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La1MA330 Exercise5

The document outlines exercises for a mathematics course at Uppsala University, focusing on vector spaces, orthogonal bases, and inner products. It includes tasks related to finding orthogonal vectors, normalizing them, and determining projections of polynomials. Additionally, it encourages collaboration and comparison of answers between students.

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estar201015
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8 views2 pages

La1MA330 Exercise5

The document outlines exercises for a mathematics course at Uppsala University, focusing on vector spaces, orthogonal bases, and inner products. It includes tasks related to finding orthogonal vectors, normalizing them, and determining projections of polynomials. Additionally, it encourages collaboration and comparison of answers between students.

Uploaded by

estar201015
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UPPSALA UNIVERSITY LA 1MA330 Exercise5

Department of Mathematics 2024-10-03


Kibret Sigstam

1. In this task we work with R3 equipped with the standard scalarproduct. There we
consider the plane ß which is given by {( x, y, z) ∈ R3 : 2x + y + z = 0}.

a) Write down two orthogonal vectors in ß, and remind yourself they constitute
a basis for ß .
b) Normalize the vectors from a) to create an ON-basis in ß .
c) Extend the basis from b) to an ON-basis for R3 . Hint: you should be able to find a
third vector that is orthogonal to the first two base vectors; don’t forget to normalize
it. Call it the ON-base B.
d) Determine xB , where x is the vector that has the coordinates in the standard
base T
7 −3 1 .

2. On the vector space P, all real polynomials an inner-product is given by:


Z 1
⟨p|q⟩ = p(t)q(t) dt
−1

carry out steps a-e below in question 3.

3. On the vector space P, all real polynomials an inner-product is given by:


Z 2
⟨p|q⟩ = p(t)q(t) dt
1

carry out steps a-e below.


NOTE. Advisable to work in pairs, where one person does task 2 and one person does task
3, and then compare your answers. If you work alone, you can do all the steps as a task 2,
but only steps a-c in task 3, and compare. It “is extremely important to really compare the
answers and think about the differences!”

a) What is the length of p(t) = t with respect to the given scalar product?
b) What is the angle between p(t) = t and q(t) = 1 with respect to the given
the scale product?
We now limit ourselves to P≤2 (R) instead of the whole P≤2 (R).
c) Enter the matrix of the given scalar product wrt the standard base.
d) Determine the orthogonal complement in P≤2 (R) to p(t) = 1 with respect to
p the given scalar product.
e) Determine an ON-basis for P≤2 (R) with respect to the given scalar product.
Hint: start from the standard base and use the Gram–Schmidt algorithm.
4. We now want to approximate the polynomial t4 with a polynomial of degree at
most 2, i.e find the polynomial in P≤2 (R) that in some sense1 is near t4

a) Determine the orthogonal projection of t4 on P≤2 (R) wrt the scalar product
given i problem 2. Hint: The base from 2e should help simplify the computation.
b) Determine the orthogonal projection of t4 on P≤2 (R) wrt the scalar product
given i problem 3.
c) Plot the result in a) and b) and the polynomial t4 in a computer programme
(eg. Desmos). Is the answer from a) a better approximation? Is the answer
from b) better? So when should you use the different scaling products?

5. Is the standard base in R2 an ON base? If the answer is yes, give reasons. If the
answer is no, explain. If the answer is "it depends", what does it depend on?

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