus/(FOS=2.5) = 548 T****

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
 Sheet No.31 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

Fig. 4.3: Design details of Pile foundation under vertical and lateral load
considering BH01 (dia = 1000 mm)

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
 Sheet No.32 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

A.4: Sample calculation for design of a pile foundation considering BH02 under vertical
and lateral loading is presented below.

Pile Dia : 1.000M

Existing Ground level : 0.000M
Existing GWT level : -5.000M
EGL to Maximum Scour level : -9.000M (Not considered)
Pile Termination level : -25.000M
For maximum overburden pressure at Pile tip 18 x dia length of pile has been taken

****ULTIMATE END BEARING CAPACITY****

For Granular Soils

Qeg = Ap(0.5 * D * W * Nr + Pd * Nq)
where Ap = Cross sectional Area = 0.7850 Sq.M.
D = Pile Stem Dia = 1.00 M
W = Bulk Unit Wt. of soil at Pile tip = 1.08 T/Cu.M.
Nr = Bearing Capacity factor = 78.02
Pd = Effective overburden pressure at pile tip = 21.19 T/Sq.M.
Nq = Bearing Capacity factor = 90.00

Ultimate End Bearing Capacity Qeg =0.785*(0.5*1.000*1.080*78.02+21.190*90.00 )=1530.15 T

For Cohesive Soils

Qec = Ap * Nc * Cp
where Ap = As defined above = 0.7850 Sq.M.
Nc = Bearing Capacity factor = 9
Cp = Average Cohesion at pile tip = 0.00 T/Sq.M.

Ultimate End Bearing Capacity Qec =0.785*0.000*9 =0.00 T

Total Ultimate End Bearing Capacity Qu = Qeg + Qec = 1530.15 T

Pd Level for this pile= -18.000 M

Layer No.1
Effective overburden pressure due to this layer =5.000x1.840+3.000x(1.840-1) =11.720T/Sq.M.
Layer No.2
Effective overburden pressure due to this layer =1.000x(1.960-1) =0.960T/Sq.M.
Layer No.3
Effective overburden pressure due to this layer =8.000x(1.960-1) =7.680T/Sq.M.
Layer No.4
Effective overburden pressure due to this layer =1.000x(1.830-1) =0.830T/Sq.M.
Layer No.5
Effective overburden pressure due to this layer =0.000x(1.830-1) =0.000T/Sq.M.
Layer No.6
No contribution from this layer
Total effective overburden pressure up to -18.000M level from EGL=21.190T/Sq.M.

****ULTIMATE SKIN FRICTION CAPACITY****

For Granular Soils

Qsg = Sum[K * Pdi * tan(d) * Asi] for all layers
where K = Earth Pressure Coeff.
Pdi= Effective Overburden presure for ith layer
d = Angle of wall friction for ith layer

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
Sheet No.33 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

Asi = Surface area of pile stem for ith layer

Negative Skin Friction Qsg(_ve) = Sum[0.5 * K * W * Ln * tan(d) * Asi] for all layers
W = Bulk Unit Wt. of soil
W = Bulk Unit Wt. of soil
Ln = Thk. of Compressible layer
K = As defined above
d = As defined above
Asi = As defined above but with Ln

For Cohesive Soils

Qsc = Sum[a * C * As] for all layers
where a = Reduction factor
C = Average Cohesion
Asi = Surface area of pile stem for ith layer
Negative Skin Friction Qsc(_ve) = Sum[S * Asi] for all layers
S = Shear strength
Asi = As defined above but with Ln

Layer no. 1:
Thickness : 8.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 5.86 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.02
Asi : 0.00 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*5.86*0.02*0.00 = 0.00 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.70

Average Cohesion(C): 0.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.70*0.00*0.00 = 0.00 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[0.00-0.00]+[0.00-0.00]=0.00T/Sq.M.
Layer no. 2:
Thickness : 1.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 12.20 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.02
Asi : 0.00 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*12.20*0.02*0.00 = 0.00 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.70

Average Cohesion(C): 0.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.70*0.00*0.00 = 0.00 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[0.00-0.00]+[0.00-0.00]=0.00T/Sq.M.
Layer no. 3:
Thickness : 8.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 16.52 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.58
Asi : 25.12 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*16.52*0.58*25.12 = 239.44 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.30

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
 Sheet No.34 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

Average Cohesion(C): 0.00 T/Sq.M.

Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.30*0.00*25.12 = 0.00 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[239.44-0.00]+[0.00-0.00]=239.44T/Sq.M.
Layer no. 4:
Thickness : 1.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 20.78 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.02
Asi : 3.14 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*20.78*0.02*3.14 = 1.14 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.30

Average Cohesion(C): 15.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.30*15.00*3.14 = 14.13 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[1.14-0.00]+[14.13-0.00]=15.27T/Sq.M.
Layer no. 5:
Thickness : 2.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 21.19 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.02
Asi : 6.28 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*21.19*0.02*6.28 = 2.32 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.30

Average Cohesion(C): 15.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.30*15.00*6.28 = 28.26 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[2.32-0.00]+[28.26-0.00]=30.58T/Sq.M.
Layer no. 6:
Thickness : 20.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 21.19 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.70
Asi : 15.70 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*21.19*0.70*15.70 = 232.79 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.30

Average Cohesion(C): 0.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.30*0.00*15.70 = 0.00 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[232.79-0.00]+[0.00-0.00]=232.79T/Sq.M.

Total Skin Friction Capacity Qus = Qsg + Qsc = 518.39 T

Total Ultimate Pile Capacity Qu = Qus + Que = 2048.54 T

****Safe Pile Capacity= Qeg/(FOS=5.0)+Qus/(FOS=2.5) = 513 T****

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
 Sheet No.35 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

Fig. 4.4: Design details of Pile foundation under vertical and lateral load
considering BH02 (dia = 1000 mm)

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
 Sheet No.36 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

A.5: Sample calculation for design of a pile foundation considering BH04 under vertical
and lateral loading is presented below.

Pile Dia : 1.000M

Existing Ground level : 0.000M
Existing GWT level : -5.000M
EGL to Maximum Scour level : -9.000M (Not considered)
Pile Termination level : -25.000M
For maximum overburden pressure at Pile tip 18 x dia length of pile has been taken

****ULTIMATE END BEARING CAPACITY****

For Granular Soils

Qeg = Ap(0.5 * D * W * Nr + Pd * Nq)
where Ap = Cross sectional Area = 0.7850 Sq.M.
D = Pile Stem Dia = 1.00 M
W = Bulk Unit Wt. of soil at Pile tip = 0.96 T/Cu.M.
Nr = Bearing Capacity factor = 48.03
Pd = Effective overburden pressure at pile tip = 21.15 T/Sq.M.
Nq = Bearing Capacity factor = 50.00

Ultimate End Bearing Capacity Qeg =0.785*(0.5*1.000*0.960*48.03+21.150*50.00 )=848.23 T

For Cohesive Soils

Qec = Ap * Nc * Cp
where Ap = As defined above = 0.7850 Sq.M.
Nc = Bearing Capacity factor = 9
Cp = Average Cohesion at pile tip = 0.00 T/Sq.M.

Ultimate End Bearing Capacity Qec =0.785*0.000*9 =0.00 T

Total Ultimate End Bearing Capacity Qu = Qeg + Qec = 848.23 T

Pd Level for this pile= -18.000 M

Layer No.1
Effective overburden pressure due to this layer =5.000x1.820+3.000x(1.820-1) =11.560T/Sq.M.
Layer No.2
Effective overburden pressure due to this layer =1.000x(1.950-1) =0.950T/Sq.M.
Layer No.3
Effective overburden pressure due to this layer =9.000x(1.960-1) =8.640T/Sq.M.
Layer No.4
Effective overburden pressure due to this layer =0.000x(1.960-1) =0.000T/Sq.M.
Layer No.5
No contribution from this layer
Total effective overburden pressure up to -18.000M level from EGL=21.150T/Sq.M.

****ULTIMATE SKIN FRICTION CAPACITY****

For Granular Soils

Qsg = Sum[K * Pdi * tan(d) * Asi] for all layers
where K = Earth Pressure Coeff.
Pdi= Effective Overburden presure for ith layer
d = Angle of wall friction for ith layer

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
Sheet No.37 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

Asi = Surface area of pile stem for ith layer

Negative Skin Friction Qsg(_ve) = Sum[0.5 * K * W * Ln * tan(d) * Asi] for all layers
W = Bulk Unit Wt. of soil
W = Bulk Unit Wt. of soil
Ln = Thk. of Compressible layer
K = As defined above
d = As defined above
Asi = As defined above but with Ln

For Cohesive Soils

Qsc = Sum[a * C * As] for all layers
where a = Reduction factor
C = Average Cohesion
Asi = Surface area of pile stem for ith layer
Negative Skin Friction Qsc(_ve) = Sum[S * Asi] for all layers
S = Shear strength
Asi = As defined above but with Ln

Layer no. 1:
Thickness : 8.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 5.78 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.02
Asi : 0.00 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*5.78*0.02*0.00 = 0.00 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.70

Average Cohesion(C): 0.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.70*0.00*0.00 = 0.00 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[0.00-0.00]+[0.00-0.00]=0.00T/Sq.M.
Layer no. 2:
Thickness : 1.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 12.03 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.02
Asi : 0.00 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*12.03*0.02*0.00 = 0.00 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.70

Average Cohesion(C): 0.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.70*0.00*0.00 = 0.00 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[0.00-0.00]+[0.00-0.00]=0.00T/Sq.M.
Layer no. 3:
Thickness : 9.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 16.83 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.62
Asi : 28.26 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*16.83*0.62*28.26 = 297.01 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.30

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
Sheet No.38 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

Average Cohesion(C): 0.00 T/Sq.M.

Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.30*0.00*28.26 = 0.00 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[297.01-0.00]+[0.00-0.00]=297.01T/Sq.M.
Layer no. 4:
Thickness : 7.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 21.15 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.62
Asi : 21.98 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*21.15*0.62*21.98 = 290.30 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.30

Average Cohesion(C): 0.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.30*0.00*21.98 = 0.00 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[290.30-0.00]+[0.00-0.00]=290.30T/Sq.M.
Layer no. 5:
Thickness : 2.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 21.15 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.02
Asi : 21.98 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*21.15*0.02*21.98 = 8.11 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.30

Average Cohesion(C): 20.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.30*20.00*21.98 = 131.88 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[8.11-0.00]+[131.88-0.00]=139.99T/Sq.M.
Layer no. 6:
Thickness : 13.000m
K : 1.00
Pdi : 21.15 T/Sq.M.
tan(d) : 0.70
Asi : 0.00 Sq.M.
Qsg = K*Pdi*tan(d)*Asi =1.00*21.15*0.70*0.00 = 0.00 T

Reduction factor(a) : 0.30

Average Cohesion(C): 0.00 T/Sq.M.
Qsc = a*C*Asi =0.30*0.00*0.00 = 0.00 T

Total net skin friction of this layer =[Qsg-Qsg(_ve)]+[Qsc-Qsc(_ve)]

=[0.00-0.00]+[0.00-0.00]=0.00T/Sq.M.

Total Skin Friction Capacity Qus = Qsg + Qsc = 587.69 T

Total Ultimate Pile Capacity Qu = Qus + Que = 1435.92 T

****Safe Pile Capacity= Qeg/(FOS=5.0)+Qus/(FOS=2.5) = 403 T****

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
 Sheet No.39 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

Fig. 4.5: Design details of Pile foundation under vertical and lateral load
considering BH04 (dia = 1000 mm)

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
 Sheet No.40 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

4.5 Design of proposed well foundation

As an alternative solution, the provision of well foundation is also assessed in the

present scope of work considering a robust foundation system for a significantly
higher lateral and vertical loading of bridge construction. Well foundations are
designed to have a minimum grip length of 1/3rd of the maximum scour depth (2dsm)
(IRC: 78-2014) from the level of maximum scour. Depth of maximum scour from
highest flood level (HFL) for different bore holes is calculated and the maximum
value obtained from different bore holes is taken as the design maximum depth of
scour (MSD). Accordingly, design maximum depth of scour is taken as 7.40m from
HFL as obtained from BH 03. Grip length is then calculated as 1/3 of 2dsm. i.e. 2.47m
below MSD. Hence, depth of foundation is calculated as (7.4+2.5) = 9.9 m, say 10m
below lower bed level (LBL). Further, in order to develop higherpassive resistance
offered by the soil layer against an anticipated high lateral load to be encountered by
bridge substructure system, the depth of foundation is suggested at 29.14m below
the HFL, i.e., 26.50m below LBL.

4.5.1 Calculation of Allowable Bearing Capacity.

Allowable bearing pressure on foundation on cohesionless soil is given by the
following equation (IS: 3955-1967):
2 2
q a  5 .4 N B  1 6 (1 0 0  N ) D f

whereqa = allowable bearing pressure, kg/m2

N =corrected standard penetration resistance value
B = smaller dimension of well cross section, m, and
Df =depth of foundation below scour level, m.
Allowable bearing pressure for different bore holes with different assumed
diameters of well are shown in following table.

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
 Sheet No.41 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

Table 4.7 Allowable bearing pressure of proposed well foundation (FOS = 2.0)

Average
Depth of
corrected
Bore foundation Diameter Allowable
SPT (Ncorr) Recommended
hole below max. of well bearing pressure
at qa in kN/m2
No. scour depth (B)(m) (qa) in kN/m2
foundation
Df(m)
level
5.0 2325 2300.00

BH 01 38 20 6.0 2362 2350.00

7.0 2400 2400.00

5.0 2440 2400.00

BH 02 39 20 6.0 2481 2450.00

7.0 2521 2500.00

5.0 2325 2300.00

BH 03 38 20 6.0 2362 2350.00

7.0 2400 2400.00

5.0 2560 2500.00

BH 04 40 20 6.0 2602 2600.00

7.0 2644 2640.00

4.5.2 Maximum allowable lateral force

Terzaghi‟s method of analysis of free, rigid bulkhead (1943) may be applied to

calculate the allowablemaximum horizontal force that the foundation may withstand
under equilibrium condition. The analysis assumes that the bulkhead is light, there
is no friction at the base and the sides and earth pressure coefficient can be
calculated using Rankines theory.
Maximum allowable horizontal force can be calculated by the following expression:
1
q m ax   ' D (K p
 K a )( D  2 D 1 )
2

whereqmax= maximum allowable pressure, kN/m

γ‟ = effective unit weight of soil

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
 Sheet No.42 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

Kp= passive earth pressure coefficient

Ka= active earth pressure coefficient
D = depth of foundation below maximum scour depth

2D1 = 3 H 1  2
9 H 1  2 D (3 H 1  D )

H1 = H + D
H = depth from point of action (top of pier) of load to level maximum scour depth.
Therefore, maximum allowable horizontal force calculated for different bore hole
subsoil parameters is shown as below.

Table 4.8Allowable maximum horizontal force at pier/abutment

Depth
Depth of from top
submerged foundation of pier
Bulk H1 =
Bore unit below to level 2D1 qa max
density H+D φ Kp Ka
Hole weight (γ’) max. scour of max. (m) (kN/m)
(kN/m3) (m)
No. (kN/m3) depth (Df) scour
(m) (H)
(m)

1 20 10 20 11.54 33.00 21.19 33° 3.4 0.30 815

2 19.80 9.8 20 11.54 33.00 21.19 33° 3.4 0.30 799

3 20.80 10.8 20 11.54 33.00 21.19 33° 3.4 0.30 880

4 20 10 20 11.54 33.00 21.19 34° 3.5 0.280 855

A.6: Sample calculation allowable bearing pressure for BH01

Corrected SPT N value = 38

Considering maximum scour depth (2dsm) = 7.40 m
1 1
Grip Length = 2 d sm  7 .4 0  2 .4 7 m
3 3
Depth of foundation from HFL = 7.40 + 2.47 = 9.90 m say 10m (say)
 Depth of foundation from Lowest bed level (LBL) =5.175 m
In order to provide for passive resistance, the depth of foundation should be suitably
increased
 Depth of Foundation = 26.50m from Lowest bed level

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
 Sheet No.43 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

Depth of foundation below max. Scour depth (D) = 20m

Diameter of Well (B) = 5m
 Allowable bearing capacity as per IS 3955-1967
2 2
q a  5 .4 N B  1 6 (1 0 0  N ) D f

 5 . 4  38
2

 5  16 100   38 
2
  20
= 473778.40 kg/m2
= 4647.77 kN/m2
Considering FOS = 2, qa is calculated as 2325kN/m2

Allowable horizontal forcefor BH01

Bulk density = 20 kN/m3
Submerged unit weight (γ’) =10 kN/m3
Depth of foundation below max. Scour depth (D) = 20m
Assuming height of pier = 5 m
Therefore, depth from top of pier to level of max.Scour (H) = 11.54 m

Total length for top of pier to depth of foundation (H1) = 29.14 m

Friction angle (φ) = 33 °

1  s in 3 3
Passive earth pressure coefficient (KP) =  3 .3 9
1  s in 3 3
1  s in 3 3
Active earth pressure coefficient(Ka) =  0 .2 9 4
1  s in 3 3
2
2 D1  3 H 1  9 H 1  2 D (3 H 1  D )

= 3 ( 2 9 .1 4 )  2
9 ( 2 9 .1 4 )  2 (1 7 .6 )(3 ( 2 9 .2 4 )  2 7 .6 )
= 15.42 m
1
 q m ax   ' D (K p
 K a )( D  2 D 1 )
2
1
 (1 0 )(1 7 .6 )(3 .3 9  0 .2 9 4 )(1 7 .6  1 5 .4 2 )
2
=815kN/m

Finally, a subsoil profile highlighting the depth of proposed pile and well
foundation along with MSL and LBL is graphically presented in Fig. 4.6.

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
 Sheet No.44 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

4.7Calculation of California Bearing Ratio (CBR)

As per guideline, four days soaked CBR values are calculated as per IS2720-Part 16-
1979 for two borrow pit soil samples near BH02 and BH04 locations. In this context,
Standard Proctor tests are conducted as per IS2720-Part 7-1980 in order to obtain
maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) for respective
soil samples. Table 4.8 presents the CBR value in percentage along with OMC and
MDD for two collected soil samples(see Appendix VII and VIII).

Table 4.8 Test results for CBR value for borrow pit samples

Optimum Max. Dry

Sample
Moisture Density
identification Description of Strata 4 days Soaked
Content (MDD)
No. CBR (%)
(%) gm/c.c

Dark brown sandy clayey

1 (Near BH02) 14.5 1.78 7.56
silt
Dark gray sandy clayey
2 (Near BH04) 15.8 1.70 6.97
silt

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
 Sheet No.45 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

5.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION

Based on field and laboratory test results and the foregoing discussions, the
following points are summarized for recommendation of foundation design of
proposed bridge over river Fenni at Sabroom, Tripura.

1. It is seen that the sub-soils, in general, are of poor to moderate quality of

foundation material at shallow depth with field „N‟ values ranges from 5 to 20 in
BH01, 2 to 8 in BH02, 5 to 13 in BH03 and 1 to refusal up to an average depth of
8.0 m below EGL. Below 8.0m depth from EGL, a good cohesionless soil layer
having a sandwitched layer of stiff to hard clayey silt with slate formations is
found upto termination depth in all boreholes which shows average N value of
35 to 40. The water table is noticed at 5.40m, 5.5m, 4.7m and 5.0m below EGL in
BH01, BH02, BH03 and BH04 respectively.

2. The maximum scour depth is calculated as 7.40m below HFL in BH01, i.e., 6.54m
below the lowest bed level and minimum foundation depth should be below this
level minus grip length for deep foundation.

3. The liquefaction potentiality is assessed considering simplified Seed and Idriss

(1971) formula. It is found that top layer upto maximum 9.0m depth is
susceptible under liquefaction. Hence, this layer is not considered for vertical and
lateral load carrying capacity of pile and well foundation. However, a detailed
study may be carried out in this regard.

4. For heavily loaded bridge piers/abutments, deep foundation in the form of

bored cast-in-situ piles is suggested. The piles will be long partly frictional and
partly end-bearing pile. The founding level of such piles may be 30.0 m and 25.0
below lowest bed level (LBL) for central pier and abutment locations
respectively. The safe load capacities (vertical and lateral) may suitably be

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.
 Sheet No.46 Job No. 2015/APC/RS-AGT/082

considered from Table 4.6 for designing the substructure. However, the safe pile
capacities for different diameters at BH04 location are found to lowest which may
be considered as design pile capacity throughout the bridge foundation.

5. As an alternative, open type well foundation with foundation depth of 20m

below MSL is also suggested. The allowable bearing pressure for different
diameter of wells is presented in Table 4.7. Further, the maximum lateral
resistance under equilibrium condition may suitably be considered from Table
4.8. The lateral stability of the proposed well foundation must be checked as per
IRC45-1972.

6. The CBR values for two borrow pit samples under four day soaked condition is
obtained as 7.56% and 6.96%.

7. Every precautionary measure as laid down in the relevant I.S. Codes and as
applicable for the particular type of foundation is to be adopted here must be
taken during execution of foundation work. Due consideration should
particularly be given towards the safety of nearly existing structure or any other
water bodies, if any. Further, the seismic effect is not considered in the present
scope of work.

For A P C Services Pvt. Ltd.

Er. S. Debnath
Managing Director.

Geo-Technical Investigation report for the construction of Bridge over River Fenni, Sabroom, Tripura.