Pseudocodes
Pseudocodes
PSEUDOCODE:
Pseudo code is an outline of a program, written as a series of instruction using simple English
sentences.
Pseudo code uses keywords commonly found in high-level languages and mathematical notation. It
describes an algorithm‟s steps like program statements, without being bound by the strict rules of
vocabulary and syntax of any particular language, together with ordinary English.
Variable:
Variable is memory location where a value can be stored.
Constants:
Just like variables, constants are "dataholders". They can be used to store data that is needed
at runtime.
In contrast to variable, the content of a constant can't change at runtime, it has a constant value.
Before the program can be executed (or compiled) the value for a constant must be known.
Arithmetic
Use the arithmetic operators.
Assignment
Assignment is the process of writing a value into a variable (a named memory location). For
example, Count ← 1 can be read as „Count is assigned the value 1‟, „Count is made equal to 1‟
or „Count becomes 1‟.
Initialization:
If an algorithm needs to read the value of a variable before it assigns input data or a calculated
value to the variable, the algorithm should assign an appropriate initial value to the variable,
known as Initialization.
Input
We indicate input by words such as INPUT, READ or ENTER, followed by the name of a
variable to which we wish to assign the input value.
Output:
We indicate output by words such as OUTPUT, WRITE or PRINT, followed by a comma-
separated list of expressions.
Totaling
To keep a running total, we can use a variable such as Total or Sum to hold the running total
and assignment statements such as:
Total ← Total + Number
ADD Number to Total
Counting
It is sometimes necessary to count how many times something happens.
To count up or increment by 1, we can use statements such as:
Count ← Count + 1
INCREMENT Count by 1
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Computer Science 2210
Sec 2.1.2 Pseudocodes & Programming Concepts
with Majid Tahir
Structured statements
In the sequence structure the processing steps are carried out one after the other. The
instructions are carried out in sequence, unless a selection or loop is encountered.
Operator Comparison
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than equal to
<= Less than equal to
= Equals to
<> Not equal
() Group
AND And
OR Or
NOT not
Data types
The following table shows the Visual Basic data types, their supporting common language runtime types,
their nominal storage allocation, and their value ranges.
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Computer Science 2210
Sec 2.1.2 Pseudocodes & Programming Concepts
with Majid Tahir
The process of creating a variable is called declaring a variable. Each declaration needs 4 things:
VB code example:
• DECLARE keyword
• Variable name
• AS keyword
• Variable data type
Constants
Creating Constants in Pseudocode is just writing costant name and value with it. In contrast to variable,
the content of a constant can't change at runtime, it has a constant value.
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Computer Science 2210
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Type of Programs:
Sequence
Selection
Repetitions/Loops
Sequence
Statements are followed in sequence so the order of the statements in a program is important.
Assignment statements rely on the variables used in the expression on the right-hand side of
the statement all having been given values. Input statements often provide values for
assignment statements. Output statements often use the results from assignment statements.
END
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Computer Science 2210
Sec 2.1.2 Pseudocodes & Programming Concepts
with Majid Tahir
IF…THEN…ELSE…ENDIF
For an IF condition the THEN path is followed if the condition is true and the ELSE path is
followed if the condition is false.
There may or may not be an ELSE path. The end of the statement is shown by ENDIF.
A condition can be set up in different ways:
IF ((Height > 1) OR (Weight > 20) OR (Age > 5)) AND (Age < 70)
THEN PRINT "You can ride"
ELSE PRINT "Too small, too young or too old"
ENDIF
CASE Choice OF
1: Answer ← Num1 + Num2
2: Answer ← Num1 - Num2
3: Answer ← Num1 * Num2
4: Answer ← Num1 / Num2
OTHERWISE PRINT "Please enter a valid choice"
ENDCASE
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Computer Science 2210
Sec 2.1.2 Pseudocodes & Programming Concepts
with Majid Tahir
BEGIN
INPUT grade
IF grade > 50
THEN PRINT ("You have passed")
ELSE PRINT (“You have failed”)
END IF
END
BEGIN
INPUT grade
IF grade > 80
THEN PRINT ("Grade A")
ELSE IF grade > 60
THEN PRINT ("Grade B")
ELSE IF grade > 50
THEN PRINT ("Grade C")
ELSE PRINT ("Grade U")
END IF
END IF
END IF
END
The IF statement is useful, but can get clumsy if you want to consider “multi-way selections
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Computer Science 2210
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CASE OF OTHERWISE…
BEGIN
DECLARE grade As Integer
PRINT ("Enter your grade")
INPUT grade
CASE grade OF
grade > 80
PRINT ("Grade A")
grade > 69
PRINT ("Grade B")
grade > 59
PRINT ("grade C")
grade > 39
PRINT ("grade E")
grade < 39
PRINT ("grade U")
OTHERWISE
PRINT ("Error, enter again")
END CASE
END
• FOR…TO…NEXT
• WHILE…DO…ENDWHILE
• REPEAT…UNTIL
For COUNT = 1 to 10
Input NUMBER
TOTAL = TOTAL + NUMBER
Next COUNT
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Computer Science 2210
Sec 2.1.2 Pseudocodes & Programming Concepts
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WHILE … Do LOOP
This loop is used when we don not know how many times the loop is to be performed. The Loop
is ended when a certain condition is true.
This condition is checked before starting the loop.
REPEAT
Input NUMBER
TOTAL = TOTAL + NUMBER
COUNT = COUNT + 1
Until COUNT = 10
Output Total
FOR loop
The fore loop repeats statements a set number of time. It uses a variable to count how many time it goes
round the loop and stops when it reaches its limit.
BEGIN
DECLARE index As Integer
FOR index = 1 To 20
PRINT (index & “times 5 is" & index * 5”)
NEXT VB code example:
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Computer Science 2210
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INPUT BiggestSoFar
FOR Counter 1 TO 5
INPUT NextNumber
IF NextNumber > BiggestSoFar
THEN
BiggestSoFar NextNumber
ENDIF
END FOR
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Computer Science 2210
Sec 2.1.2 Pseudocodes & Programming Concepts
with Majid Tahir
The wile look is known as a test before loop. The condition is tested before entering the loop, but tested
each time it goes round the loop. The number of times the statements within the loop are executed
varies. The test before loop goes round 0 or more times.
This method is useful when processing files and using “read ahead” data
VB Code example
BEGIN
DECLARE name As String
INPUT name
The repeat loop is similar to the while loop, but it tests the condition after the statements have been
executed once. This means that this test after loop goes round 1 or more times.
VB code example
BEGIN
DECLARE name As String
REPEAT
INPUT name
PRINT (“Your name is:” name)
UNTIL name = "x"
END
Keeps inputting name and keeps printing name until user enters “X”
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Computer Science 2210
Sec 2.1.2 Pseudocodes & Programming Concepts
with Majid Tahir
• What the array is going to be used for, so it can be given a meaningful name
• How many items are going to be stored, so the size of the array can be determined.
• What sort of data is to be stored, so that the array can be the appropriate data type.
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Computer Science 2210
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BEGIN
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Computer Science 2210
Sec 2.1.2 Pseudocodes & Programming Concepts
with Majid Tahir
You need to practise applying your skills to the tasks mentioned in the scenario, which is different for
each examination series.
2. For each task, write an algorithm using both pseudocode and a flowchart to show what
is required.
3. Choose sets of test data that you will need to use, and work out the expected results.
Remember to use normal, boundary and erroneous data. Be able to give reasons for
your choice of test data.
4. Complete trace tables to test your pseudocode and flowcharts. This will enable you to
ensure that both the pseudocode and the flowcharts work properly. It is a good idea to
get another student to trace your algorithms as well.
5. Decide which works best for each task, pseudocode or a flowchart, and why.
7. If you are asked to repeat the same thing many times, for example adding up totals,
complete the task for one and check it works before repeating it many times.
8. Write and test each task. You can use the same test data as you used for your
pseudocode and flowcharts.
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Computer Science 2210
Sec 2.1.2 Pseudocodes & Programming Concepts
with Majid Tahir
The Organizer of a senior citizens‟ club has arranges outings for the members. For each
of these outings a coach is hired, meals at a restaurant are reserved and tickets for the
theater has booked. A program is required to work out the costs and provide a printed
list showing everyone on the outing.
Write and test a program for the club organizer.
Your program must include appropriate prompts for the entry of data.
Error message and other output need to be set out clearly.
All variables, constants and other identifiers must have meaningful names.
You will need to complete these three tasks. Each task must be fully tested.
Task 1:
The organizer finds out how many senior citizens are interested in the outing. The program for
Task 1 works out the cost for the information.
The minimum number of senior citizens needed for the outing to go ahead is 10; there cannot
be more than 36 senior citizens on the outing. A minimum of two carers go on the outing. With
an additional carer needed if more than 24 citizens go on the outing. Carers do not have to pay
anything for the outing. Workout the total cost per person for the senior citizens.
Task 2:
Record who is going on the outing and how much has been paid.
Using your results from Task 1, record the names of the people on the outing and the amount
they have paid; include the carers on the outing. If there are spare places on the coach then
extra people can be added; they are charged the same price as the other citizens. Calculate the
total amount of money collected. Print out the list of the people on the outing.
Task 3:
Identify the break-even point or profit that will be made on the outing.
Show whether the outing has made a profit or has broken even using the estimated cost from
the Task 1 and money collected from Task 2.
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Computer Science 2210
Sec 2.1.2 Pseudocodes & Programming Concepts
with Majid Tahir
BEGIN
DECLARE citizen, people As integer //declaration of variables
DECLARE total, cost_per_person As real
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Computer Science 2210
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Computer Science 2210
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END IF
END
Refrences:
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Computer Science 2210
Sec 2.1.2 Pseudocodes & Programming Concepts
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total = 0
costperson = 0
citizen = 0
people = 0
End Select
Console.WriteLine("Total number of people:")
Console.WriteLine(people)
Console.WriteLine("Total cost accumulated:")
Console.WriteLine(total)
Console.WriteLine("Cost per peson:")
Console.WriteLine(costperson)
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Computer Science 2210
Sec 2.1.2 Pseudocodes & Programming Concepts
with Majid Tahir
For c = 1 To people
Console.Write("Enter the name of person on the outing : ")
name(c) = Console.ReadLine()
Console.Write("Enter the amount paid by the person : ")
amount(c) = Console.ReadLine()
amount_paid = amount_paid + amount(c)
Next
Console.WriteLine("If there are spare places on the coach then extra people can be added;
they are charged the same price as the other citizens.")
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